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Escaline

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Psychedelic phenthylamine drug

Pharmaceutical compound
Escaline
Clinical data
Other namesE; 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethoxyphenethylamine; 4-Ethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine
Routes of
administration
Oral[1]
Drug classSerotonin receptor modulator;Serotonergic psychedelic;Hallucinogen
ATC code
  • None
Pharmacokinetic data
Duration of action8–12 hours[1]
Identifiers
  • 2-(4-ethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethan-1-amine
CAS Number
PubChemCID
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard(EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC12H19NO3
Molar mass225.288 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point165 to 166 °C (329 to 331 °F) (hydrochloride)
  • NCCC1=CC(OC)=C(OCC)C(OC)=C1
  • InChI=1S/C12H19NO3/c1-4-16-12-10(14-2)7-9(5-6-13)8-11(12)15-3/h7-8H,4-6,13H2,1-3H3 checkY
  • Key:RHOGRSKNWDNCDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Escaline (E), also known as3,5-dimethoxy-4-ethoxyphenethylamine, is apsychedelic drug of thephenethylamine andscaline families related tomescaline.[1] It is the 4-ethoxyanalogue of mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) and the phenethylamine (non-α-methyl) analogue of3C-E (3,5-dimethoxy-4-ethoxyamphetamine).[1] The drug has been encountered as a noveldesigner drug.[2]

Use and effects

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In his bookPiHKAL (Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved),Alexander Shulgin lists the dose range of escaline as 40 to 60 mg of thehydrochloridesalt takenorally.[1][3] Theduration is stated to be 8 to 12 hours, whereas theonset is not described.[1] Escaline is approximately 5- to 8-fold morepotent than mescaline.[4]

The effects of escaline have been described relatively limitedly but have been reported to includesensory enhancement without an intellectual component, little synthesis of external sensory inputs likemusic orvisualstimuli, easyfantasy,rational thinking andinsight, pleasantness, powerful and complexintoxication,pain relief,muscle tension,motor incoordination to the extent of not being able to walk or tie one's shoelaces, body tension that outweighed the desired psychoactive effects,tachycardia,dehydration,nightmares, and next-dayhangover symptoms such astiredness and lowenergy.[1]

Interactions

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See also:Psychedelic drug § Interactions, andTrip killer § Serotonergic psychedelic antidotes

Pharmacology

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Pharmacodynamics

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Thereceptor interactions of escaline andanalogues have been described.[5][6]

Escaline produces thehead-twitch response, a behavioral proxy ofpsychedelic-like effects, in rodents.[7][3] It partially substitutes forLSD in rodentdrug discrimination tests.[8]

Chemistry

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Synthesis

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Thechemical synthesis of escaline has been described.[1]

Analogues

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Analogues of escaline includemescaline,proscaline,allylescaline,methallylescaline, and3C-E, among others.[1]

History

[edit]

Escaline was first described in thescientific literature by George S. Grace in 1934.[9] Subsequently, it was also described by F. Benington and colleagues in 1954.[10] It was later re-examined in the laboratory ofDavid E. Nichols, who prepared a series ofmescalineanalogues that included escaline,proscaline, andisoproscaline and published their work in 1977.[11][12]

Society and culture

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Legal status

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Canada

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Escaline is not acontrolled substance inCanada as of 2025.[13]

Sweden

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Escaline is illegal inSweden as of 26 January 2016.[14]

United States

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Escaline is aSchedule Icontrolled substance (DEA #7930) in theUnited States with the reason cited being that it is apositional isomer of3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA).[15][16]

See also

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References

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  1. ^abcdefghi"Erowid Online Books : "PIHKAL" - #72 E".www.erowid.org.Archived from the original on 2023-05-06. Retrieved2024-02-02.
  2. ^"E (Эскалин) (Escaline)".АИПСИН (in Russian). Retrieved6 January 2026.
  3. ^abHalberstadt AL, Chatha M, Klein AK, Wallach J, Brandt SD (May 2020)."Correlation between the potency of hallucinogens in the mouse head-twitch response assay and their behavioral and subjective effects in other species"(PDF).Neuropharmacology.167 107933.doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107933.PMC 9191653.PMID 31917152.
  4. ^Blaazer AR, Smid P, Kruse CG (September 2008)."Structure-activity relationships of phenylalkylamines as agonist ligands for 5-HT(2A) receptors"(PDF).ChemMedChem.3 (9):1299–1309.doi:10.1002/cmdc.200800133.PMID 18666267. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 21 July 2019.
  5. ^Kolaczynska KE, Luethi D, Trachsel D, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (2021)."Receptor Interaction Profiles of 4-Alkoxy-3,5-Dimethoxy-Phenethylamines (Mescaline Derivatives) and Related Amphetamines"(PDF).Frontiers in Pharmacology.12 794254.doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.794254.PMC 8865417.PMID 35222010.
  6. ^Jain MK, Gumpper RH, Slocum ST, Schmitz GP, Madsen JS, Tummino TA, et al. (July 2025)."The polypharmacology of psychedelics reveals multiple targets for potential therapeutics"(PDF).Neuron.doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2025.06.012.PMID 40683247. Archived from the original on 2025-07-25. Retrieved2025-07-25.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  7. ^Halberstadt AL, Chatha M, Chapman SJ, Brandt SD (March 2019)."Comparison of the behavioral effects of mescaline analogs using the head twitch response in mice".Journal of Psychopharmacology.33 (3):406–414.doi:10.1177/0269881119826610.PMC 6848748.PMID 30789291.
  8. ^Cassels BK, Sáez-Briones P (October 2018)."Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Mescaline"(PDF).ACS Chemical Neuroscience.9 (10):2448–2458.doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00215.PMID 29847089.In the case of the 3,4,5- trioxygenated compounds, binding studies at 5-HT2A and 5- HT2C receptors revealed somewhat higher affinities than mescaline but, in phosphoinositide hydrolysis assays (only for 5-HT2A), lower efficacies relative to serotonin and the full agonist mescaline (60 and 45%, respectively). More striking, however, was the observation that the new compounds did not fully substitute for LSD in LSD-trained rats, and at doses well above the mescaline EC50, only 50 and 29% appropriate responding was recorded. In view of this unexpected result, 3,5- dimethoxy-4-ethoxyphenethylamine (escaline), which is considerably more potent than mescaline in humans,128 was also tested. It was found to have about twice the affinity of mescaline for 5-HT2A receptors and was a complete agonist with very similar functional potency, but again it failed to substitute completely for LSD in the drug discrimination experiments.
  9. ^Grace GS (1934). "The Action of Mescaline and Some Related Compounds".The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.50 (4):359–372.doi:10.1016/S0022-3565(25)07327-6.
  10. ^Benington F, Morin RD, Clarke LC (1954). "Synthesis of 4-Hydroxy- and 4-Ethoxy-3,5-dimethoxy-β-phenethylamines 1".Journal of the American Chemical Society.76 (21):5555–5556.Bibcode:1954JAChS..76.5555B.doi:10.1021/ja01650a084.ISSN 0002-7863.
  11. ^Nichols DE, Dyer DC (February 1977). "Lipophilicity and serotonin agonist activity in a series of 4-substituted mescaline analogues".Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.20 (2):299–301.doi:10.1021/jm00212a022.PMID 836502.
  12. ^Nichols DE, Shulgin AT, Dyer DC (August 1977). "Directional lipophilic character in a series of psychotomimetic phenethylamine derivatives".Life Sciences.21 (4):569–575.doi:10.1016/0024-3205(77)90099-6.PMID 904435.
  13. ^"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act".Department of Justice Canada. Retrieved19 January 2026.
  14. ^"31 nya ämnen kan klassas som narkotika eller hälsofarlig vara" (in Swedish). Folkhälsomyndigheten. November 2015.Archived from the original on 2017-08-05. Retrieved2024-02-02.
  15. ^"Controlled Substances - Alphabetical Order"(PDF).Diversion Control Division, Drug Enforcement Administration. U.S. Department of Justice. December 2024.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2021-04-21. Retrieved2024-02-02.
  16. ^Drug Enforcement Administration (3 December 2007)."Definition of "Positional Isomer" as It Pertains to the Control of Schedule I Controlled Substances".Federal Register.

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