Ernst May | |
|---|---|
 Ernst May in 1926 | |
| Born | Ernst Georg May (1886-07-27)July 27, 1886 |
| Died | September 11, 1970(1970-09-11) (aged 84) |
| Occupation | Architect |
Ernst Georg May (27 July 1886 – 11 September 1970) was aGerman architect andcity planner.
May successfully appliedurban design techniques to the city of Frankfurt am Main during theWeimar Republic period, and in 1930 less successfully exported those ideas toSoviet Union cities, newly created underStalinist rule. It is said[who?] May's "brigade" of German architects and planners established twenty cities in three years, includingMagnitogorsk. May's travels left himstateless when theNazis seized power in Germany, and he spent many years inAfrican exile before returning toWest Germany near the end of his life.
May was born inFrankfurt am Main, the son of a leather goods manufacturer. His education from 1908 through 1912 included time in theUnited Kingdom, studying underRaymond Unwin, and absorbing the lessons and principles of thegarden city movement. He finished a study at theTechnical University of Munich, working withFriedrich von Thiersch andTheodor Fischer, a co-founder of theDeutscher Werkbund.
Working for himself and others through the 1910s, in 1921 he helped win a competition for rural housing estate developments inOltaschin, nearBreslau. His concepts ofdecentralized planning, some of which had been imported from the garden city movement, he won the job of city architect and planner for his home city from 1925 through 1930. Working under MayorLudwig Landmann, the position gave him broad powers of zoning, financing, and hiring. There was copious funding and an available labor pool. He used them.
In the context of a housing shortage and a degree of political instability, May assembled a powerful staff of progressive architects and initiated the large-scale housing development programNew Frankfurt. May's developments were remarkable for the time for being compact, semi-independent, well-equipped with community elements like playgrounds, schools, theatres, and common washing areas. For the sake of economy and construction speed May used simplified, prefabricated forms. These settlements are still marked by their functionality and the way they manifest egalitarian ideals such as equal access to sunlight, air, and common areas. Of these settlements the best known is probably Siedlung Römerstadt, and some of the structures are colloquially known asZickzackhausen (zig-zag houses).
In 1926 May sent forAustrian architectMargarete Schütte-Lihotzky to join him in Frankfurt. Lihotzky was a kindred spirit and applied the same sort of functional clarity to household problems, and so in Frankfurt, after much analysis of work habits and footsteps, she developed the prototype of themodern installed kitchen, and pursued her idea that "housing is the organized implementation of living habits".
May's Frankfurt was a civic and critical success. This has been described (by John R. Mullin) as "one of the most remarkable city planning experiments in the twentieth century". In two years May produced more than 5,000 building units, up to 15,000 units in five years, published his own magazine (Zeitschrift Das Neue Frankfurt) and in 1929 won international attention at theCongrès International d'Architecture Moderne. This also brought him to the attention of the Soviet Union.
Catherine Bauer Wurster visited the buildings in 1930 and was inspired by the work of May[1]
In 1930 May took virtually his entireNew Frankfurt-team to the USSR.May's Brigade amounted to a task force of 17 people, includingMargarete Lihotzky, her husband Wilhelm Schuette,Arthur Korn, the Hungarian-bornFred Forbat, the Swiss Hans Schmidt, the Austrian-born Erich Mauthner and theDutchMart Stam. The promise of the "Socialist paradise" was still fresh, and May's Brigade and other groups of western planners had the hope of constructing entire cities. The first was to be Magnitogorsk. Although May's group is indeed credited with building 20 cities in three years,[citation needed] the reality was that May found Magnitogorsk already under construction and the town site dominated by the mine and blast furnaces under construction. Officials were indecisive, then distrustful, corruption and delay frustrated their efforts, and May himself made misjudgements about the climate. May's contract expired in 1933, and he left forBritish East Africa (Kenya). Some of his architects found themselves unwanted by Russia, and stateless.
The 1995 documentary filmSotsgorod: Cities for Utopia ("Socialist Cities") interviewed some of the last survivors of these groups: Margarete Lihotzky, Jan Rutgers, and Phillipp Tolziner of theBauhaus Brigade, and visited four of the planned cities: Magnitogorsk,Orsk,Novokuznetsk andKemerovo.
After May's departure, the Soviet government began promoting the criticism of his ideas, methods and achievements. Criticism was severe, widespread, and had ideological underpinnings. He was characterized as an undesirable capitalistic and Western influence that should be contraposed to the socialistic and Soviet architectural trends. In the mid-1930s, the Soviet government adopted the policy of not inviting any foreign architects.[2]
May worked as a farmer in Kenya, but soon sold his farm and opened an architectural office, designing commercial buildings, hotels and schools. In some projects he collaborated with architect and urban plannerErica Mann: for instance his Oceanic Hotel inMombasa was a landmark within the master plan drawn up forCoast Province by Mann.[3] In 1953 theMau-Mau uprisings made it difficult to work. At the same time May was invited to return to Germany and work on housing projects. In December 1953 he sailed to Germany and started again as an architect. From 1954 through 1956 he led the planning department in Hamburg, and was involved in several large housing projects in other cities. Several of the most famous German postwar settlements and reconstruction plans, such as New-Altona in Hamburg andNeue Vahr in Bremen, are associated with his name.
He was the first person awarded an honorary Dr.-Ing. of the Hannover Technical University. From 1957 he taught as an honorary professor of theTechnische Universität Darmstadt. During this time May also wrote several books on urbanism. He died inHamburg in 1970, aged 84.
His eldest son, Klaus May, also became an architect and worked in the office of his father. His most famous work is the new synagogue in Hamburg, which became a protected landmark. His youngest son, Thomas May, moved from the family home in Kenya in 1947 to obtain an engineering degree at Syracuse University, USA. Thomas May produced many craft works of distinction, including cabinetry, chairs, tables and lighting after debuting his designs in the seminal Museum of Contemporary Crafts show in New York City in 1957.
