Eristalis is a large genus ofhoverflies, family Syrphidae, in the orderDiptera. Several species are known asdrone flies (or droneflies) because they bear a resemblance to honeybeedrones.
Drone flies and their relatives are fairly common generalistpollinators,[2] the larvae of which are aquatic, and breathe through a long,snorkel-like appendage, hence the common namerat-tailed maggots.[1][3]
Eristalis is a large genus of around 99 species,[4] and is subdivided into several subgenera and species groups (Eristalomyia,Eristalis,Eoseristalis etc.).
The scientific name was proposed byPierre André Latreille in 1804. He placed seven species in his new genus, but listed the names as combinations withSyrphus, so it remained unclear what gender he attributed to the name (the gender of the nameSyrphus is masculine). In the two centuries following its publication,Eristalis was sometimes considered to be of feminine gender, sometimes to be of masculine gender.George Henry Verrall (1901)[5] assigned its gender as masculine, a choice followed in British literature, and also in Dutch, Polish, Czech, Spanish and Portuguese literature. In several other European languages and in North America, the tradition was to consider it as a feminine word. In 1993 theInternational Commission on Zoological Nomenclature placed the name on the Official List, and gave its gender as masculine, without justification for that choice.[6] In 2004, Peter Chandler, Andrew Wakeham-Dawson and Angus McCullough submitted an application to confirm the gender ofEristalis as feminine.[7] They referred toICZN Art. 30.1.1, which states that a name in Latin form takes the gender given for that word in standard Latin dictionaries.[8] InComposition of Scientific Words by R.W. Brown (1954), "eristalis" is listed as a feminine word that refers to an unknown precious stone. The request of Chandler et al. was granted less than two years after submission.[9] As of 2006,Eristalis is officially a word of feminine gender.
As atrue fly, the species of the genusEristalis have a single pair of wings and a pair ofhalteres. As a member of the family Syrphidae,Eristalis have a spurious vein in the wing. Defined byLatreille in 1804,Eristlis was restricted byMeigen in 1882 to those species with a sinuate vein R4+5 and petiolate cell r1.[10]
Since the origin of the genusEristalis, many genera have been added that refine the description of Latreille such asEristalinus,Meromarcrus, Palpada, Helopilus etc. The subtribe Eristalina has been established to contain these genera. Now it is generally accepted as those which have vein R2+3 sinuate, cell r1 usually petiolate and metafemur with basolateral setose patch. With the addition of the following criteria: anepimeron with triangular portion bare, katepimeron pilose, meron bare posteroventrally, without pile anterior or ventral to metathoracic spiracle, eye pilose.[citation needed]
The larvae of Eristalini are aquatic and of the long-tailed type. Those ofEristalis are very commonly found breeding in putrid or stagnant water or in moist excrement, and are called “rat-tailed maggots” or “mousies”.[11]
Larva of anEristalis species, showing the 'rat tail'.
The "tail" is actually an extendable breathing tube often used to extend above the waterline. This tube allows the larvae to live in oxygen-depleted water such as sewage and stagnant pools where most other larvae cannot exist. Rat tailed larvae also exploit wet mud, manure and moist rotting vegetation. Many species ofEristalis remain unknown.[12] Working in areas where larvae are likely to be found (e.g. manure pits, sewage seepage and stagnant pools) is difficult and rearing the larvae to adults is even more so. Basic information on many species ofEristalis remain to be discovered.[citation needed]
Adults ofEristalis species such as thecommon drone fly (E. tenax) and theorange-legged drone fly (E. flavipes) are pollen and nectar feeders with hairy bodies capable of picking up and transferring pollen, and may act as keystone pollinators in some systems.[13] PollinatingEristalis species are often generalists, and are known to act as pollinators for common crops such asBrassica rapa,common onion (Allium cepa),sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum),kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa), andapples (Malus domestica).[14][15][16]Eristalis aretetrachromats, with strong colour differentiation and preferences towards yellow flower colours, compared totrichromatic bees which often prefer blue hues.[17][18] On islands where bees are absent, their colour preferences may induce selection for higher proportions of yellow in flowers, and they can be seen as frequent and effective pollinators for plants likemoon tree foil (Medicago citrina).[18][19] The mobility of hoverflies may aid in long-distance pollen transfer, facilitating gene flow between unconnected plant populations.[20]
Some species, particularlyE. tenax, have been suggested as candidates for a managed pollination alternative toEuropean honey bees (Apis mellifera) due to their similar pollination efficacies, abundance, wide distribution, flight range, behavioural plasticity, and high reproductive success.[16][21] Multiple generations may be reared per year, andEristalis are readily reared in laboratory conditions.[22] However, there are challenges concerning commercial mass rearing, retaining numbers, and impacts on non-target species.[21] Due to their ability to fly long distances, dispersal of captive-reared populations may pose a risk to nearby farm equipment and machinery.[21]Eristalis may also act as mechanical vectors for parasites affecting bees, such asCrithidia bombi.[23]
The larvae ofEristalis species may be considered pests where they affect livestock, contaminating feed and affecting electrical supplies due their mass congregations seeking dry sites for pupation.[24] Some species ofEristalis have been known as a rare cause ofmyiasis, with larvae capable of surviving gastric fluids upon ingestion. Symptoms of myiasis fromEristalis species include diffuse abdominal pain and diarrhoea.[24] Treatment may includeanthelmintics such asivermectin.[25][26]
^Chandler, P.J., Wakeham-Dawson, A. & McCullough, A. (2004). Case 3259.Eristalis Latreille, 1804 (Insecta: Diptera): proposed confirmation that the gender is feminine;Musca nemorum Linnaeus, 1758,M. arbustorum Linnaeus, 1758 andM. horticola De Geer, 1776 (currentlyEristalis nemorum,E. arbustorum andE. horticola): proposed conservation of usage of the specific names by designation of neotypes.The bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature61(4): 241–244
^ICZN (2006). Opinion 2153 (Case 3259).Eristalis Latreille, 1804 (Insecta: Diptera): confirmation that the gender is feminine;Musca nemorum Linnaeus, 1758,M. arbustorum Linnaeus, 1758 andM. horticola De Geer, 1776 (currentlyEristalis nemorum,E. arbustorum andE. horticola): usage of the specific names conserved by designation of neotypes.The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature63(2): 146–147
^Wirth, W.W. (1965).Family Syrphidae. In A Catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: United States Department of Agriculture. pp. 557–625.
^Wojcik, Vicki."Drone Flies".Archived from the original on October 15, 2024. RetrievedOctober 15, 2024.
^Jarlan, Arnaud; De Oliveira, Domingos; Gingras, Jean (1997-12-01). "Pollination by Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae) and Seed Set of Greenhouse Sweet Pepper".Journal of Economic Entomology.90 (6):1646–1649.doi:10.1093/jee/90.6.1646.ISSN1938-291X.S2CID87343003.
^abcdefghijklmnopqSkevington, Jeffrey H.; Locke, Michelle M.; Young, Andrew D.; Moran, Kevin; Crins, William J.; Marshall, Stephen A. (2019).Field Guide to the Flower Flies of Northeastern North America. Princeton.ISBN9780691189406.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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