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Erik Olin Wright
Wright lecturing atKyiv University in 2013
Born	(1947-02-09)February 9, 1947 Berkeley,California, US
Died	January 23, 2019(2019-01-23) (aged 71) Milwaukee,Wisconsin, US
Spouse	Marcia Kahn Wright ​ ​ (m. 1971)​
Academic background
Alma mater	Harvard University (BA) Balliol College, Oxford (BA) University of California, Berkeley (PhD)[1]
Thesis	Class Structure and Income Inequality[2] (1976)
Doctoral advisor	Arthur Stinchcombe[3]
Other advisor	Michael Reich[3]
Influences	Karl Marx John Roemer
Academic work
Discipline	Sociology
School or tradition	Analytical Marxism
Institutions	University of Wisconsin–Madison (1976–2019)
Doctoral students	Julia Adams Vivek Chibber Wilmot James César Rodríguez Garavito[4] Karen Shire [de] George Steinmetz Andrew Szasz [de] Matt Vidal Josh Whitford
Notable students	Eduardo Bonilla-Silva[5] Gøsta Esping-Andersen[6] Lane Kenworthy[7] Shamus Khan[4] Devah Pager[4]
Main interests	Marxist class analysis
Notable ideas	Contradictory class location real utopian sociology Theory of historical trajectory
Website	ssc.wisc.edu/~wright

Erik Olin Wright (February 9, 1947 – January 23, 2019) was an Americananalytical Marxistsociologist at theUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison, specializing insocial stratification and in egalitarian alternative futures tocapitalism. He was known for diverging fromclassical Marxism in his breakdown of the working class into subgroups of diversely held power and therefore varying degrees ofclass consciousness. Wright introduced novel concepts to adapt to this change of perspective including deep democracy andinterstitial revolution.^[8]

Born on February 9, 1947, inBerkeley,California, Wright was raised inLawrence,Kansas. His parents, M. Erik Wright and Beatrice Ann (Posner) Wright, were both psychology professors at theUniversity of Kansas.^[9][10] He received twoBachelor of Arts degrees, the first with a social studies major atHarvard College in 1968 and the second with a history major atBalliol College,University of Oxford, in 1970. Wright completed aPh.D. in sociology at theUniversity of California, Berkeley in 1976^[11] and joined the Department of Sociology at University of Wisconsin–Madison^[1] the same year.^[12]

Wright began making contributions to the intellectual community in the mid-1970s, along with a whole generation of young academics who were radicalized by theVietnam War and thecivil rights movement.^[13]

At the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wright supervised the dissertations of numerous young scholars who proceeded to become notable sociologists and politicians, among whom are includedWilmot James,César Rodríguez Garavito, andVivek Chibber.^[4] Wright also served on the dissertation committees of scholars who go on to make considerable contributions to the fields ofsocial stratification, social policy, and inequality includingGøsta Esping-Andersen, former American Sociological Association presidentEduardo Bonilla-Silva, and the lateDevah Pager.

Throughout Wright's career, he was solicited by other universities to join their sociology faculty.^[4] One notable such recruitment attempt occurred atHarvard University in 1981. Among Wright's supporters wereHarrison White, who respected Wright's work despite opposition to Wright'sMarxist political commitments. Wright's opponents at Harvard includedDaniel Bell andGeorge Homans, as well as university presidentDerek Bok who purportedly blocked the department's attempt to recruit Wright.^[14] Harvard's attempt to recruit Wright coincided with its decision to deny tenure in 1981 toTheda Skocpol, a decision that was later reversed following controversy over accusations of gender discrimination.^[15]

In 2012, Wright was elected President of theAmerican Sociological Association.^[16]

Wright was also an avidfiddle player, often encouraging guests tosquare dance at parties.^[17]

Wright died on January 23, 2019, fromacute myeloid leukemia at a hospital inMilwaukee,Wisconsin, aged 71.^[4][18][9]

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Wright has been described as an "influentialnew left theorist".^[19] His work was concerned mainly with the study ofsocial classes, and in particular with the task of providing an update to and elaboration of the Marxist concept of class, in order to enable Marxist and non-Marxist researchers alike to use "class" to explain and predict people's material interests, lived experiences, living conditions, incomes, organizational capacities and willingness to engage incollective action, political leanings, and so on. In addition, he attempted to develop class categories that would allow researchers to compare and contrast the class structures and dynamics of differentadvanced capitalist and "post-capitalist" societies.

Wright has stressed the importance of:

1. control over and exclusion from access to economic/productive resources;
2. location within production relations;
3. market capacity in exchange relations;
4. differential control over income derived from the use of productive resources; and,
5. differential control over labor effort in defining "class", while at the same time trying to account for the situation of expert, skilled, manager, and supervisory employees, taking inspiration fromWeberian accounts of class and class analysis.

According to Wright, employees with sought-after and reward-inelastically supplied skills (due to natural scarcities or socially constructed and imposed restrictions on supply, such as licensing, barriers to entry into training programs, etc.) are in a "privileged [surplus] appropriation location within exploitation relations" because, while they are not capitalists, they are able to obtain more privileges through their relation to the owner of the means of production than less skilled workers and harder to monitor and evaluate in terms of labor effort. The owner(s) of the means of production or their employer in general therefore has to pay them a "scarcity" or "skill/credential" rent (thus raising their compensation above the actual cost of producing and reproducing theirlabor power) and tries to "buy" their loyalty by giving them ownership stakes, endowing them with delegated authority over their fellow workers and/or allowing them to more or less be autonomous in determining the pace and direction of their work. Thus, experts, managers of experts, and executive managers tend to be closer to the interests of the employers than to other workers.

Wright's books includeClass Counts: Comparative Studies in Class Analysis (Cambridge, 1997), which uses data collected in various industrialized countries, including the United States, Canada, Norway, and Sweden. He was a professor of sociology at theUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison until his death.

Later in his career, Wright was associated with a renewed understanding of asocialist alternative, deeply rooted on socialassociative democracy.^[20] The transition to this alternative, according to Wright, depends on designing and building "real utopias", the name of a research project and book of his. They'd counter prevailing institutions by advancing democratic and egalitarian principles, thereby pointing in the direction of a more just and humane world. Examples includeWikipedia and theMondragon Corporation.^[20] In his 2010 bookEnvisioning Real Utopias, Wright wrote an extensive case study about Wikipedia as an example of asocial economy activity.^[21]

• Wright, Erik Olin (1973).The politics of punishment: a critical analysis of prisons in America. New York: Harper & Row.ISBN 978-0-06-090318-3.
• Wright, Erik Olin (1978).Class, crisis, and the state. London: New Left Books.ISBN 978-0-902308-93-0.
• Wright, Erik Olin (1979).Class structure and income determination. New York: Academic Press.ISBN 978-0-12-764950-4.
• Wright, Erik Olin (1997) [1985Verso].Classes. London New York:Verso.ISBN 978-1-85984-179-2.
• Wright, Erik Olin (1989).The debate on classes. London New York:Verso.ISBN 978-0-86091-966-7.
• Wright, Erik Olin (1994).Interrogating Inequality: essays on class analysis, socialism, and Marxism. London: Verso.ISBN 978-0860916338.
• Wright, Erik Olin (1997).Class counts: comparative studies in class analysis. Cambridge New York Paris: Cambridge University Press Maison des Sciences de l'homme.ISBN 978-0-521-55646-0.
• Wright, Erik (2010).Envisioning real utopias. London New York:Verso.ISBN 978-1-84467-617-0.
• Wright, Erik Olin.Alternatives to Capitalism: proposals for a democratic economy with Robin Hahnel (2014) New Left Project.
• Wright, Erik (2015).Understanding Class. London New York:Verso.ISBN 978-1-78168-945-5.
• Wright, Erik Olin (2019).How to Be an Anticapitalist in the Twenty-First Century.Verso Books.ISBN 978-1-78873-605-3.

• Wright, Erik Olin;Fung, Archon (2003).Deepening democracy: institutional innovations in empowered participatory governance. London New York:Verso.ISBN 978-1-85984-466-3.

  This is part of theReal Utopias Project

• Wright, Erik (2005).Approaches to class analysis. Cambridge, UK New York: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-60381-2.
• Wright wrote the preface for:Gornick, Janet C.; Meyers, Marcia (2009).Gender equality: transforming family divisions of labor. London New York:Verso.ISBN 978-1-84467-325-4. Wright is also the book series' editor.

• Wright, Erik Olin; Levine, Andrew (September–October 1980)."Rationality and class struggle".New Left Review.I (23). New Left Review.
• Wright, Erik Olin (September–October 2006)."Compass points: towards a Socialist alternative".New Left Review.II (41). New Left Review.
• Wright, Erik Olin (February 2013)."Transforming capitalism through real utopias".American Sociological Review.78 (1):1–25.doi:10.1177/0003122412468882.S2CID 145566259.

• Theory of historical trajectory

• Politics & Society. Volume 48 Issue 4, December 2020. Special Issue: Remembering Erik Olin Wright (1947–2019): Scholar, Colleague, Friend.
• Vivek Chibber,"Erik Olin Wright (1947–2019),"Jacobin, January 24, 2019.
• Adam Szetela,"Remembering Erik Olin Wright,"Dissent, January 23, 2019.

Wikimedia Commons has media related toErik Olin Wright.

• Official website
• 'A Rough Guide to Utopia', review ofEnvisioning Real Utopias in theOxonian Review, November 2010
• 'Real Men Find Real Utopias', review ofEnvisioning Real Utopias inDissent, Winter 2011
• 'Conversation with Peter Shea at University of Minnesota, 2007'

• 1947 births
• 2019 deaths
• Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
• American Marxists
• American sociologists
• Harvard College alumni
• Jewish American sociologists
• Marxist theorists
• New Left
• Writers from Madison, Wisconsin
• UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
• University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
• Writers from Berkeley, California
• Utopian studies scholars
• Deaths from leukemia in Wisconsin
• Deaths from acute myeloid leukemia
• NIH Director's New Innovator Award recipients

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