Erik Adolf von Willebrand | |
|---|---|
 Erik Adolf von Willebrand,c. 1915 | |
| Born | 1 February 1870 (1870-02) |
| Died | 12 September 1949(1949-09-12) (aged 79) |
| Education | University of Helsinki |
| Known for | |
| Medical career | |
| Profession | Physician |
| Institutions |
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| Research | Hematology,thermotherapy,phototheraphy,metabolism,obesity,gout |
| Notable works | Hereditär pseudohemofili (1926) |
Erik Adolf von Willebrand (1 February 1870 – 12 September 1949) was a Finnish physician who made major contributions tohematology.Von Willebrand disease andvon Willebrand factor are named after him. He also researchedmetabolism,obesity andgout, and was one of the first Finnish physicians to useinsulin to treat adiabetic coma.
Von Willebrand qualified in medicine in 1896 from theUniversity of Helsinki, where he received his Ph.D. in 1899. He worked at the University of Helsinki from 1900 until 1930. From 1908 until his retirement in 1933, he was the head of the department of medicine at the Deaconess Hospital in Helsinki, where he also was physician-in-chief from 1922 to 1931.
In 1924, Von Willebrand was consulted about a young girl with a bleeding disorder. He described this disorder in 1926, distinguishing it fromhemophilia. The disorder was named after him, becoming known as von Willebrand disease. The cause of the disease was later discovered to be a deficiency of a protein, now known as von Willebrand factor, that enableshemostasis.
Von Willebrand was born on 1 February 1870 inNikolaistad (Vaasa), then part of theGrand Duchy of Finland in theRussian Empire.[1] He was the third child of Fredrik Magnus von Willebrand and Signe Estlander.[2][3] Fredrik had received a military education and later became an engineer.[3] Von Willebrand belonged to a German noble family; his ancestors settled in Finland in the 18th century. His family belonged to theSwedish-speaking minority in Finland.[3]
Von Willebrand attended Vaasa Lyceum, where he excelled inbotany,chemistry andzoology. During this time, he spent his summers collecting botanical, lepidopterological and ornithological specimens, and his winters exploring theGulf of Bothnia. After obtaining his baccalaureate in 1890, he began his studies at theUniversity of Helsinki, then known as the Imperial Alexander University in Finland.[4]
Prior to qualifying as a physician in 1896,[5] he spent the summers of 1894 and 1895 working as a junior physician at a spa inÅland.[4] After graduation, Von Willebrand became assistant physician in the department of medicine at the Deaconess Hospital in Helsinki, whereOssian Schauman supervised his doctoral thesis on the changes inhemocyte count aftervenesection.[4] Von Willebrand's earlyhematologic investigations also yielded a study on the regeneration of blood in anemia and a description of a method for the staining ofblood smears usingeosin andmethylene blue.[4]
He received his Ph.D. in 1899 from the University of Helsinki, for the thesisZur Kenntnis der Blutveränderungen nach Aderlässen ("Blood Changes after Venesection").[6][7]
After the completion of his dissertation in 1899, Von Willebrand was appointed chief physician at a spa inHeinola, and he shifted his interest from hematology toapplied physiology. From 1900 to 1906, he lecturedanatomy and laterphysiology at the University of Helsinki. During this period, he researchedthermotherapy, particularly the health effects ofsaunas,[8] andphototherapy, and invented an apparatus for measuring the dermal excretion of carbon dioxide and water.[4]
Von Willebrand's interest ininternal medicine outweighed his interest inbalneology andphysical therapy, however, and in 1907 he took up the position of chief physician at a municipal hospital in Helsinki. In 1908, he was appointed docent in internal medicine at the University of Helsinki. Concomitant with this appointment, he succeeded Schauman as head of the department of medicine at the Deaconess Hospital in Helsinki. He also took over the laboratory at the Deaconess Hospital, which was renowned for its hematological services.[9] In this position, he studiedmetabolism,obesity andgout.[9] In 1912, he developed a method for measuringketone bodies in urine, and the following year discussed dietetic treatments fordiabetes.[6] In 1918, nearly two decades after his last paper of the sort, Von Willebrand resumed his publishing of hematologic works, releasing studies onaplastic,hypochromic andpernicious anaemia.[9] He also published a study regardingheart valve conditions based on data from over 10,000 autopsies performed in Helsinki from 1867 to 1916,[9] and was a pioneer in the use ofinsulin, describing in 1922 its use in the treatment ofdiabetic comas.[6] In February 1924, he successfully brought a moribund patient out of a diabetic coma through the application of insulin, using some of the first batch of the hormone ever delivered to Finland.[9][10]
Von Willebrand remained at the University of Helsinki until 1930.[11] He was physician-in-chief of the Deaconess Hospital from 1922 to 1931,[6][9] and became honorary professor in 1930.[6] He remained head of the Deaconess Hospital's department of medicine until his retirement in 1933.[9] Von Willebrand continued to publish articles after his retirement. On his 75th birthday, he released his last paper, entitledEn genetisk blodsykdom blant innbyggerne på Åland ("A genetic blood disease amongst the islanders of Åland").[5]
In April 1924, Von Willebrand was consulted about Hjördis Sundblom, a five-year-old girl with a severe bleeding condition. Hjördis was the ninth of 11 children in a family fromFöglö, one of the Åland Islands. She experienced regular bleeding from the nose, lips, gums and skin, as did six of her siblings. Three of her sisters had died due to the condition, and eight years later Hjördis died due tomenorrhagia.[7] Hjördis was brought to Von Willebrand's laboratory in Helsinki and he did not himself visit Föglö, but with the cooperation of a local schoolteacher he mapped thefamily pedigree.[9] He found that the condition was present in the three previous generations, on both sides of Hjördis' family. Sixteen of the 35 women analysed had the condition (to a mild or severe degree), and 7 of the 31 men analysed had the condition (to a slight degree). An analysis of the heredity involved led Von Willebrand to assume the inheritance wasdominant, in contrast tohemophilia which was known to be arecessive disorder.[7] The condition also differed from hemophilia in that it affected females at least as often as males.[9]
He published a Swedish-language article in 1926 about the disease, titledHereditär pseudohemofili ("Hereditary pseudohemophilia").[7][12] He referenced six previous publications from the years of 1876 to 1922, totalling 19 cases on families withbleeding diatheses.[7] The earlier authors attributed the condition to hemophilia (even in the cases of females) or to thrombopathy, which was discovered shortly before as the cause of what had previously been known aspurpura hemorrhagica orWerlhof's disease.[7] Von Willebrand also conducted hematological examinations on Hjördis and some of her family members.[7] He recorded a normal or slightly reduced number of platelets and an undisturbedclot retraction, unlikeGlanzmann's thrombasthenia.[9] Thebleeding time (Duke) was greatly prolonged, extending to more than 2 hours in some cases,[9] while theclotting time was within the normal range.[7] He concluded that the disease was either a new form of thrombopathy or a condition of the capillary endothelium.[7]
Von Willebrand published a German-language version ofHereditär pseudohemofili in 1931, which attracted international attention in the disease. Blood samples were sent to researchers at theJohns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, and to several researchers in Europe, includingRudolf Jürgens [de] in Leipzig.[5] Jürgens contacted Von Willebrand and together they conducted studies on his patients.[5] They also researchedhemorheology, seeking to understand the underlying mechanism of bleeding disorders.[10] In 1933 they co-authored an account of the disease, renaming it "constitutional thrombopathy". Numerous papers were subsequently published on the disease and it became eponymously known asvon Willebrand disease between the late 1930s and the early 1940s.[5][13]
In 1957, it was discovered that von Willebrand disease is caused by a deficiency of a protein in blood plasma that enableshemostasis.[14] The protein was characterised in 1971, and is known asvon Willebrand factor.[15] Von Willebrand factor has two functions. Firstly, it is the carrier molecule forfactor VIII, the anti-hemophilic factor. Secondly, it promotes the aggregation of platelets and attachment to the vessel wall.[15] In 2011, Jan van Gijn and Joost P. Gijselhart, writing in theNederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, remarked that Von Willebrand was not far wrong when he named the disease "hereditary pseudohemophilia".[7]
In his personal life, Von Willebrand was described as a mild-mannered and modest man.[16] He married Walborg Maria Antell in 1900, and had two daughters.[17] As a member of theSwedish-speaking minority in Finland, he was a supporter ofOssian Schauman'sFolkhälsan, which promoted social welfare and health care for Swedish-speaking Finns.[9] His research on the bleeding condition of the Åland islanders was of particular interest to him, as it was a hereditary disorder that affected the Swedish-speaking minority.[9] After his retirement in 1933 he became an avid gardener and a supporter ofnature conservation.[13]
Von Willebrand died on 12 September 1949, at the age of 79.[1][18] In 1994, he was commemorated with a stamp issued byÅland. The stamp was one in a set of two: the other commemoratedErik Jorpes, known for his pioneering work onheparin.[6]
The following list of publications is compiled from Lassila, R.; Lindberg, O. (2013). "Erik von Willebrand".Haemophilia. 19 (5): 645.[19]
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