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Epoicotheriidae

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Extinct family of mammals

Epoicotheriidae Temporal range:57.8–30.9 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N latePaleocene - earlyOligocene

Artist reconstruction of Xenocranium pileorivale compared to the size of a human hand.

skull ofPentapassalus pearcei
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	†Palaeanodonta
Family:	†Epoicotheriidae Simpson, 1927^[1]
Type genus
†Epoicotherium Simpson, 1927
Genera^[2]
[seeclassification]

Epoicotheriidae ("strange beasts") is anextinct paraphyletic family ofinsectivorous placental mammals within extinct orderPalaeanodonta, that lived inNorth America,Asia andEurope from the latePaleocene to earlyOligocene.^[2] Epoicotheriids werefossorial mammals. Late Eocene/early Oligocene genera were highly specialized animals that were convergent with thetalpids,golden moles andmarsupial mole in the structure of their skulls and forelimbs, and would have had a similar lifestyle as subterranean burrowers.^[3]

Classification and phylogeny

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Taxonomy

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Epoicotheriidae was named bySimpson in 1927. It was assigned to thePalaeanodonta by Rose (1978)^[4] and Carroll (1988).

Classification

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Family: †Epoicotheriidae^{(paraphyletic family)}(Simpson, 1927)
- Genus: †Alocodontulum(Rose, 1978)
  - †Alocodontulum atopum(Rose, 1977)
- Genus: †Amelotabes(Rose, 1978)
  - †Amelotabes simpsoni(Rose, 1978)
- Genus: †Auroratherium(Tong & Wang, 1997)
  - †Auroratherium sinense(Tong & Wang, 1997)
- Genus: †Dipassalus(Rose, 1991)
  - †Dipassalus oryctes(Rose, 1991)
- Genus: †Tubulodon(Jepsen, 1932)
  - †Tubulodon taylori(Jepsen, 1932)
- Subfamily: †Epoicotheriinae^{(paraphyletic subfamily)}(Simpson, 1927)
  - Genus: †Pentapassalus(Gazin, 1952)
    - †Pentapassalus pearcei(Gazin, 1952)
    - †Pentapassalus woodi(Guthrie, 1967)
  - Genus: †Tetrapassalus(Simpson, 1959)
    - †Tetrapassalus mckennai(Simpson, 1959)
    - †Tetrapassalus proius(West, 1973)
    - †Tetrapassalus sp. A [AMNH 10215](Rose, 1978)
    - †Tetrapassalus sp. B(Robinson, 1963)
  - (unranked): †Epoicotherium/Xenocranium clade
    - Genus: †Epoicotherium(Simpson, 1927)
      - †Epoicotherium unicum(Douglass, 1905)
    - Genus: †Molaetherium(Storch & Rummel, 1999)
      - †Molaetherium heissigi(Storch & Rummel, 1999)
    - Genus: †Xenocranium(Colbert, 1942)
      - †Xenocranium pileorivale(Colbert, 1942)

Phylogenetic tree

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The phylogenetic relationships of family Epoicotheriidae are shown in the following cladogram:^[5]^[6]^[7]

Ferae

Pan-Carnivora

Pholidotamorpha

Pholidota(sensu stricto)

†Palaeanodonta

†Escavadodontidae

†Melaniella

	†Ernanodontidae

	†Metacheiromys

†Metacheiromyinae

†Palaeanodon

†Brachianodon

†Mylanodon

†Propalaeanodontinae

†Arcticanodon

†Pentapassalus

	†Pentapassalus pearcei

	†Pentapassalus woodi

†Alocodontulum

†Alocodontulum atopum

†Auroratherium

†Auroratherium sinensis

†Tubulodon

†Tubulodon taylori

†Dipassalus	†Dipassalus oryctes

†Epoicotheriinae

†Tetrapassalus

	†Tetrapassalus mckennai

	†Tetrapassalus proius

	†Tetrapassalus sp. A (AMNH 10215)

	†Tetrapassalus sp. B

†Xenocranium	†Xenocranium pileorivale

†Epoicotherium	†Epoicotherium unicum

†Molaetherium	†Molaetherium heissigi

†Epoicotheriidae

†Amelotabes	†Amelotabes simpsoni

(Pholidota [sensu lato])

†Metacheiromyidae

†Epoicotherium/Xenocranium clade

References

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^G. G. Simpson (1927.) "In North American Oligocene edentate." Annals of Carnegie Museum 17 (2): 283-299
^^a ^b"Classification of the family Epoicotheriidae".Paleobiology Database. Retrieved17 December 2021.
^Kenneth D. Rose, Robert J. Emry (1983)"Extraordinary fossorial adaptations in the oligocene palaeanodontsEpoicotherium andXenocranium (Mammalia)" Journal of Morphology 175(1):33 - 56
^Rose, Kenneth D. (1978). "A New Paleocene Epoicotheriid (Mammalia), with Comments on the Palaeanodonta".Journal of Paleontology.52 (3):658–674.JSTOR 1303970.
^Kenneth D. Rose (2008). "Palaeanodonta and Pholidota". In Janis, Christine M; Gunnell, Gregg F; Uhen, Mark D (eds.).9 - Palaeanodonta and Pholidota. pp. 135–146.doi:10.1017/CBO9780511541438.010.ISBN 9780511541438.
^Gaudin, Timothy (2009)."The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis"(PDF).Journal of Mammalian Evolution.16 (4). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media:235–305.doi:10.1007/s10914-009-9119-9.S2CID 1773698. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2015-09-25. Retrieved2020-08-28.
^Kondrashov, Peter; Agadjanian, Alexandre K. (2012). "A nearly complete skeleton ofErnanodon (Mammalia, Palaeanodonta) from Mongolia: morphofunctional analysis".Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.32 (5):983–1001.doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.694319.ISSN 0272-4634.S2CID 86059673.

Mammals of cladePholidotamorpha

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Clade:Ferae
Clade:Pholidotamorpha

Pholidotamorpha

Order:
Pholidota

Suborder:
Eupholidota

Superfamily:
Manoidea

Family: Manidae	See in template:Manidae
Family: †Patriomanidae	†Cryptomanis †Patriomanis
Incertae sedis	†Necromanis

Superfamily:
†Eomanoidea

Family: †Eomanidae	†Eomanis

Family:
†Eurotamanduidae

†Eurotamandua

other
representatives

†Euromanis
Incertae sedis	†Pholidota sp. (BC 16’08)

Order:
†Palaeanodonta

Family:
†Epoicotheriidae
(paraphyletic family)

Subfamily:
†Epoicotheriinae
(paraphyletic subfamily)

†Pentapassalus †Tetrapassalus
†Epoicotherium/Xenocranium clade	†Epoicotherium †Molaetherium †Xenocranium

Family:
†Ernanodontidae

†Asiabradypus
†Ernanodon

Family:
†Escavadodontidae

†Escavadodon

Family:
†Metacheiromyidae
(paraphyletic family)

†Brachianodon †Mylanodon
Subfamily: †Metacheiromyinae (paraphyletic subfamily)	†Metacheiromys †Palaeanodon
Subfamily: †Propalaeanodontinae	†Propalaeanodon