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Anepitaph (from Ancient Greek ἐπιτάφιος (epitáphios) 'a funeral oration'; from ἐπι- (epi-) 'at, over' and τάφος (táphos) 'tomb')[1][2] is a short text honoring a deceased person. Strictly speaking, it refers to text that is inscribed on a tombstone or plaque, but it may also be used in a figurative sense. Some epitaphs are specified by the person themselves before their death, while others are chosen by those responsible for the burial. An epitaph may be written inprose or inverse.
Most epitaphs are brief records of the family, and perhaps the career, of the deceased, often with a common expression of love or respect—for example, "beloved father of ..."—but others are more ambitious. From theRenaissance to the 19th century in Western culture, epitaphs for notable people became increasingly lengthy and pompous descriptions of their family origins, career, virtues and immediate family, often in Latin. Notably, theLaudatio Turiae, the longest knownAncient Roman epitaph, exceeds almost all of these at 180 lines; it celebrates the virtues of an honored wife (sometimes identified, but not generally accepted, as the Wife ofconsulQuintus Lucretius Vespillo[3]).
Some are quotes from holy texts, oraphorisms. One approach of many epitaphs is to "speak" to the reader and warn them about their own mortality. A wry trick of others is to request the reader to get off their resting place, inasmuch as the reader would have to be standing on the ground above the coffin to read the inscription. Some record achievements (e.g., past politicians note the years of their terms of office). Nearly all (excepting those where this is impossible by definition, such as theTomb of the Unknown Soldier) note name, year or date of birth, and date of death. Many list family members and the relationship of the deceased to them (for example, "Father / Mother / Son / Daughter of").[4]
In English, and in accordance with the word's etymology, the word "epitaph" refers to atextual commemoration of a person, which may or may not be inscribed on a monument. In many European languages, however, the meaning of the word (or its close equivalent) has broadened to mean the monument itself, specifically a mural monument or plaque erected in a church, often close to, but not directly over, a person's place of burial.[5] Examples include GermanEpitaph; Dutchepitaaf; Hungarianepitáfium; Polishepitafium; Danishepitafium; Swedishepitafium; and Estonianepitaaf.
The history of epitaphs extends as far back as theancient Egyptians and have differed in delivery.[6] Theancient Greeks utilised emotive expression, written inelegiac verse, later in prose.[6]Ancient Romans' use of epitaphs was more blunt and uniform, typically detailing facts of the deceased – as did the earliest epitaphs in English churches.[6] "May the earth lie light upon thee" was a common inscription for them.[6] Due to the influence of Roman occupiers, the dominant language of epitaphs was Latin, evidenced by the oldest existing epitaphs in Britain. French and English came into fashion around the 13th and 14th centuries, respectively.[6]
By the 16th century, epitaphs had become more literary in nature and those written in verse were involved in trade.[6] In America and Britain, comedic epitaphs are common in the form of acrostics, palindromes, riddles, and puns on names and professions –Robert Burns, the most prolific pre-Romantic epitaphist, wrote 35 pieces, them being largely satirical.[6][7] The rate of literary epitaphs has been historically overshadowed by "popular sepulchral inscriptions which are produced in countless numbers at all time"; "strictly literary" epitaphs were most present during the start of theRomantic period.[7]
TheLake Poets have been credited with providing success to epitaph-writing adjacent to that of poetry significance – Robert Southey, in focusing simultaneously upon transience and eternity, contributed substantially.[7] General interest for epitaphs was waning at the cusp of the 19th century, in contrast to a considerable burgeoning intellectual interest.[7] Critical essays had been published before on the matter, possibly contributing towards its flourishing in the latter half of the 18th century.[7] Epitaphs never became a major poetic form and, according to Romantic scholar Ernest Bernhardt-Kabisch, they had "virtually disappeared" by 1810. "The art of the epitaph was largely lost in the 20th century", wrote theEncyclopedia Britannica.[6][7]
Sarcophagi and coffins were the choice of ancient Egyptians for epitaphs;brasses was the prominent format for a significant period of time.[6] Epitaphs upon stone monuments became a common feature by theElizabethan era.[6]
Stock phrases or standard elements present in epitaphs on mediaeval church monuments andledger stones in England include:
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While you live, shine
Have no grief at all
Life exists only for a short while
And Time demands his due.
— Seikilos epitaph (oldest surviving complete musical composition)[8]
This is my father's crime against me, which I myself committed against none.
Good frend for İesvs sake forebeare,
To digg the dvst encloased heare.
Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones,
And cvrst be he yͭ moves my bones.
In modern spelling:
Good friend, for Jesus's sake forbear
To dig the dust enclosed here.
Blessed be the man that spares these stones,
And cursed be he that moves my bones.
Here lies One whose Name was writ in Water
Cast a cold eye
On life, on death.
Horseman, pass by!
Sleep after toyle, port after stormie seas,
Ease after warre, death after life, does greatly please.
Homo sum! the adventurer
Against you I will fling myself, unvanquished and unyielding, O Death!
Oh God (Devanagari:हे राम)
I've finally stopped getting dumber.
(Hungarian:Végre nem butulok tovább.)
We must know. We will know.
(German:Wir müssen wissen. Wir werden wissen.)
Go tell the Spartans, stranger passing by
that here, obedient to their law, we lie.
— Simonides'sepigram honoring the 300 atThermopylae
Here sleeps at peace a Hampshire Grenadier
Who caught his early death by drinking cold small beer.
Soldiers, be wise at his untimely fall,
And when you're hot, drink strong or none at all.
— Thomas Thetcher tombstone epitaph inWinchester Cathedral
To save your world you asked this man to die:
Would this man, could he see you now, ask why?
— Epitaph for theUnknown Soldier, written byW. H. Auden[15]
When you go home, tell them of us and say,
For your tomorrow, we gave our today
There is borne an empty hearse
covered over for such as appear not.
Heroes have the whole earth for their tomb.
— Unknown Soldier's epitaph,Athens; passages taken fromPericles' Funeral Oration[16][17]
And the beat goes on.
That's all folks!
Let 'er rip
I told you I was ill.
(Irish:Dúirt mé leat go raibh mé breoite.)
Free at last, Free at last,
Thank God Almighty
I'm Free at last.
He never killed a man that did not need killing.
In a more figurative sense, the term may be used for music composed in memory of the deceased. Igor Stravinsky composed in 1958Epitaphium for flute, clarinet and harp. In 1967Krzysztof Meyer called his Symphony No. 2 for choir and orchestraEpitaphium Stanisław Wiechowicz in memoriam.Jeffrey Lewis composedEpitaphium – Children of the Sun for narrator, chamber choir, piano, flute, clarinet and percussion. In 1969,King Crimson released the songEpitaph, giving a reference to epitaphs within the song.Bronius Kutavičius composed in 1998Epitaphium temporum pereunti.Valentin Silvestrov composed in 1999Epitaph L.B. (Епітафія Л.Б.) for viola (or cello) and piano. In 2007Graham Waterhouse composedEpitaphium for string trio as a tribute to the memory of his fatherWilliam Waterhouse. The South African poet Gert Vlok Nel wrote an (originally) untitled song, which appeared on his first music album "Beaufort-Wes se Beautiful Woorde" as "Epitaph", because his producer Eckard Potgieter told him that the song sounded like an epitaph.David Bowie's final album,Blackstar, released in 2016, is generally seen as his musical epitaph, with singles "Blackstar" and "Lazarus" often singled out.
...has traditionally been assigned to this Turia, but this is now generally rejected and there are no good arguments for the identification.
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