| Enterobacter | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Enterobacter cloacae ontrypticase soy agar | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Kingdom: | Pseudomonadati |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Enterobacterales |
| Family: | Enterobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | Enterobacter Hormaeche & Edwards 1960 |
| Species | |
E. asburiae | |
| Synonyms | |
Cloaca Castellani & Chalmers, 1919 | |
Enterobacter is a genus ofGram-negative,facultatively anaerobic,rod-shaped, non-spore-formingbacteria in the familyEnterobacteriaceae.Enterobacter spp. are found insoil,water,sewage,feces and gut environments. It is the type genus of the orderEnterobacterales.[1] Several strains of these bacteria arepathogenic and causeopportunistic infections inimmunocompromised (usually hospitalized) hosts and in those who are onmechanical ventilation. Theurinary andrespiratory tracts are the most common sites ofinfection. The genusEnterobacter is a member of thecoliform group of bacteria. It does not belong to thefecal coliforms (or thermotolerant coliforms) group of bacteria, unlikeEscherichia coli, because it is incapable of growth at 44.5 °C in the presence ofbile salts.[citation needed] Some of them showquorum sensing properties.[2][3]
One clinically important species from this genus isE. cloacae.
In 2018, researchers detected five strains ofEnterobacter bugandensis aboard theInternational Space Station (ISS) (none pathogenic to humans) and concluded that microbial populations on the ISS should be closely monitored to ensure a medically safe environment for astronauts.[4][5]
The genusEnterobacter ferments lactose with gas production during a 48-hour incubation at 35-37 °C in the presence of bile salts and detergents. It isoxidase-negative,indole-negative, andurease-variable.[3][6]
ForEnterobacter species, flagella are used for adhesion,biofilm formation, and protein export as well as motility.[7]
Thelipopolysaccharide capsule ofEnterobacter spp. helps members of this genus avoid phagocytosis and initiate the host inflammatory response.
Pathogenic strains ofEnterobacter spp. have been found in the sputum, blood, wounds, and stool of humans.Enterobacter spp. are associated with commonnosocomial infections including respiratory,endocarditis,bacteremia,urinary tract infections,osteomyelitis, among others.[8]Enterobacter-associated bacteremia presents as fever but can progress tosystemic inflammatory response syndrome and shock.[8] For pneumonia caused byEnterobacter spp., symptoms include coughing and shortness of breath.[8]
Treatment is dependent on local trends ofantibiotic resistance.Enterobacter huaxiensis andEnterobacter chuandaensis are two recently discovered species that exhibit especially antibiotic resistant characteristics.[9]
Cefepime, a fourth-generationcephalosporin from theβ-Lactam antibiotic class.[more detail needed]Imipenem (acarbapenem) is often the antibiotic of choice.Aminoglycosides such asamikacin have been found to be very effective, as well.[6]Quinolones can be an effective alternative.[6]
A 2012 study has shown that the presence ofEnterobacter cloacae B29 in the gut of a morbidly obese individual may have contributed to the patient'sobesity. Reduction of the bacterial load within the patient's gut, from 35%E. cloacae B29 to non-detectable levels, was associated with a parallel reduction inendotoxin load in the patient and a concomitant, significant reduction in weight.[10] Furthermore, the same bacterial strain, isolated from the patient, inducedobesity andinsulin resistance in germfree C57BL/6J mice that were being fed a high-fat diet. The study concludes thatE. cloacae B29 may contribute toobesity in its human hosts through anendotoxin-induced,inflammation-mediated mechanism.[10]
Davin-Regli, A., Lavigne, J. P., & Pagès, J. M. (2019). Enterobacter spp.: Update on Taxonomy, Clinical Aspects, and Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance. Clinical microbiology reviews, 32(4), e00002-19.https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00002-19
Data related toEnterobacter at WikispeciesAuthority control databases: National |
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