United States of America

Other names	The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory
Use	National flag andensign
Proportion	10:19
Adopted	June 14, 1777(13-star version) July 4, 1960(50-star version)
Design	Thirteen horizontal stripes alternating red and white; in the canton, 50 white stars on a blue field
Designed by	Unknown, possiblyFrancis Hopkinson

Theensign of the United States is theflag of the United States when worn as anensign (a type ofmaritime flag identifying nationality, usually flown from the stern of a ship or boat, or from an installation or facility of theUnited States Navy,United States Marine Corps,United States Coast Guard or theNational Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration ashore).^[1] International maritime law—see International Treaty on Law of the Sea, articles 91 and 92—provides that vessels have a "national character" and thus should display a flag (ensign) that corresponds to this national character, especially when in international or foreign waters. Vessels that are formally documented under the federal vessel documentation act, vessels owned by government bodies in the United States, and vessels in the U.S. military unquestionably have U.S. national character, and thus properly hoist a U.S. ensign to show their national character. Vessels that are numbered by the states (see 46 USC section 411) and small, non-registered craft owned by U.S. citizens and not registered in other countries may also hoist a U.S. ensign to show their national character.

The U.S. Yacht Ensign (a variation of the national ensign; see below) is often used in place of the national flag by U.S. pleasure craft when operating within U.S. waters; this flag was legally required for licensed yachts from 1848 to 1980, and the practice continues among all U.S. pleasure craft in U.S. waters by longstanding historical use and custom. Additionally, a few smaller pleasure craft operated by members of theUnited States Power Squadrons will fly the U.S. Power Squadrons flag as an ensign in inland waters in lieu of the national flag (see below). All vessels of U.S. national character should display the national ensign when operating in international and non-U.S. waters.

TheContinental Union Flag, referred to as the "Flag of America," was thede factonaval ensign of the United States until June 14, 1777, when the13 star flag was adopted byCongress. It was first hoisted aboard CommodoreEsek Hopkins' flagshipAlfred on theDelaware River by LieutenantJohn Paul Jones on December 3, 1775.^[2]

The current "Stars and Stripes" design was first adopted when theSecond Continental Congress passedthe Flag Resolution of June 14, 1777: "Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation."^[3] Subsequent flag acts have revised the design as new states joined the union.^[4]

Denmark and theNetherlands were the first countries to salute the Continental Union Flag, whengun salutes by U.S. ships were returned by officials in theWest Indies in late 1776: on DanishSt. Croix in October, and on DutchSt. Eustatius in November. (Though later, the better documented St. Eustatius incident involving theUSS Andrew Doria is traditionally regarded as the "first salute".)France was the first country to salute the Stars and Stripes, when a fleet off the French mainland returned a gun salute by CaptainJohn Paul Jones commandingUSS Ranger on February 14, 1778.^[5]

In the 19th century the ensigns were quite large; the biggest ensign in 1870 measured 19 by 36 feet (5.8 by 11.0 m). By the early 20th century, as warships took on distinctive forms and could no longer be easily mistaken for merchantmen at a distance, ensigns began to shrink and today are a fraction of their earlier size — the largest ensign for daily use on ships is now 5 by 9.5 feet (1.5 by 2.9 m).^[6]

During the 19th century, for its smaller-sized ensigns, the U.S. Navy used a 13-star flag which became known as "boat flag" due to its predominant use on boats (i.e., launches, gigs and tenders). The Navy appears to have started this practice in the 1850s and is formally documented in the Navy Regulations of 1864. The reason for the lesser number of stars was so that the stars in a smaller size flag would have greater visibility at a distance. Because they flew smaller-sized ensigns, the U.S. Navy's first submarines and destroyers in the early 20th century also used the 13-star ensigns.^[6] In 1912, PresidentPresident Taft formally recognized the Navy's longstanding use of the 13-star ensign inExecutive Order 1637, which defined the flag's precise dimensions. The "boat flags'" formal recognition lasted just four more years however, asPresident Wilson acting through Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels discontinued the practice in 1916 withExecutive Order 2390, after which all ensigns were supposed to have the full complement of stars.^[7] However, some of the flags remained in the supply system until the 1950s.^[8]

TheUnited States Coast Guard flies a unique ensign to show that it has the authority to stop, board, examine, and seize vessels. TheU.S. Customs Service flies a very similar flag, but it lacks the badge in the fly. These flags have their origins in a flag that was created in 1799 that was, at that time, intended to be used as an ensign and was in fact so used (i.e., a full standing flag of national character). Today, these two flags are called "ensigns" but they are flown in conjunction with, and subordinate to, the U.S. national ensign on Coast Guard and on Customs vessels. Most small craft operated by the U.S. Coast Guard routinely display both the national ensign and Coast Guard Ensign.

These two present-day flags had their origins in a flag that was designed bySecretary of the TreasuryOliver Wolcott Jr. for use by theRevenue-Marine in August 1799. On August 1, 1799,Wolcott Jr., issued an order announcing that in pursuance of authority from the President, the distinguishing ensign and pennant for the Revenue-Marine would consist of, "16 perpendicular stripes, alternate red and white, the union of the ensign to be thearms of the United States in a dark blue on a white field." This was done to avoid confusion of Treasury Department vessels with those of theUnited States Navy.^[9] From 1799 onwards, this flag was used as the national ensign for theRevenue-Marine (from 1894 known as theRevenue Cutter Service) and at the same time, was also flown over Customs Houses ashore. In 1895, 27 June,Assistant Secretary of the TreasuryCharles Sumner Hamlin issued an order thatUnited States Revenue Cutter Service vessels must henceforth carry the national ensign at the main-peak and the revenue service ensign at the fore-peak.^[10] In June 1910, however, President William H. Taft ordered that the plain ensign continue to be flown over Customs Houses ashore, and ordered that the Revenue Cutter Service add their department's emblem to the fly of the ensign in order to distinguish between the differing two branches. The order said: "By virtue of the authority vested in me under the provisions of Sec. 2764 of the revised Statutes, I hereby prescribe that the distinguishing flag now used by vessels of the Revenue Cutter Service be marked by the distinctive emblem of that service, in blue and white, placed on a line with the lower edge of the union, and over the center of the seventh vertical red stripe from the mast of said flag, the emblem to cover a horizontal space of three stripes. This change to be made as soon as practicable."^[11]

From 1910 onwards, the U.S. Customs Service has continued to use the plain version of the revenue ensign, while the Revenue Cutter Service (which in 1915 merged with theUnited States Life-Saving Service to form theCoast Guard) used thedefaced version (version with the badge).

The U.S. Coast Guard inherited the "badged" version of the ensign in 1915 and, in 1927, the cutter badge was updated to use the Coast Guard's own emblem. The Coast Guard badge was slightly modified in 1966. The Coast Guard continues to use the "badged" or "defaced" version of the ensign, although it is now flown by Coast Guard cutters and facilities in conjunction with the U.S. national ensign, and not as a stand-alone ensign.

The design of both flags' (Customs and Coast Guard) cantons (i.e., the eagle and stars) was altered in 1951 to make them conform to "the arms of the United States," as was specified in Wolcott's original design statement in 1799.

Information about early U.S.civil ensigns is scant, but there is evidence that at the time of theAmerican Revolution some U.S. merchant ships flew a horizontally striped flag of 13 alternating red and white stripes.^[12] These flags with vertical stripes are similar to ones flown by theSons of Liberty^[13] (Such ensigns may also have served asearly U.S. naval jacks in conjunction with the Continental Union Flag used as anaval ensign.) In the early years of the United States, ensigns were not yet standardized, leading to number of known variations, such as theSerapis ensign used byJohn Paul Jones.

A modification of the national flag and ensign but with afouled anchor in a circle of thirteen stars in thecanton, was created by Act of Congress in August 1848 as a flag to be used by licensed U.S. yachts.^[14][15] The design was recommended by theNew York Yacht Club in 1849.^[16] Yachts eligible for the license were initially 20 net tons and over (later reduced to 15 net tons) and otherwise eligible to be enrolled as a U.S. vessel; the license allowed the yacht to proceed from port to port without the formality of clearing customs. The 1848 act used the word 'signal' to describe the flag that a licensed yacht would use to identify herself, and use of this flag was required by all licensed yachts ("All such licensed yachts shall use a signal of the form, size, and colors prescribed by the Secretary of the Navy."). The Secretary of the Navy approved a modification of "the American Ensign" as the signal, and Treasury Decision No. 2727 (March 24, 1876) issued by the Treasury Department confirmed that the flag was to be used as an ensign ("Licensed yachts are required by law to use the American ensign prescribed by the Secretary of the Navy."), and its use as an ensign was reiterated in Treasury Decision 9426 of June 11, 1889 (referring to the "yacht ensign"). While formally licensed yachts were legally required to fly this modification of the national ensign, unlicensed U.S. yachts also started flying this flag as their ensign, too, and eventually the U.S. Navy confirmed that it recognized this practice for all U.S. yachts. In 1939, the Secretary of the Navy approved the ruling of the Judge Advocate General of the Navy "...that a ship of the Navy should return a dip made by a yacht flying the yacht ensign and that the yacht ensign may properly be made the object of a hand salute to be rendered on boarding or leaving a yacht."

The legal requirement for licensed yachts to fly the Yacht Ensign that was part of United States statute (46 U.S.C. section 109) was repealed by the Vessel Documentation Act of 1980 (Public Law 96–594), which removed several legal provisions pertaining to the by-then very rare category of "licensed yachts" and treated all documented recreational vessels the same. Nevertheless, owing to its long usage by all U.S. yachts, as well as the fact that the freedom-from-clearance privilege first extended to "licensed yachts" in 1848 had long since been extended to all U.S. pleasure craft regardless of whether they are federally documented or state numbered (see 19 U.S.C. sec. 1441), the yacht ensign is widely flown by many U.S. yachts and pleasure boats in U.S. waters today, continuing a tradition that dates back to the mid-nineteenth century.^[17][18] The states ofArkansas,^[19]Maryland,^[20] andWashington^[21] have each adopted flag protocols which provide that the U.S. ensign "and the U.S. Yacht Ensign, with a canton of 13 stars, are interchangeable on all types of recreational vessels while in national waters." Similarly, the United States Power Squadrons' guide to flags and flag etiquette,^[22] prepared in consultation with theCoast Guard,Coast Guard Auxiliary, New York Yacht Club, and others, provides that the Yacht Ensign may be flown as the ensign by U.S. recreational boats of all types and sizes instead of the national ensign in domestic waters, but that the ordinary national ensign should be worn in international or foreign waters.

TheUnited States Power Squadrons (or USPS) is a non-profit educational organization whose mission is to improve maritime safety and enjoyability through classes in seamanship, navigation, and other related subjects. In 1914, it adopted its own flag, which was then patented in 1916. This flag may be worn as a signal flag on the signal hoist, typically in the starboard rigging. Despite its name and the original intent of its designers, it was never recognized by the U.S. government or navy as a national ensign; however, some smaller boats will wear this flag in place of a national ensign, usually because they lack a mast and do not operate outside home waters.^[23] The U.S. Power Squadrons manual of flag etiquette states, "The preferred location for flying the USPS ensign is the starboard yardarm or spreader halyard. It may be worn there day and night."

In April 1776, theMassachusetts Navy adopted, as itsflag, a white field charged with agreen pine tree and the motto "An Appeal to Heaven." In 1971 the motto was removed, and the flag was designated "the naval and maritime flag of the Commonwealth".^[24]

Maine also has a separateensign, which is rarely seen. It features symbols from the current flag and the older one, with a white field and green pine tree. The green pine tree has the seaman's anchor, and the words "MAINE" and "DIRIGO" around it.Dirigo (Latin "I direct" or "I lead") is thestate motto of Maine.

Massachusetts and Maine are the only two states with their own maritime flags. These flags are not "ensigns" in the true sense of the word because they are not flags of national character, and are not used as such; instead, they are special versions of the state flag for use afloat. The state laws that create them do not use the term "ensign" to describe them, but use the term "flag". The Massachusetts law describes the flag as “The naval and maritime flag of the commonwealth,” Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 2, § 3, while Maine's state law says: “The flag to be known as the merchant and marine flag of the State shall be of white, at the top of which in blue letters shall be the motto “Dirigo”; beneath the motto shall be the representation of a pine tree in green color” Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 1, § 207. Although these flags are intended for use afloat, they are not ensigns and should not be called such.

• Flags of the U.S. states#Current state ensigns

• Ensigns
• Flags of the United States
• Military flags of the United States

• Webarchive template wayback links
• CS1: long volume value
• Webarchive template other archives
• CS1: unfit URL
• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Use American English from May 2025
• All Wikipedia articles written in American English
• Use mdy dates from May 2013