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Hermetic Qabalah (from Hebrew קַבָּלָה (qabalah) 'reception, accounting') is aWestern esoteric tradition involvingmysticism and theoccult. It is the underlying philosophy and framework for magical societies such as theHermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, has inspired esoteric Christian organizations such as theSocietas Rosicruciana in Anglia, is a key element within theThelemic orders, and is important to mystical-religious societies such as theBuilders of the Adytum and theFellowship of the Rosy Cross.
Hermetic Qabalah arose fromChristian Cabala, which itself was derived from JewishKabbalah, during the EuropeanRenaissance, becoming variouslyEsoteric Christian, non-Christian, or anti-Christian across its different schools in the modern era.[citation needed] It draws on a great many influences, most notably:Jewish Kabbalah,Western astrology,Alchemy,Pagan religions, especially Egyptian and Greco-Roman,Neoplatonism,Hermeticism, and the symbolism of the tarot. Hermetic Qabalah differs from the Jewish form in being a moresyncretic system; however, it shares many concepts with Jewish Kabbalah.
A primary concern of Hermetic Qabalah is the nature of divinity, its conception of which is quite markedly different from that presented inmonotheistic religions; in particular there is not the strict separation between divinity and humankind which is seen in classical monotheism.[1] Hermetic Qabalah adheres to the Neoplatonic conception that the manifest universe, of which material creation is a part, arose as a series of "emanations" from the "godhead".[2]
These emanations arise out of three preliminary states that are considered to precede manifestation. The first is a state of complete nullity, known asAin (אין "nothing"); the second state, considered a "concentration" ofAin, isAin Suph (אין סוף "without limit, infinite"); the third state, caused by a "movement" ofAin Suph, isAin Suph Aur (אין סוף אור "limitless light"), and it is from this initial brilliance that the first emanation of creation originates.[3]
The emanations of creation arising fromAin Suph Aur are ten in number, and are calledSephiroth (סְפִירוֹת, singular Sephirahסְפִירָה, "enumeration"). These are conceptualised somewhat differently in Hermetic Qabalah to the way they are inJewish Kabbalah.[4]
From Ain Suph Aur crystallises Kether, the first sephirah of the Hermetic Qabalistic tree of life. From Kether emanate the rest of the sephirot in turn, viz. Kether (1), Chokhmah (2), Binah (3), Daath, Chesed (4), Geburah (5), Tiphareth (6), Netzach (7), Hod (8), Yesod (9), Malkuth (10). Daath is not assigned a number as it is considered part of Binah or a hidden sephirah.[5]
Each sephirah is considered to be an emanation of the divine energy (often described as 'the divine light') which ever flows from the unmanifest, through Kether into manifestation.[6] This flow of light is indicated by the lightning flash shown on diagrams of the sephirotic tree which passes through each sephirah in turn according to their enumerations.
Each sephirah is a nexus of divine energy, and each has a number of attributions. These attributions enable the Qabalist to form a comprehension of each particular sephirah's characteristics. This manner of applying many attributions to each sephirah is an exemplar of the diverse nature of Hermetic Qabalah. For example, the sephirah Hod has the attributions of: Glory, perfect intelligence, the eights of the tarot deck, the planet Mercury, the Egyptian god Thoth, the archangel Michael, the Roman god Mercury and the alchemical element Mercury.[7][8] The general principle involved is that the Qabalist will meditate on all these attributions and by this means acquire an understanding of the character of the sephirah including all its correspondences.
Hermetic Qabalists see the cards of the tarot as keys to the Tree of Life. The 22 cards including the 21 Trumps plus the Fool or Zero card are often called the "Major Arcana" or "Greater Mysteries" and are seen as corresponding to the 22 Hebrew letters and the 22 paths of the Tree; the ace to ten in each suit correspond to the ten Sephiroth in the four Qabalistic worlds; and the sixteen court cards relate to theclassical elements in the four worlds.[9][10] While the sephiroth describe the nature of divinity, the paths between them describe ways of knowing the Divine.[11]
According to the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn's interpretation of theKabbalah, there are tenarchangels, each commanding one of the choirs of angels and corresponding to one of theSephirot.[12] It is similar to theJewish angelic hierarchy.
| Rank | Choir of Angels | Translation | Archangel | Sephirah |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hayot Ha Kodesh | Holy Living Ones | Metatron | Keter |
| 2 | Ophanim | Wheels | Raziel | Chokmah |
| 3 | Erelim | Brave ones[13] | Tzaphkiel | Binah |
| 4 | Hashmallim | Glowing ones, Amber ones[14] | Tzadkiel | Chesed |
| 5 | Seraphim | Burning Ones | Khamael | Geburah |
| 6 | Malakim | Messengers, angels | Raphael | Tipheret |
| 7 | Elohim | Godly Beings | Haniel | Netzach |
| 8 | Bene Elohim | Sons of Elohim | Michael | Hod |
| 9 | Cherubim | [15] | Gabriel | Yesod |
| 10 | Ishim | Men (man-like beings, phonetically similar to "fires") | Sandalphon | Malkuth |
The practice of using alphabetic letters to represent numbers developed in the Greek city ofMiletus, and is thus known as the Milesian system.[16] Early examples include vase graffiti dating to the 6th century BCE.[17] Aristotle wrote that thePythgoraean tradition, founded in the 6th century BCE byPythagoras of Samos, practicedisopsephy,[18] the Greek predecessor of Jewishgematria. Pythagoras was a contemporary of the philosophersAnaximander,Anaximenes, and the historianHecataeus, all of whom lived in Miletus, across the sea fromSamos.[19] The Milesian system was in common use by the reign ofAlexander the Great (336–323 BCE) and was adopted by other cultures during the subsequentHellenistic period.[16] It was officially adopted in Egypt during the reign ofPtolemy II Philadelphus (284–246 BCE).[16]
InIsis Unveiled andThe Secret Doctrine, 19th-century TheosophistHelena Blavatsky wrote that Hermeticism and Kabbalah ultimately both taught the same secret teachings asNeoplatonism andHindu philosophy.[20] In the mid-twentieth century,Gershom Scholem hypothesized that Medieval Kabbalah had its roots in an earlier Jewish version ofGnosticism; however, contemporary scholarship ofJewish mysticism has largely rejected this idea.[21]Moshe Idel instead has posited a historical continuity of development from early Jewish mysticism.[22] Modern Hermetics, however, see Qabalah as originating in classical Greece based on Indo-European cultural roots, and only later adopted by Jewish mystics.[23]
Jewish Kabbalah was absorbed into the Hermetic tradition at least as early as the 15th century whenGiovanni Pico della Mirandola promoted asyncretic worldview combiningPlatonism, Neoplatonism,Aristotelianism, Hermeticism and Kabbalah.[24]Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1486–1535), a German magician, occult writer, theologian, astrologer, and alchemist, wrote the influentialThree Books of Occult Philosophy, incorporating Kabbalah in its theory and practice of Western magic. It contributed strongly to theRenaissance view of ritual magic's relationship with Christianity. Pico's Hermetic syncretism was further developed byAthanasius Kircher, a Jesuit priest, hermeticist and polymath, who wrote extensively on the subject in 1652, bringing further elements such asOrphism andEgyptian mythology to the mix.[25]
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Post-EnlightenmentRomanticism encouraged societal interest in occultism, of which Hermetic Qabalistic writing was a feature.Francis Barrett'sThe Magus (1801) handbook ofceremonial magic gained little notice until it influenced the French magical enthusiastEliphas Levi (1810–1875). Levi presented Qabalism as synonymous with bothwhite andblack magic. Levi's innovations included attributing the Hebrew letters to the Tarot cards,[citation needed] thus formulating a link between Western magic and Jewish esotericism which has remained fundamental ever since in Western magic. Levi had a deep impact on the magic of theHermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.[citation needed]
Hermetic Qabalah was developed extensively by theHermetic Order of the Golden Dawn,[26] Within the Golden Dawn, the fusing of Qabalistic principles such as the ten Sephiroth with Greek and Egyptian deities was made more cohesive and was extended to encompass other systems such as the Enochian system of angelic magic ofJohn Dee and certain Eastern (particularly Hindu and Buddhist) concepts, all within the structure of aMasonic orRosicrucian style esoteric order.
Aleister Crowley passed through the Golden Dawn before going on to form his own magical orders. Crowley's bookLiber 777 is a good illustration of the wider Hermetic approach.[citation needed] It is a set of tables of correspondences relating various parts of ceremonial magic and Eastern and Western religion to the thirty-two numbers representing the ten spheres (Sephiroth) plus the twenty-two paths of the Qabalistic Tree of Life. Thepanentheistic nature of Hermetic Qabalists is plainly evident here,[citation needed] as one may simply check the table to see thatChesed (חסד "Mercy") corresponds toJupiter,Isis, the colour blue (on the Queen Scale),Poseidon,Brahma, andamethyst.[27]
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Many of the Golden Dawn's rituals were published by Crowley, some altered in various ways to align them with his own New Aeon magickal approach.Israel Regardie eventually compiled the more traditional forms of these rituals and published them in book form.[28]
Dion Fortune, an initiate ofAlpha et Omega (an offshoot of theHermetic Order of the Golden Dawn), who went on to found theFraternity of the Inner Light wroteThe Mystical Qabalah, considered by her biographers to be one of the best general introductions to modern Hermetic Qabalah.[29][30]
After the dissolution of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Crowley integrated Hermetic Qabalah into his new religious philosophy,Thelema. Crowley's works, such asMagick,777, andThe Book of Thoth emphasize the Tree of Life and Sephiroth, utilizing Qabalistic principles to explore human consciousness and spiritual growth. Thelema's development continued through organizations like theOrdo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.) and theA∴A∴, which further embedded Hermetic Qabalah into their rituals and teachings, perpetuating its influence within modern esoteric practices.[31]
There are various systems of Englishgematria, sometimes referred to as English Qabalah,[32] that are related to Hermetic Qabalah. These systems interpret the letters of theRoman script orEnglish alphabet via an assigned set of numeric values.[33][34]
In 1904,Aleister Crowley wrote out the text of the foundational document of his world-view, known asLiber AL vel Legis,The Book of the Law. In this text was the injunction found at verse II:55; "Thou shalt obtain the order & value of the English Alphabet, thou shalt find new symbols to attribute them unto"[35] which was understood by Crowley as referring to an English Qabalah yet to be developed or revealed.[36] In one of theHoly Books of Thelema written by Aleister Crowley in 1907, calledLiber Trigrammaton, sub figura XXVII -- Being the Book of the Mutations of the Tao with the Yin and the Yang,[37] are 27 three-line diagrams known as 'trigrams', which are composed of a solid line for the Yang, a broken line for the Yin, and a point for the Tao. By attributing 26 Roman script letters to the trigrams of this work, Crowley felt that he had fulfilled the injunction to "obtain the order & value of the English Alphabet", as noted in his 'Old Comment' toThe Book of the Law.[36] However, he also wrote that "The attribution inLiber Trigrammaton is good theoretically; but no Qabalah of merit has risen therefrom."[38]
Due to its cryptic nature,Liber Trigrammaton has been the subject of various interpretations by Thelemic scholars and practitioners. It is often analyzed in conjunction with other works by Crowley and the broader context of Thelemic teachings. Its trigrams are sometimes correlated with the I Ching and other systems of divination and symbolism.[39][40]
The most developed interpretation, known asTrigrammaton Qabalah (TQ), was first published by R. Leo Gillis in 1996,[41] and subsequently released asThe Book of Mutations in 2002.[41] This system is based on one of theHoly Books of Thelema written by Aleister Crowley in 1907, calledLiber Trigrammaton, sub figura XXVII -- Being the Book of the Mutations of the Tao with the Yin and the Yang.[41]Liber Trigrammaton (akaLiber XXVII) was called by Crowley "the ultimate foundation of the highest theoretical qabalah".[37] Correspondences are created with some of the major forms of divination such as theI Ching,Tarot andrunes, as well asGreek andHebrew alphabets, theTree of Life,Western andVedic astrology,magic squares, and thePlatonic solids. A primary feature of this qabalah is a new understanding of theCube of Space and its 26 components of edges, faces, and vertices, which equal the number of letters in the English alphabet.[42]
English Qaballa (EQ) is a Qabalah supported by a system of arithmancy created byJames Lees in 1976.[43] It assigns numerical values to the English alphabet to interpret esoteric texts, particularlyThe Book of the Law. Initially overlooked, the system gained recognition through Cath Thompson's publications, which detailed its methods and applications. EQ provides an alternative to traditional Hebrew and Hermetic Qabalah, emphasizing the linguistic and numerical properties of English.[44]
Various Thelemic practitioners use English Qaballa in rituals and textual analysis, exploring its unique insights into Crowley's work. Ongoing research continues to expand its applications within modern occult practices, demonstrating its adaptability and relevance. This system offers a distinct perspective on esoteric interpretation, contributing to a deeper understanding of Thelemic texts and practices.[43]Lon Milo DuQuette has praised the system for its innovative approach.[45]
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