Anendolith orendolithic is anorganism (archaeon,bacterium,fungus,lichen,algae,sponge, oramoeba) that is able to acquire the necessary resources for growth in the inner part of arock,^[1] mineral,coral,animal shells, or in thepores betweenmineral grains of a rock. Many areextremophiles, living in places long considered inhospitable to life. The distribution, biomass, and diversity of endolith microorganisms are determined by the physical and chemical properties of the rock substrate, including the mineral composition, permeability, the presence of organic compounds, the structure and distribution of pores, water retention capacity, and the pH.^[2] Normally, the endoliths colonize the areas within lithic substrates to withstand intense solar radiation, temperature fluctuations, wind, and desiccation.^[3] They are of particular interest toastrobiologists, who theorize that endolithic environments onMars and other planets constitute potentialrefugia for extraterrestrial microbial communities.^[4][5]

The term "endolith", which defines an organism that colonizes the interior of any kind of rock, has been further classified into five subclasses:^[6]

Chasmoendolith

Colonizes fissures and cracks in the rock connected to the surface (chasm = cleft)

Cryptoendolith

Colonizes structural cavities within natural pore spaces within the rocks. These pores are usually indirectly connected to the rock surface; (crypto = hidden)

Euendolith

Penetrates actively into the interior of rocks forming channels and grooves that conform with the shape of its body, rock boring organism (eu = true)

Hypoendolith

Colonizes the pore spaces located on the underside of the rock and that make contact with the soil (hypo = under)

Autoendolith

Capable of rocks formation by mineral depositation (auto = self)

Endolithic microorganisms have been reported in many areas around the globe. There are reports in warm hyper-arid and arid deserts such as Mojave and Sonora (USA), Atacama (Chile), Gobi (China, Mongolia), Negev (Israel), Namib (Namibia Angola), Al-Jafr basin (Jordan) and the Depression of Turpan (China),^[7][8] also in cold deserts as Arctic and Antarctic,^[9] and deepsubsoil and ocean trenches rocks.^[10] However, there are reports of endolithic microorganisms in inter-tropical zones,^[11] where humidity and solar radiation are significantly different from the above-mentioned biomes. Endoliths have been found in the rock down to a depth of 3 km (1.9 mi), though it is unknown if that is their limit (due to the cost involved in drilling to such depths).^[12][13] The main threat to their survival seems not to result from the pressure at such depth, but from the increased temperature. Judging fromhyperthermophile organisms, the temperature limit is at about 120 °C (Strain 121 can reproduce at 121 °C), which limits the possible depth to 4-4.5 km below thecontinental crust, and 7 or 7.5 km below theocean floor. Endolithic organisms have also been found in surface rocks in regions of low humidity (hypolith) and low temperature (psychrophile), including theDry Valleys andpermafrost ofAntarctica,^[14] theAlps,^[15] and theRocky Mountains.^[16][17]

The metabolism of endolithic microorganisms is versatile; there have been found genes involved insulphur metabolism,iron metabolism andcarbon fixation in many endolithic communities. Whether they metabolize directly from the surrounding rock, or excrete an acid to dissolve it first is yet undetermined. According to Meslier & DiRuggiero^[18] there are genes found in the endolithic community involved innitrogen fixation. TheOcean Drilling Program found microscopic trails inbasalt from theAtlantic,Indian, andPacific oceans that containDNA.^[19][20] Photosynthetic endoliths have also been discovered.^[21]

As water and nutrients are sparse in the endolith's surrounding environment, water limitation is a key factor in the capacity of survival of many endolithic microorganisms. Many of those microorganisms have adaptations to survive in low concentrations of water.^[18] Additionally, the presence of pigments, especially incyanobacteria and somealgae, such as;beta carotenes andchlorophyll help them to protect against dangerous radiation and act as a way to obtain energy.^[22] Another characteristic is the presence of a very slowreproduction cycle. Early data suggest some only engage incell division once every hundred years. In August 2013, researchers reported evidence of endoliths in the ocean floor, perhaps millions of years old and reproducing only once every 10,000 years.^[23] Most of their energy is spent repairingcell damage caused bycosmic rays orracemization, and very little is available for reproduction or growth. It is thought that they weather longice ages in this fashion, emerging when the temperature in the area warms.^[13]

As most endoliths areautotrophs, they can generate organic compounds essential for their survival on their own from inorganic matter. Some endoliths have specialized in feeding on their autotroph relatives. The micro-biotope where these different endolithic species live together has been called asubsurface lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystem (SLiME),^[24] orendolithic systems within the subterranean lithicbiome.

Endolithic systems are still at an early stage of exploration. In some cases its biota can support simple invertebrates, most organisms are unicellular. Near-surface layers of rock may contain blue-green algae but most energy comes from chemical synthesis of minerals. The limited supply of energy limits the rates of growth and reproduction. In deeper rock layers microbes are exposed to high pressures and temperatures.^[25]

Although it is possible that endolithic fungi could play an important role in the health ofcoral reefs, only limited research has been conducted on the distribution and diversity ofmarine endolithic fungi.

Endolithic fungi have been discovered in shells as early as the year 1889 by Edouard Bornet and Charles Flahault. These two French phycologists specifically provided descriptions for two fungi:Ostracoblabe implexis andLithopythium gangliiforme. Discovery of endolithic fungi, such asDodgella priscus andConchyliastrum, has also been made in the beach sand of Australia by George Zembrowski. Findings have also been made in coral reefs and have been found to be, at times, beneficial to their coral hosts.^[26]

In the wake of worldwidecoral bleaching, studies have suggested that the endolithic algae located in the skeleton of the coral may be aiding the survival of coral species by providing an alternative source of energy. Although the role that endolithic fungi play is important in coral reefs, it is often overlooked because much research is focused on the effects of coral bleaching as well as the relationships betweenCoelenterate andendosymbioticSymbiodinia.^[27]

According to a study done by Astrid Gunther endoliths were also found in the island ofCozumel (Mexico). The endoliths found there not only included algae and fungi but also includedcyanobacteria,sponges as well as many other microborers.^[28]

Until the 1990sphototrophic endoliths were thought of as somewhat benign, but evidence has since surfaced that phototrophic endoliths (primarilycyanobacteria) have infested 50 to 80% of midshore populations of the mussel speciesPerna perna located inSouth Africa. The infestation of phototrophic endoliths resulted in lethal and sub-lethal effects such as the decrease in strength of the mussel shells. Although the rate of thickening of the shells were faster in more infested areas it is not rapid enough to combat the degradation of the mussel shells.^[29]

Evidence of endolithic fungi were discovered within dinosaur eggshell found in central China. They were characterized as being “needle-like, ribbon-like, and silk-like.".^[30]

Fungus is seldom fossilized and even when it is preserved it can be difficult to distinguish endolithic hyphae from endolithic cyanobacteria and algae. Endolithic microbes can, however, be distinguished based on their distribution, ecology, and morphology. According to a 2008 study, the endolithic fungi that formed on the eggshells would have resulted in the abnormal incubation of the eggs and may have killed the embryos in infected eggs of these dinosaurs. It may also have led to the preservation of dinosaur eggs, including some that contained embryos.^[30]

Endolithic microorganisms have been considered a model for the search for life on other planets by inquiring about what sort of microorganisms onEarth inhabit specificminerals, which helps to propose those lithologies as life detection targets on an extra-terrestrial surface such asMars. Several studies have been carried out in extreme places that serve as analogs for Mars's surface and subsurface, and many studies ingeomicrobiology on Earth's hot and cold deserts have been developed.^[31] In theseextreme environments, microorganisms find protection against thermal buffering, UV radiation, and desiccation while living inside pores and fissures of minerals and rocks.^[8][4] Life in these endolithic habitats might face similar stress due to the scarcity of water and high UV radiation that rule on modern Mars.^[18]

An excellent example of these adaptations is the non-hygroscopic but microporous translucent gypsum crusts, which are found as potential substrates that can mitigate exposure to UV radiation and desiccation and allow microbial colonization in hyper-arid deserts.^[32][33] In the same way, the ability to grow under high water stress and oligotrophic conditions confer to endolithic microorganisms to survive in conditions similar to those found on Mars. There is evidence of the past existence of water on the red planet; perhaps, these microorganisms could develop adaptations found in current deserts on the Earth. Furthermore, The endolithic structures are a good way to find ancient or current biological activity (biosignatures) on Mars or other rocky planets.

Themanga andanimeLand of the Lustrous revolves around characters composed of gems given life by endolithicinclusions.

• Lithophile
• Lithotroph
• Volyn biota

• Endoliths General Collection — This collection of online resources such as news articles, web sites, and reference pages provides a comprehensive array of information about endoliths.
• Endolith Advanced Collection — Compiled for professionals and advanced learners, this endolith collection includes online resources such as journal articles, academic reviews, and surveys.

• Lithophiles

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