עין אֵסוּר | |
 Aerial photo of Tel Esur in the foreground with En Esur to the left,Highway 65 in the middleground, andBarkai in the background | |
  En Esur Shown in Israel Show map of Israel En Esur En Esur (Eastern Mediterranean) Show map of Eastern Mediterranean | |
| Alternative name | 'Ein Asawir |
|---|---|
| Location | Menashe,Haifa,Israel |
| Region | Canaan,Southern Levant |
| Coordinates | 32°28′55″N35°1′10″E / 32.48194°N 35.01944°E /32.48194; 35.01944 |
| Type | Proto-city |
| Area | 50 ha (120 acres) |
| History | |
| Founded | Chalcolithic (c. 5000 BCE); Early Bronze Age I (c. 3000 BCE) |
| Abandoned | Early Bronze Age IB,[1] mid-8th century BCE (Iron Age IIB),[2] 3rd century BCE (Hellenistic period)[3] |
| Periods | Pottery Neolithic (PN) –Early Bronze Age I (EBI)[1] |
| Cultures | Yarmukian (PN), post-Wadi Rabah culture (Early Chalcolithic),Ghassulian (Late Chalcolithic),Canaanite (Early Bronze Age IA) |
| Site notes | |
| Archaeologists |
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'En Esur, alsoEn Esur (Hebrew:עין אֵסוּר;[ʕen ʔesuʁ]eh-N eh-s-oor) orEin Asawir (Arabic:عين الأساور,lit. 'Spring of the Bracelets'), is an ancient site located on the northernSharon Plain, at the entrance of theWadi Ara pass leading from theCoastal Plain further inland. The site includes an archaeological mound (tell), calledTel Esur orTell el-Asawir, another unnamed mound, and two springs, one of which gives the site its name.
A 7,000-year-old EarlyChalcolithic large village already showing signs of incipient urbanisation and with an open space used for cultic activities was discovered at the site below later, Bronze Age remains.[4]
During theEarly Bronze Age, around 3000 BCE, a massive fortifiedproto-city with an estimated population of 5,000 to 6,000 inhabitants existed there. It was the largest city in the region, larger than other significant sites such asMegiddo andJericho, but smaller than more distant ones inEgypt andMesopotamia. The city was discovered in 1977, but its massive extent was realized only in 1993. A major excavation between 2017 and 2019 ahead of the construction of a highway interchange exposed the city's houses, streets and public structures, as well as countless artifacts including pottery, figurines and tools. Archaeologists announced its discovery in 2019, calling it the "New York of the Early Bronze Age".[5]
The site is known in Arabic as Tell el-Asawir. The mound covers an area of around 5.5 acres with a maximum height of 11 meters above the plain. It appears in the 1799 map drawn by French geographerPierre Jacotin.[6] American archaeologist and biblical scholarWilliam F. Albright visited the site during his 1923 trip toMandatory Palestine. He recalled the opinion of German scholarAlbrecht Alt that Tel Esur is the site of an ancient city called "Yaham", located just north of theMenashe Heights and mentioned in the sources of the 15th-century BCE Egyptian pharaohThutmose III, who campaigned against a coalition ofCanaanite city-states led by the king ofKadesh and gave battle at Megiddo.[7] According to the Egyptian account, Thutmose III camped in Yaham before he marched on Megiddo andcaptured the city. Albright stated that the location of the site corresponds with the geographic descriptions of the Egyptian sources, and his discovery of Bronze Age pottery while surveying the mound further confirmed this identification in his opinion.[8] Today however, Yaham is identified with a site located at the Arab village of Kafr Yama, since 1988 part ofZemer, some 10 kilometers south of Tel Esur.[9]
The discovery of the larger site around Tel Esur and its springs occurred in 1977, during the digging of a water reservoir south of the mound. A salvage excavation was conducted by archaeologists Azriel Zigelman and Ram Gofna of theTel Aviv University. They discovered two settlement layers, one from theChalcolithic period (the last period of theStone Age) and the EarlyBronze Age. The former included the foundations of structures made of rough stones and some installations. These are dated to the Early Chalcolithic (c. 6000 years ago). The latter included the foundations of massive structures made of large stones. The widest wall measured 1.7 meters in width. The pottery there is dated to the Early Bronze Age I period (3300–3000 BCE).[10]
The site was surveyed by Yehuda Neʾeman and by theManasseh Hill Country Survey.[11][12] A survey and an excavation was conducted in 1993 by Eli Yannai of theIsrael Antiquities Authority (IAA). It revealed the massive extent of the site during the Early Bronze Age, as well as settlement remains from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods, and sherds from theByzantine andOttoman periods.[13]
The site was excavated between 2000 and 2002 by a team led by A. Zertal.[14] En Esur was excavated by professional and volunteer archaeologists between January 2017 and 2019, with the research overseen by archaeologists Itai Elad and Yitzhak Paz.[15][1][16] The work was organized in part by theIsrael Antiquities Authority and financed byNetivei Israel, Israel's national transportation infrastructure company.[1][16] During the process of excavation, archaeologists found a temple within the city that was built approximately 2,000 years before the rest of the site.[16]
In an announcement of their discovery, researchers called En Esur "cosmopolitan" and the "New York of the Early Bronze Age".[5]
'En Esur stands in the northern Sharon plain, c. 1 km east ofMoshavEin Iron, at the outlet ofWadi Ara,[1] a valley which allowed theancient international coastal highway to bypass the difficult section squeezed between thesea and westernMount Carmel by passing through the mountain. Today, the importantHighway 65 follows the same route and cuts through the archaeological site of En Sur.
The site of En Esur consists of three elements: Tel Esur, which is the main tell (a mound of accumulated human settlement layers) covering c. 28dunams, a smaller mound southeast of it, and an open field that surrounds the mounds, which was occupied by a massive, densely built city during the Early Bronze Age.[1] The site is supported by two abundant water springs: 'En Esur or 'En Arubot, east of the tell, which gives the site its name; and a second, unnamed one southwest of the tell.[1]
Potsherds and stone tools found in the lowest levels excavated in the area south of Tel Esur (Area A) show that the site was occupied during thePottery Neolithic period.[1][19] Little is known about this phase; no traces of structures were found, and only a few artefacts.[19] Both the pottery and the stone tools resemble those of theJericho IX culture.[20][21]
The site was occupied throughout the EarlyChalcolithic period, some 7,000 years ago. There were only scattered finds from Early Chalcolithic I and a small occupation in Early Chalcolithic III. It was during the Early Chalcolithic II (EC II) period that the site became a significant place, reaching a size of 50 hectares.[22][23]
The archaeologists uncovered a c. 60 m2 large area, free of dwellings, used for cultic activities.[4] It was found to contain numerous articulated sheep, cattle and pig bones, showing that animal parts had been buried in this open area during ritual ceremonies. Some 40 metres south of there, a shallow pit containing animal bones as well as the head of a anthropomorphic clay figurine was discovered, which may also be indicative of some cultic activity.[4] The entire space between the two findings, set at the margin of the settlement, was likely kept open for cultic activity and other functions, although it cannot be ruled out that some mud-brick buildings had stood there without leaving any discernible remains.[4] Intramural burials of adultsand infants were also found as well as 237 biconvexslingstones and zoomorphic figurines, all in the EC II level.[22]
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Above the Early Chalcolithic settlement, a large walledEarly Bronze Age city was discovered.[23] It occupied a space of around 0.65 square kilometers (160 acres) and may have had 5,000 to 6,000 inhabitants.[24] This would have made the settlement much larger thanTel Megiddo in Israel andJericho in theWest Bank, and therefore the largest settlement in theSouthern Levant during this period, but smaller than more distant cities in Egypt and Mesopotamia.[16][23][25] Archaeologist Itai Elad stated that En Esur is double the size of other large settlements known in the area.[3] Researchers excavating the site have said that it demonstrates early processes of urbanization within Canaanite civilization,[3] and that the city would have probably possessed a substantial "administrative mechanism."[5]Haaretz described the site as "vastly bigger than anything thought possible in the Southern Levant 5,000 years ago."[23] Its discoverers have called the city a "megalopolis".[26]
The settlement was abandoned some time towards the end of Early Bronze Age IB, much like other nearby sites at this time with the end of theUruk Period, such as Tel Bet She'an andTel Megiddo, between 3000 and 2800 BCE.[3][27][28] However, unlike Tel Bet She'an, Tel Megiddo and other sites in the Levant, there is no evidence of a return to urbanization in the followingMiddle Bronze Age.[28]
The settlement is believed to have existed at the crossroads of two important trading routes.[27] Archaeologists excavating the site believe that the city was planned, and included not only streets, alleys and squares, but also facilities for storage and drainage, and a cemetery.[29][3][30][31] En Esur was surrounded by fortified walls that were 2 metres (6.6 feet) high.[26][3]
The site includes about four millionartefacts overall, with millions ofpotsherds andflint tools, and somebasaltstone vessels.[16][26][25] These included knives related toCaananite blades.[32] The inhabitants of En Esur are thought to have been an agricultural people. They would have traded with other regions and kingdoms.[29] Archaeologists found pottery originating in the Jordan Valley,[23] and sealed imprints[clarification needed] on tools demonstrate that these were brought from Egypt.[26]
A temple was found within the city,[3] which was located in a public area and includes a courtyard with a huge stone basin for rituals.[26] Burnt animal bones were found inside the temple, providing evidence of possibleritual sacrifices.[26] Several figurines were also unearthed inside the temple, including a human head and a seal impression showing a cultic scene with person in a supplicant position and raising his hands with a horned animal next to him.[4][26]
Burial caves dating from the fourth to the second millennium BCE were found at Tell el-Asawir during 1953 excavations.[33] The Tell el-Asawirnecropolis, located near a stone quarry, underwent a salvage excavation in 2003, resulting in a find presented to the press as "the largest Bronze Age necropolis in the world".[34] TheMinistry of Religious Affairs intervened and the thousands of human skeletons excavated from burial chambers measuring up to 100 m2 had to be reburied before they could be scientifically studied, although their age excluded the possibility of them being the remains of Jews, which are not to be disturbed underJewish religious laws.[34]
During the LBA the mound was the site of a small rural settlement, of an agricultural nature, which was covered by adestruction layer. It was located in the northern 2.5 acres of the mound. Finds included large jars,pithoi, and grinding stones as well as a number of flint sickle blades. The pottery assemblage was dated to LB IB/IIA or between 1400 and 1375 BCE. The finds included a royal scarab ofAmenhotep III. The regnal dates of this Phaoroh are not known with certainty. Estimates range from 1408–1386 BCE to 1390–1352 BCE.[35]
In excavations led by S. Bar in 2010–2014 on the western slopes of the small mound (Area D), a large public structure from the early 8th century BCE (Iron Age IIB) came to light.[2] The fortified tower abutted by a storehouse was interpreted as being part of a regional administrative centre, due to similarities with other contemporary public complexes.[2] However, Tel 'Esur is unique in being the only small, countryside settlement, rather than large royal Iron Age estate or city, such asHazor or Megiddo, where the state or king built an administrative centre.[2] The architectural complex shows enough sophistication to vouch for it being a royal or state-run project, in spite of its size of less than 0.5 ha, which would otherwise be characteristic of a hamlet or farmstead.[2] It comes in the context of bothIsrael and Judah having many, primarily rural settlements established in the 9th–8th centuries BCE.[2] The excavation director speculates that the Tel 'Esur compound was established during the reign of theOmride kingJeroboam II (786–746 BCE), as part of the measures taken by the kings ofIsrael to strengthen their grip over the northern valleys and theShephelah at a time of maximal expansion (see2 Kgs 14:25).[2] The Tel 'Esur complex is the first official presence along the Wadi Ara pass, proof for the interest of the kings of thenorthern kingdom in this thoroughfare.[2]
The tower measures c. 13 by 13 metres, with thick outer walls indicative of a considerable height and a certain martial look, although its location at the foot of the mound and the comparatively modest size exclude a military purpose.[2] The entire structure is more likely to have had a mixed role, both practical and political as a built statement of royal power and control over the newly acquired territory.[2] The long, tripartite building adjoining the tower was most probably a warehouse where local produce or different commodities were collected, although some researchers see in such structures stables, barracks, or marketplaces.[2] A typical structure for the Iron Age, such entrepôts are all located next to major trade routes and are commonly found at bottlenecks along the borders of Israel and Judah, with the one at Tel 'Esur being again uniquely placed further in from the border.[2] Its large size and internal separation through solid walls, rather than columns, indicatess that the even larger such structure found at Hazor had served as its prototype.[2]
The building complex was in use for half a century at most, being emptied of goods and abandoned in the mid-8th century, a decade or two before the destructive campaign ofTiglath-Pileser III in732 BCE.[2] A possible cause might have been Israel's deteriorating relations withAssyria, with the nearby Israelite city ofDor being another example of early abandonment, rather than the more common case of settlements evacuated out of fear during the actual approach of the Assyrian army, or the many destroyed by it.[2]
The site was later occupied in the Persian, Roman, and Byzantine periods.[36][37]
In October 2019, according toHaaretz, En Esur was slated to be paved over by a planned highway interchange[16][23] for the new town ofHarish, with theSmithsonian magazine writing that it will be re-covered, but that the interchange would be built "high over the ruins".[38] All findings were photographed and computer-processed, the 3D documentation of the site allowing archaeologists to continue studying it after it has been covered over.[38] TheAgence France-Presse has reported that the road plans have been modified in order to protect the archaeological site.[3]
Excavation reports published by the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) inHadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel (HA-ESI)
Horbat Gilan: site about 1 km east of Tel Esur, containing burial caves which are part of the Early Bronze Age necropolis of En Esur.
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