| Empress of the Nara clan | |
|---|---|
| Empress ofQing | |
 La Concubine (1750) by the FrenchCatholic priestJean Denis Attiret, purported to depict Empress Nara (formerly claimed asImperial Noble Consort Shujia) | |
| Empress consort of the Qing dynasty | |
| Tenure | 2 September 1750 – 19 August 1766 |
| Predecessor | Empress Xiaoxianchun |
| Successor | Empress Xiaoshurui |
| Born | (1718-03-11)11 March 1718[1] |
| Died | 19 August 1766(1766-08-19) (aged 48)[2] Forbidden City,Beijing |
| Burial | Yu Mausoleum,Eastern Qing tombs |
| Spouse | |
| Issue |
|
| Clan | Nara (那拉氏; by birth) Aisin-Gioro (愛新覺羅氏; by marriage) |
| Father | Narbu |
| Religion | Vajrayana Buddhism |
TheEmpress of the Nara clan (11 March 1718[1] – 19 August 1766[2]) of theManchuBordered Blue BannerUla-Nara Clan, was the second wife of theQianlong Emperor.[3] She was the empress consort of theQing dynasty from 1750 until her death in 1766. Informally known as theStep-Empress, she is one of the most controversial female figures in Chinese history.
Originally a noble consort, she was elevated to empress rank afterEmpress Xiaoxianchun's death. In her role as empress consort, she accompanied the Qianlong Emperor on many leisure and hunting trips, as well as ancestral worship ceremonies.
Historical records give little information about her life or even her physical appearance. Because of this lack of documentation, there has been intense speculation among Chineseacademicians regarding her historicity and character. It is widely suspected that the Qianlong Emperor destroyed all her imperial records and portraits.
Although never officially deposed, she lost her authority as chief of the imperial harem in 1765, reputedly because she cut her hair, an act that was considered a grave offense according to ancientManchurian custom. Consequently, the Qianlong Emperor ordered that her four titular imperial edicts, accompanying gifts, and imperial seal be confiscated. After her death, she was not given an imperial funeral or aposthumous name, nor was she buried with the Qianlong Emperor.
In theDraft History of Qing, the future Step-Empress is noted as being a member of theUla clan.[4] However, theDraft History of Qing is noted to be riddled with errors, due to a hasty publication that precluded an editing process.[5]
Her father was listed as Narbu, found in theGenealogy of the Manchu clans (八旗滿洲氏族通譜) as being a descendant of Wangginu (王機砮), a leader of theHoifa clan, and the family's ancestors are listed under the section "People with the surname Nara in the Hoifa area" (輝發地方納喇氏) as having lived in the Hoifa area for generations.[6] Therefore, some modern publications have stated the Step-Empress is a member of the Hoifa-Nara clan.[7] But due to the fact that the Ula-Nara clan is the most ancientNara clan, the Step-Empress's ancestors might have changed their last name to Ula-Nara to make their name more noble.
However, at least one author has noted that with members of the Nara clan, the name that comes beforeNara merely denotes the geographical area in which the family resided in, and that all members of the clan share the same last name, regardless of their area of residence.[8] In theFactual Record of Qing (清實錄), when the Step-Empress, at the time the secondary consort of Qianlong, was elevated to Consort Xian, she was referred to as being of the Nara clan, rather than as a member of the Ula-Nara or Hoifa-Nara.[9]
The debate over the Step-Empress's maiden name has manifested itself in two 2018 media portrayals of the Step-Empress's life.
The date of the Step-Empress's birth is a matter of debate, with the bookFour Genealogies of the Qing Royal House stating that she was born some time in the second lunar month of an unknown year,[11] and at least one modern book stating that she was born on the 10th day of the 2nd month of the 57th year ofKangxi Emperor's reign.[a][3] She was born to Narbu, aniru ejen, or assistant captain.[11]
Before Hongli's enthronement in 1735, his father, theYongzheng Emperor, appointed Lady Nara as his secondary consort.[12] Lady Nara was noted to have gained Hongli's favour during this time.[3] After the death of Yongzheng, Hongli succeeded him as the Qianlong Emperor, and Lady Nara was granted the title "Consort Xian" (嫻妃) on 23 January 1738.[b][9] Her pleasant character also won the favour of Qianlong's mother,Empress Dowager Chongqing,[12] and on 9 December 1745, she was promoted to "Noble Consort Xian" (嫻貴妃).[13]
Qianlong's first wife,Empress Xiaoxianchun, died on the 8th day of the 3rd month of the 13th year of Qianlong at the age of 36,[c] but it was not well documented by historical sources.[14] Some say that she died on a boat inDezhou, but most believe that she made it back to theForbidden City inBeijing.
The Emperor later promoted Lady Nara to the position of "Imperial Noble Consort"[15][12] (皇貴妃) via an edict issued on the 5th day of the 4th month of the 13th year of his reign,[d] giving her administrative powers over the harem as acting empress.[16]
Two years later, an edict to appoint the Imperial Noble Consort as the new empress was issued on the 12th day of the 7th month of the 15th year of Qianlong.[e][17] The decision was made following the end of the mourning period for Empress Xiaoxianchun.[18] From then on, Empress Nara accompanied Qianlong on many trips, ancestral worship ceremonies, and hunts.[19] Between the 17th year of Qianlong to the 20th year,[f] the Step-Empress gave birth to three children: the 12th prince, Yongji (永璂), an unnamed daughter and the 13th prince, Yongjing (永璟), respectively.[19]
According to theDraft History of Qing, in 1765, during the 30th year of Qianlong's reign, the Step-Empress accompanied the Emperor on a tour to Southern China. As the group arrived inHangzhou, under circumstances that remain the subject of debate, the Step-Empress cut her hair.[20] Contemporary Qing customs held that Manchu people could cut their hair only as a sign of deep mourning.[21] The Step Empress's action was considered a grave offense,[22] as it was taken as a gesture meant to curse the Emperor and the Empress Dowager. She was commanded to return to the capital; Fulong'an (福隆安), the husband of the Emperor'sfourth daughter, escorted her via the waterways.[23]
In 2019, Chinese author Li Shu, in her book on Qing imperial cuisine, claimed to pinpoint the exact moment the incident occurred, using Qing dynasty records of the portions of food the Emperor gave to his imperial consorts. She argued that the granting of a food portion represents an act of honor and love by the Emperor to his imperial consort, whereas withholding such a grant indicates displeasure. She postulated that the incident happened at some point following breakfast on the 18th day of the leap 2nd month of the 30th year of Qianlong,[g] when the Step-Empress received a portion of assorted meats, and before dinner that same day, when the Step-Empress was not mentioned as having received any portion of food from the Emperor.[24] In addition, starting from that dinner and thereafter, the Step-Empress's name was covered up with yellow paper on records of food portion grants.[19]
After the incident and following the Step-Empress's return to the capital, she was still granted the same amount of daily food and charcoal rations as would be accorded to an empress, and she was given five eunuchs and two cooks.[25] But on the 14th day of the 5th month of the 30th year of Qianlong,[h] following the Qianlong Emperor's return to Beijing, he ordered that the Step-Empress's four written edicts that bestowed her ranks and titles, as well as the accompanying gifts, be confiscated.[23] In addition, the Step-Empress's tenfold maid workforce was reduced to two, the same amount of maids that a second class attendant (答應; lowest imperial consort) was allowed to have.[23] Furthermore, the Qianlong Emperor conferred the title of imperial noble consort onNoble Consort Ling half a month after his return to the capital.[23] Under Qing dynasty’sranking of consorts, an imperial noble consort was only a step below the empress, meaning that while Noble Consort Ling was not explicitly granted administrative powers over the harem, the Step-Empress had definitely fallen out of favour with the Emperor.[23]
The Step-Empress died in the 7th month of the 31st year of Qianlong.[i] However, the exact date of her death is a matter of debate. TheDraft History of Qing, which has accuracy and reliability concerns, states that she died on theJiawu,[j] while modern works typically list her death as having happened on the 14th day of the 7th month.[k][26]
The Step-Empress was already seriously ill by the 6th month of that same year,[l] but despite her illness, Qianlong did not delay his trip to the summer residence inChengde.[27]
At the time of the Step-Empress's death, the Qianlong Emperor was on his annual hunting excursion at the Mulan Hunting Grounds (木蘭圍場, in present-dayWeichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County).[28] Instead of ending his excursion immediately to head back to theForbidden City, he ordered his 12th son, Yongji (the Step-Empress's biological son),[27] to return to the palace to handle the funerary affairs.
By the Qianlong Emperor's order, the Step-Empress's funeral was treated as that of an Imperial Noble Consort,[28] but in reality, the ceremony was a much more scaled-down affair. For example, the usual cancellation of imperial cabinet meetings for five days was not carried out, and the requirement for princesses, nobles, and high-ranking court officials to attend the mourning sessions was waived.[27] In addition, the coffin used for the Step-Empress was of a much lower quality.[27] For her burial, the Step-Empress was laid to rest in the Yu Mausoleum of theEastern Qing tombs, next toImperial Noble Consort Chunhui, instead of being entombed beside the Emperor's future resting place.[29]
Many historical materials on the Step Empress utilize the ancient Chineselunisolar calendar, coupled with the Chineseera name system. The followingGregorian calendar dates were derived, usinga date converter developed by theAcademia Sinica inTaiwan.
《清史稿》彙集了大批的史料，將清朝歷史的輪廓，公開向世人亮相。《清史稿》出版後，流傳甚廣，久為中外學術界廣泛研究利用。《清史稿》謬誤百出，是不爭的事實，長久以來，多將《清史稿》的疏漏舛訛等缺點歸咎於《清史稿》的倉卒成書，未遑審訂。(The Draft History of Qing gathered a lot of historical information, and revealed to the public a contour of Qing Dynasty history. After the Draft History of Qing was published, it was widely disseminated, and has long been researched and used by academia, domestic and abroad. It is undisputed fact that the Draft History of Qing is riddled with errors. For a long time, the errors are blamed on the Draft History of Qing being rushed to publication, with no time for editing.)
由於《清史稿》和《清皇室四譜》都是民國之後才編定的，而且編定過程有很多問題，所以就可信度而言，《八旗滿洲氏族通譜》的資料比較可靠，可以推定繼皇后應當是輝發那拉氏。(As the "Draft History of Qing" and the "Four Genealogies of the Qing Royal House" are written during and after the Republican era, and the editorial process was riddled with problems, so, from a reliability standpoint, information from theGenealogy of the Manchu Clans are more reliable, and it can be said that the Empress is of the Hoifa-Nara tribe.)
...冊封庶妃那拉氏為嫻妃... (...Confer the title Consort Xian to [the] Secondary Consort of the Nara clan...)
《如懿傳》主要講述女主角（由周迅飾）烏拉那拉·如懿與乾隆之間的恩怨情仇。而如懿的歷史原型，就是乾隆第二任皇后純帝繼皇后輝發那拉氏，亦即是在《延禧》中，由佘詩曼輝發那拉·淑慎。("Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace" mainly portrays the female lead (portrayed by Zhou Xun) Ula-Nara Ruyi and her dealings with the Qianlong Emperor. Ruyi is based on Qianlong's 2nd Empress, Lady Hoifa-Nara, which is the character Hoifa-Nara Shushen, portrayed by Charmaine Sheh in "Story of Yanxi Palace".)
...冊封嫻妃那拉氏為貴妃... (...Confer the title of Noble Consort to Consort Xian of the Nara clan...)
...於乾隆十四年四月初五日｡冊命那拉氏為皇貴妃攝六宮事｡ (...On the 5th Day of the 4th Month of the 14th year of Qianlong, Appoint Lady Nara as Imperial Noble Consort, with administrative powers over the palaces...)
...冊命皇貴妃攝六宮事 那拉氏為皇后｡ (...Appoint the Imperial Noble Consort, with administrative powers over the six palaces, Lady Nara as the Empress.)
...乃至自行翦髮｡則國俗所最忌者｡ (...Leading to [her] cutting her own hair, which is a big faux pas under our national customs.)
...一定要數在劇中扮演佘詩曼母親的戴春榮，單看名字大家可能不認識，但相信大家都沒有忘記在《還珠格格》前兩部中，專登同小燕子（趙薇飾）和紫薇（林心如飾）作對的可惡皇后，其實她就是嫻妃... (...We must count Dai Chunrong, who plays Charmaine Sheh's mother. People may not know her from her name, but people probably remember the wretched Empress that had a rivalry with Xiao Yanzi (portrayed by Vicki Zhao) and Ziwei (portrayed by Ruby Lin) in the first two installments of My Fair Empress. That character is actually Consort Xian.)
将于2017年亮相的电视剧新作《后宫·如懿传》，由周迅主演，讲述的是甄嬛的儿媳妇－如懿的宫斗歷程，有关注《甄嬛传》和《如懿传》的观眾也一定知道，在《甄嬛传》中，主角如懿早就出现过，她在里头叫做青樱...(In Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace, set to be released in 2017, Zhou Xun plays Zhen Huan's daughter-in-law, and portrays a story of strifes in the palace. Those who pay attention to "Empresses in the Palace" and "Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace" will know that in "Empresses in the Palace", Ruyi's role already appeared. She was named Qingying in the series...)
Fan, at perhaps her most imperious and brittle, plays the beautiful Ulanara, second empress to Qianlong.
Yet the rise of Wei is far from easy; Consort Xian, Hoifa-Nara Shushen, who becomes the new empress after the death of Empress Fucha, is her biggest enemy in the series. Xian, played by Hong Kong actress Charmaine Sheh...
Empress Nara | ||
| Chinese royalty | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Empress consort of China 2 September 1750 – 19 August 1766 | Succeeded by |