Ghosting,simmering andicing arecolloquial terms that describe the practice of suddenly ending all communication and avoiding contact with another person without any apparent warning or explanation and ignoring any subsequent attempts to communicate.[1] In today's digital world, ghosting is often seen as an easy escape from confrontation or emotional discomfort, facilitated by the anonymity and convenience of online platforms.[2][3][4]
The term originated in the early 2000s, typically referring todating andromantic relationships. In the following decade, the use of the term increased, which has been attributed to the increasing popularity ofsocial media and onlinedating apps. The term has also expanded to refer to similar practices among friends, family members, employers and businesses.[5][6][7]
A person who 'ghosts' typically has little awareness of how it will make the other person feel. Ghosting is associated with negative mental health effects on the person on the receiving end and has been described by somemental health professionals as apassive-aggressive form ofemotional abuse orcruelty.[8]
The term is used in the context of online exchanges,[9] and became popular by 2015 through many articles on high-profile celebrity relationship dissolutions,[10][11] and went on to be widely used. It has been the subject of many articles[12] and discussions[13] on dating and relationships in various media. It was included in theCollins English Dictionary in 2015.[14]
People primarily ghost in relationships as a way of avoiding emotional discomfort they are having in a relationship, and are generally not thinking of how it will make the person they are ghosting feel. A survey fromBuzzFeed indicated that 81% of people who ghosted did so because they "weren't into" the person they ghosted, 64% said the person they ghosted did something they disliked, and 25% stated they were angry with the person.[15]
In 2014, aYouGov survey was taken to see if Americans have ever ghosted their partner to end a relationship. In that survey, 1,000 US adults were interviewed about ghosting, yielding the result that just over 10% of Americans have ghosted someone to break up with them.[16]
Ghosting has become more prevalent.[17][18] Various explanations have been suggested, but social media is often blamed, as are dating apps, polarizing politics and the relative anonymity and isolation in modern-day dating and hookup culture, which make it easier to sever contact with few social repercussions.[19]
In addition, the more commonplace the behavior becomes, the more individuals can become desensitized to it.[8]Toma and Choi (2020) argue that these platforms exacerbate ghosting, as they create environments where people feel less accountable for their actions. Ghosting is now more than a romantic issue; it extends to various types of communication, including professional environments, where ghosting can lead to feelings of exclusion or frustration. Research byBarber and Santuzzi (2015) highlights the concept of "telepressure", a form of emotional distress that occurs when someone feels compelled to respond quickly to digital messages. The longer a person waits without receiving a response, the greater the emotional strain becomes.
When a relationship is online and there are few mutual social connections in the relationship, people are more inclined to ghost due to the lack of social consequences. With ghosting becoming more common many people have become desensitized to it, making them more likely to engage in ghosting. Additionally, according to psychologist Kelsey M. Latimer, people who ghost in relationships are more likely to have personality traits and behaviors that are self-centered, avoidant, and manipulative.[20] However, ghosting could also be a sign of self-isolation seen in people withdepression, suicidal tendencies, or are relapsing with an addiction.[21]
There is limited research directly on the effect of ghosting on the person on the receiving end. However, studies have indicated that ghosting is considered one of the most hurtful ways to end a relationship in comparison to other methods such as direct confrontation.[22] It has been shown to cause feelings ofostracism, exclusion, andsocial rejection. Additionally, the lack ofsocial cues along with the ambiguity in ghosting can cause a form of emotional dysregulation in which a person feels out of control.[23] Some mental health professionals consider ghosting to be apassive-aggressive form ofemotional abuse, a type ofsilent treatment orstonewalling behavior, and emotional cruelty.[8]
A 2018 survey determined women, regardless of generation, were much more likely to ghost than men.[24] A 2024 study found that ghosting, while often perceived as a lack of care, is frequently motivated byprosocial intentions, with ghosters aiming to avoid causing direct emotional pain. The study found that ghostees significantly underestimate the care ghosters have for them, highlighting a disconnect between ghosters' intentions and ghostees' perceptions.
A 2025 theoretical paper published inComputers in Human Behavior proposed a renovated definition of ghosting:
Ghosting is a form of ostracism predominantly enacted through digital technology that consists of a unilateral, sudden or gradual cease of communication without explanation to end a meaningful relationship definitively.[25]
In employment, ghost jobs refer to false job posting where a person whointerviews for a job and is led to believe there is a chance of getting the job, then no acknowledgement of the position being filled is ever conveyed to the interviewee.[26][27][28]
Ghost job postings create a false sense of hope and breed distrust.[29] Employers create ghost job posting to gauge the market and have a readily available talent pool when they are ready to hire.[29]
Employee ghosting refers to people accepting job offers and cutting off contact with the potential employer, as well as employees leaving their jobs without any notice.[30][31][32] This behavior reflects the broader trend of ghosting in workplace, where individuals may avoid the discomfort of confrontation or formal resignation by simply ghosting.
While "ghosting" refers to "disappearing from a special someone's life mysteriously and without explanation",[33] numerous similar behaviors have been identified, that include various degrees of continued connection with a target.[34][35][36] For example, "Caspering" is a "friendly alternative to ghosting. Instead of ignoring someone, you're honest about how you feel, and let them down gently before disappearing from their lives."[37] Then there is the sentimental and positive, but also ghost-related in origin,Marleying, which is "when an ex gets in touch with you at Christmas out of nowhere". "Cloaking" is another related behavior[38] that occurs when an online match blocks someone on all apps while standing them up for a date. The term was coined byMashable journalist Rachel Thompson after she was stood up for a date by aHinge match and blocked on all apps.[39] Ghosting, caspering, marleying and cloaking may be seen as belonging to a family of related behavior, but the exact same behavior may be explained by different causes, potentially differing significantly, especially in severity.[citation needed]
"Orbiting" is an English term usedcolloquially and its meaning is closely related to ghosting. It occurs in love and friendship relationships, in which one wants to stop having an intimate relationship. However, contact is not completely lost, since the one who "abandons" continues to show signs to the other, especially throughsocial media. They may even interact with the abandoned one, but in a very superficial way, such as liking their posts or viewing their stories, but not replying to any direct message or taking their calls.[40] Anna Lovine, who coined the expression, explained the trend as the following: the orbiter keeps you "close enough to see each other; far enough never to talk". The word appeared for the first time as a pre-selection for the Word of the Year 2018 inOxford, in which orbiting is defined as "the action of abruptly withdrawing from direct communication with someone while still monitoring, and sometimes responding to, their activity on social media".[41]
