 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Emperor Zhang of Han" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
| Emperor Zhang of Han 漢章帝 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Portrait of Emperor Zhang fromSancai Tuhui | |||||
| Emperor of the Han dynasty | |||||
| Reign | 5 September 75[1] – 9 April 88 | ||||
| Predecessor | Emperor Ming | ||||
| Successor | Emperor He | ||||
| Born | 56 | ||||
| Died | 9 April 88 (aged 32) | ||||
| Consorts | |||||
| Issue Detail | |||||
| |||||
| House | House of Liu | ||||
| Dynasty | Han dynasty | ||||
| Father | Emperor Ming | ||||
| Mother | Consort Jia | ||||
| Emperor Zhang of Han | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 漢章帝 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 汉章帝 | ||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||
| Alternative Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 劉炟 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 刘炟 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | (personal name) | ||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||
Emperor Zhang of Han (Chinese:漢章帝;pinyin:Hàn Zhāngdì;Wade–Giles:Han Chang-ti; 56 – 9 April 88[2]), bornLiu Da (劉炟), was anemperor of the ChineseHan dynasty from 75 to 88. He was the third emperor of the Eastern Han.
Emperor Zhang was a hard-working and diligent emperor. He reduced taxes and paid close attention to all affairs of state. Zhang also reduced government spending as well as promotedConfucianism. As a result, Han society prospered and its culture flourished during this period. Along with his fatherEmperor Ming, Emperor Zhang's reign has been highly praised and was regarded as the golden age of the Eastern Han period, and their reigns are collectively known as theRule of Ming and Zhang.
During his reign, Chinese troops under the leadership of GeneralBan Chao progressed far west while in pursuit of Xiongnu insurgents harassing the trade routes now collectively known as theSilk Road.
The Eastern Han dynasty, after Emperor Zhang, would be plagued with internal strife between royal factions and eunuchs struggling for power. The people for the coming century and a half would yearn for the good days of Emperors Ming and Zhang. (However, part of the strife came from the power obtained byconsort kin – and the precedent was set by Emperor Zhang's bestowing of power on both his adoptive motherEmpress Dowager Ma's clan and his wifeEmpress Dou's clan.) The strife between the eunuchs and royal factions would start a chain reaction of events that led to theend of the Han dynasty in 220.
Then-Prince Da was born to then-Crown PrinceLiu Zhuang and one of his consorts,Consort Jia, in 56. As Crown Prince Zhang's favorite,Consort Ma – Consort Jia's aunt (her mother's sister) – had no sons, so on Crown Prince Zhang's instruction, Consort Ma adopted Prince Da as her own son. Prince Da therefore grew up considering Consort Ma as his mother, and while he clearly knew that Consort Jia was his birth mother, he never treated her as his mother.
In 57, Prince Da's grandfatherEmperor Guangwu died, and his father Crown Prince Zhuang succeeded to the throne as Emperor Ming. In 60, at the behest of his motherEmpress Dowager Yin Lihua, Emperor Ming made Consort Maempress, and Prince Da, as her son, was made himcrown prince, even though he had four brothers who were older than he was.
Not much was recorded about Crown Prince Da's career as crown prince, other than he was taught of theConfucian classics at a young age and was encouraged in his studies by his adoptive mother, Empress Ma, with whom he had a close relation. He was also close to his uncles of the Ma clan.
In 75, Emperor Ming died, and Crown Prince Da succeeded to the throne as Emperor Zhang at the age of 18. Empress Ma received the title ofempress dowager.
Emperor Zhang continued his father's hardworking tendencies as emperor, but he was more lenient than his strict father. He sought out honest officials and promoted them, and he himself lived thriftily. He was generally humble and honored the senior officials who had served his grandfather and father faithfully in accordance.
In 76, at the suggestion of his advisor Yang Zhong (楊終) and prime minister Diwu Lun (第五倫), Emperor Zhang ordered that his father's Xiyu (modernXinjiang and former Sovietcentral Asia) campaigns be abandoned. However, one of the Han generals in Xiyu,Ban Chao, seeing the importance of maintaining Han presence in Xiyu, refused to withdraw, and Emperor Zhang eventually relented and put Ban in charge of Han's operations in Xiyu.
Being close to his Ma uncles, Emperor Zhang wanted to create them marquesses from the early start of his reign. This was initially rebuffed by Empress Dowager Ma, who found this inappropriate. In 79, however, he created them marquesses over her objection and over their requests to only be made acting marquesses.
In 77, Emperor Zhang took a daughter of his cousin, the Princess Piyang (沘陽公主), and great-granddaughter of the statesmanDou Rong (竇融), as consort. He greatly loved her, and in 78, he createdConsort Dou empress.
In 79, Empress Dowager Ma, who had given him much good counsel, died. Even after her death, Emperor Zhang did not honor his birth mother Consort Jia as his mother, but merely permitted her to take on the style of an imperial prince.
After his mother's death, Emperor Zhang continued to be a diligent emperor, but within the palace, there was much struggle between Empress Dou and the other imperial consorts, which would create political instability down the line.
While Empress Dowager Ma was alive, she selected two daughters of Song Yang (宋楊) as consorts for Emperor Zhang. In 78, the elder Consort Song gave birth to a son namedLiu Qing, and because Empress Dou was sonless, Prince Qing was made crown prince on the recommendation of Empress Dowager Ma in 79 . The Consorts Song were greatly favored by Empress Dowager Ma.
Later in 79, however, Empress Dou would (perhaps remembering Empress Dowager Ma's example) adopt the son of another imperial consort,Consort Liang,Liu Zhao, as her own son, and she plotted, along with her mother Princess Piyang and her brothers, to have her adopted son made crown prince. After Empress Dowager Ma's death, she put her plan into action. She had her brothers collect dossiers on faults of the Song clan while bribing the servants and eunuchs of Consorts Song to gather their own faults.
In 82, an opportunity came for Empress Dou. The elder Consort Song had become ill, and in her illness, she craved rawcuscuta, and she requested that her family bring them. Empress Dou seized the cuscuta and falsely accused Consort Song of using it for witchcraft. Emperor Zhang was enraged and expelled Crown Prince Qing from the palace. He had the Consorts Song arrested and interrogated by the eunuchCai Lun. The Consorts Song saw that they were in deep straits, and they committed suicide by poison. Crown Prince Qing was deposed and created the Prince of Qinghe instead; he was replaced by Prince Zhao as crown prince. Prince Zhao, however, was friendly to his brother, and they often spent time together.
The Song sisters would not be Empress Dou's only victims. After Prince Zhao was made crown prince, his birth mother's clan, the Liangs, did not dare to openly celebrate, but were secretly happy. When the Dou clan heard of this, they were displeased and fearful, and they felt that they had to destroy the Liangs. Empress Dou began to give false reports about Prince Zhao's birth mother, Consort Liang, and her sister, also an imperial consort, and they lost Emperor Zhang's favor. In 83, the Dous further submitted false anonymous accusations against the Consorts Liang's father Liang Song (梁竦), causing him to die in prison. The Consorts Liang died of sadness and fear.
The Dous, having made these power play, would eventually gain their goals of becoming even more powerful than they were. Also in 83, Emperor Zhang, having seen that his Ma cousins were not following the law, stopped favoring his Ma uncles, and eventually sent them back to theirmarches. Empress Dou's brothersDou Xian and Dou Du (竇篤) effectively took over in the power structure – the first time in Han history that the empress' clan, rather than the empress dowager's clan, was the most powerfulconsort clan. This trend held sway for the rest of Eastern Han dynasty and would prove to be a source of corruption. In short, the Dou clan were the recipients of special favor and affection; rewards and grants were bestowed upon them repeatedly, and their prestige and status increased day by day, to such an extent that among the imperial princes, princesses, and even great aristocratic families such as the Yin clan and the Ma clan, there was no one who did not fear them.Empress Dou enjoyed particular favor, and her position within the women’s court (the inner palace) was firmly and exclusively secured.
However, Emperor Zhang himself remained fairly diligent and open-minded. For example, in 84, when two university students, Kong Xi (孔僖) and Cui Yin (崔駰) were accused of improperly criticizing his ancestorEmperor Wu and, by criticizing Emperor Wu, making veiled criticism of Emperor Zhang, Emperor Zhang accepted the letter that Kong submitted in his own defense and made him an official in his administration.
In 86, the first of theQiang (羌) rebellions began, and while the Qiang were pacified fairly quickly, this would be bad omen for the decades to come, as the Qiang, mistreated frequently by Han officials, would constantly rebel throughout the rest of the Eastern Han dynasty and become a major factor in the decline of the Han Empire.
In 88, Emperor Zhang died at the age of 32 and was succeeded by Crown Prince Zhao, who becameEmperor He.
Emperor Zhang of Han Born: 56 Died: 88 | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Emperor of China Eastern Han 75–88 | Succeeded by |