| Emperor Min of Jin 晉愍帝 | |||||||||
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| Emperor of theJin Dynasty | |||||||||
| Reign | 7 June 313[1] – 7 February 318 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Emperor Huai of Jin | ||||||||
| Successor | Emperor Yuan of Jin | ||||||||
| Crown Prince of the Jin Dynasty | |||||||||
| Tenure | 19 October 312 – 7 June 313 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Sima Quan[2] | ||||||||
| Successor | Sima Shao | ||||||||
| Born | 300 | ||||||||
| Died | 7 February 318(318-02-07) (aged 17–18) | ||||||||
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| Father | Sima Yan | ||||||||
| Mother | Lady Xun | ||||||||
Emperor Min of Jin (simplified Chinese:晋愍帝;traditional Chinese:晉愍帝;pinyin:Jìn Mǐn Dì;Wade–Giles:Chin Min-ti; 300 – February 7, 318[3]), personal nameSima Ye (司馬鄴 or 司馬業),courtesy nameYanqi (彥旗), was an emperor of theJin dynasty and the last of the Western Jin.[4]
Emperor Min surrendered in 316 toLiu Yao, a general of theXiongnu stateHan-Zhao, and was later executed byLiu Cong, the emperor of Han, in 318 – like his uncle Emperor Huai had been in 313.[5]
Sima Ye was a son of Sima Yan (司馬晏), Prince Xiao of Wu, a son of Jin's founding emperorEmperor Wu, and Lady Xun, a daughter ofXun Xu. However, he was made the heir of his uncle Sima Jian (司馬柬) the Prince of Qin (and the only full brother ofEmperor Hui to live to adulthood), who died on 23 October 291,[6] about nine years before his birth; Sima Ye inherited the title of Prince of Qin from Jian's immediate successor, who was killed bySima Lun.[7]
The years following Sima Ye's birth saw an increase in the intensity of the struggle among the Jin imperial princes to become Emperor Hui's regent (War of the Eight Princes). By the time Sima Ye was seven, Emperor Hui had died,Sima Yue continued to be regent under Emperor Huai's nominal rule and Jin imperial authority had been greatly weakened.
When the Jin capitalLuoyang fell toHan-Zhao forces on 13 July 311,[8] Prince Ye's uncleEmperor Huai was captured; his father Prince Yan and eldest brother (whose name was unrecorded), as well as his cousin Sima Quan the crown prince, were killed.[9] Prince Ye himself, at age 11, was able to escape from Han forces, and he got to Mi (密縣, in modernZhengzhou,Henan) when he encountered his uncles, the Jin officialsXun Fan and Xun Zu (荀組), who decided to support him as their leader. Later that year, the generalYan Ding tried to escort Prince Ye into theGuanzhong region (modern centralShaanxi), where he thought the central government could be rebuilt, but on the way, most of the supporters and troops deserted them—including Prince Ye's uncles. Eventually, however, Yan and Prince Ye were able to arrive in Guanzhong. They were supported by the generalJia Ya, and Jia was able to captureChang'an in 312, allowing Prince Ye to enter and set up his headquarters there. On 19 October 312,[10] Jia and Yan offered Prince Ye the title ofcrown prince, and they then organized a provisional government.
In spring 313, the captured Emperor Huai was executed by the Han emperorLiu Cong. The news, however, took three months to get to Chang'an. Once it did, Crown Prince Ye held an official mourning for his uncle and then ascended the throne as emperor.[11] At that time, the city of Chang'an was so poor that it had less than a hundred households, and there were only four wagons available. The officials lacked official uniforms and seals. The military matters were largely entrusted to the generalsQu Yun andSuo Chen. Emperor Min issued an edict orderingSima Bao, the Prince of Nanyang, who still had a sizable force in Qin Province (秦州, modern easternGansu), andSima Rui, the Prince of Langya, who held large portions of territory near and south of theYangtze River, to come to his aid, but both Sima Bao and Sima Rui only paid nominal allegiance to him and failed to actually provide any assistance. Around the new year of 314, Han made a surprise attack on Chang'an, and while that attack was thwarted that time, it showed that the Jin regime under Emperor Min lacked the power to defend itself. OnlyZhang Gui, the governor of Liang Province (涼州, modern central and westernGansu), sent small detachments and supplies periodically to Chang'an. In 315, Sima Bao considered coming to Emperor Min's aid, but ultimately did not do so, and Suo subsequently refused a plan to send the emperor to Sima Bao, reasoning that Sima Bao would then use the emperor as a puppet.
In fall 316, the Han generalLiu Yao, the Prince of Zhongshan, made a major attack against Emperor Min's territory. After he captured theBeidi Commandery (北地, roughly modernTongchuan,Shaanxi), the other Jin cities in Guanzhong collapsed. Two relief forces arrived but were hesitant to engage Liu Yao. Liu Yao therefore was able to besiege Chang'an, and after the food supply ran out, Emperor Min resolved to surrender. He was delivered by Liu Yao to the Han capital Pingyang (平陽, in modernLinfen,Shanxi).
Liu Cong initially created the former Jin emperor the Marquess of Huai'an. In early 318, at a feast, he had the marquess serve as butler, and a number of former Jin officials could not control themselves and cried out loud at their former emperor's humiliation. Furthermore, around this time, there were a number of uprisings against Han, each claiming to want to capture Han's crown princeLiu Can to exchange him for the former Jin emperor. Liu Can therefore recommended that Sima Ye be executed, and Liu Cong agreed, executing him after receiving Liu Can's report.
| Sima Zhao (211–265) | |||||||||||||||
| Emperor Wu of Jin (236–290) | |||||||||||||||
| Empress Wenming (217–268) | |||||||||||||||
| Sima Yan (281–311) | |||||||||||||||
| Lady Li | |||||||||||||||
| Emperor Min of Jin (300–318) | |||||||||||||||
| Xun Xi | |||||||||||||||
| Xun Xu (d. 289) | |||||||||||||||
| Lady Zhong of Yingchuan | |||||||||||||||
| Lady Xun of Yingchuan | |||||||||||||||
Emperor Min of Jin Born: 300 Died: 7 February 318 | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Vacant Captured byHan Zhao Title last held by Emperor Huai of Jin | Emperor of China Western Jin 313–316 | Succeeded byasPrince of Jin |
| Succeeded byasEmperor of Han Zhao | ||