| Lothair III | |
|---|---|
| Emperor of the Romans | |
 Portrait of Lothair in theCodex Eberhardi,Fulda monastery 1150/1160 | |
| Holy Roman Emperor | |
| Reign | 1133–1137 |
| Coronation | 4 June 1133,Rome |
| Predecessor | Henry V |
| Successor | Frederick I |
| King of the Romans King of Germany,Burgundy andItaly | |
| Reign | 1125–1137 |
| Coronation | 13 September 1125,Aachen (Germany) |
| Predecessor | Henry V |
| Successor | Conrad III |
| Born | c. June 1075 Lutterloh,Duchy of Saxony |
| Died | 4 December 1137 (1137-12-05) (aged 62) Breitenwang,Tyrol, Duchy of Bavaria |
| Burial | |
| Spouse | |
| Issue | Gertrude, Duchess of Bavaria |
| House | Supplinburg |
| Father | Gebhard of Supplinburg |
| Mother | Hedwig of Formbach |
Lothair III, sometimes numberedLothair II[a] and also known asLothair of Supplinburg (c. June 1075 – 4 December 1137), wasHoly Roman Emperor from 1133 until his death. He was appointedDuke of Saxony in 1106 and electedKing of Germany in 1125 before being crowned emperor in Rome. The son of the Saxon countGebhard of Supplinburg, his reign was troubled by the constant intriguing of theHohenstaufens, DukeFrederick II of Swabia and DukeConrad of Franconia. He died while returning from a successful campaign against theNormanKingdom of Sicily.
In 1013, a certain Saxon nobleman namedLiutger was mentioned as a count in or of theHarzgau subdivision ofEastphalia. His grandson CountGebhard, father of Emperor Lothair, possibly acquired the castle of Süpplingenburg about 1060 via his marriage withHedwig, a daughter of theBavarian count Frederick ofFormbach and his wife Gertrud, herself a descendant of the Saxon margraveDietrich of Haldensleben who secondly married theBillung dukeOrdulf of Saxony upon Count Frederick's death.[4][5][6]
Little is known of Lothair's youth. His name first appears in the contemporary records in 1088. His fatherGebhard of Supplinburg joined theSaxon rebellion against the rulingSalian dynasty and died on 9 June 1075 in theBattle of Langensalza, fighting troops loyal to emperorHenry IV. Shortly after Gebhard's death Lothair was born atUnterlüß.[7] In 1107 he marriedRichenza, daughter of CountHenry of Northeim andGertrude of Brunswick, heiress of theBrunonids.[8][9]
Lothair's land purchases, inheritance and marriage alliances among the Saxon nobles, resulted in the acquisition of the domains of theHouse of Billung and the Counts ofNortheim. The marriage with Richenza of the Brunonids in particular, made him the wealthiest nobleman among his fellowSaxons. He supported future emperorHenry V during his 1104 rebellion against his father Henry IV, and the ensuing disempowerment campaign, that culminated in the abdication of the emperor on December 31, 1105, and his son's coronation a few days later. For his loyalty Lothair was rewarded with thefief of title and estate of theDuchy of Saxony upon the death of dukeMagnus of Billung, who had died without an heir in 1106.[10] Emboldened by the promotion and incensed over the king's increasinglyautocratic rule, such as the wanton imposition of a new tax on ducal lords, Duke Lothair joined the growing opposition party to Henry. He acted autonomously by vesting CountAdolf of Schauenburg with the newly establishedCounty of Holstein in 1111. Lothair was temporarily deposed in 1112, when Henry transferred the ducal title toOtto of Ballenstedt. He was soon reinstated when count Otto fell into disgrace and he tactically submitted himself to Henry V. In 1115 however, he took command of the rebellious Saxon forces and defeated the emperor in theBattle of Welfesholz. Henry completely lost control over the administration and the revenue of Saxony.[11] When in 1123 Henry V vested CountWiprecht of Groitzsch with theMargraviate of Meissen, Lothair enforced the appointment ofConrad of Wettin and ceded theMarch of Lusatia to CountAlbert the Bear.[10][5][12]
Upon Emperor Henry V's death in 1125, ArchchancellorAdalbert summoned theroyal electoral assembly in Mainz. On August 24 the electors declined the candidacy of the primary contender DukeFrederick of Hohenstaufen, who destroyed his chances due to his appalling overconfidence (ambicone cecatus) and his refusal to accept free princely elections (libera electio).Adalbert of Mainz considered Lothair to be a suitable candidate.[13] Although the most powerful territorial prince in Saxony, he was of advanced age (slightly over fifty years of age) and had no male heir, not the ideal prerequisites for a long dynastic line of kings. He was electedKing of Germany and asserted himself againstLeopold III of Austria andCharles the Good.[14] His election was notable in that it marked a departure from the concept of hereditary succession as the electors preferred a sovereign with moderate powers after the Salian era ofoppressio.[15] Somewhat naive concerning the complex power struggle between the papacy and the empire, Lothair also consented to several symbolic acts that were subsequently interpreted by theRoman Curia as signaling acceptance of papal confirmation of his position.[14][16]
DukeVladislaus I ofBohemia died in 1125. The succession was disputed among his surviving brotherSoběslav I and hisMoravian cousinOtto the Black, who was supported by Vladislaus' widowRicheza of Berg. In late 1125 Lothair joined Otto's side, who had advanced large sums of money.[17]
A military campaign against Soběslav was launched and in February 1126 Lothair's force entered Bohemian territory and was promptly defeated at theBattle of Chlumec. Soběslav captured high-ranking nobles, likeAlbert the Bear andLouis I of Thuringia. However, Soběslav immediately went to meet Lothair at his camp and formally requested and received thefief of Bohemia. Peace was restored, prisoners set free and although the winner of the battle had submitted himself to the losing side, he secured full legitimacy and lasting prestige.[18][19]
Having both Saxon and Bavarian ancestry, the Supplinburg dynasty was a political opponent of theSalian dynasty and theHouse of Hohenstaufen. Disputes arose with Duke Frederick II when he refused to hand over property to Lothair, which the king considered to be royal property, the Staufer on the other hand argued, that it belonged to the Salian heritage. The contentious assets had long been administered together with other Salian domestic estates, their origin was hard to determine and difficult to separate. Lothair advocated the principle that all of the assets in question had now become imperial properties due to the extinction of the Salian dynasty. The first armed engagements between Lothair and the Staufer took place as early as 1125 and increased in the years that followed. Lothair, with the approval obtained at a meeting of the princes in Regensburg, attempted to seize the crown lands, which provoked a Staufer reaction. Lothair then isolated Frederick II as he placed him underImperial ban and withdrew the Franconian ducal fief from Conrad.[20]
After Lothair's 1127 campaign against the Staufers had collapsed at the gates of Nuremberg, the Swabians and the Franconians declared Frederick's younger brother Conradanti-king Conrad III. Looking for support of his kingship, in 1128 Conrad went to Italy, where he was crownedKing of Italy byAnselm V, Archbishop of Milan.[14][20] Lothair took advantage of Conrad's absence and weak position and resumed his attacks on the Staufers and in 1129 conquered the Staufer citiesNuremberg andSpeyer. Conrad, on the other hand failed to acquire the desired assistance in Italy, and having made no political progress, returned in 1130, which assured at least a partial victory for Lothair.[20][21]
Lastly Lothair, in order to prevent the loss of Burgundy to a power hostile to the empire, appointed his loyal allyConrad I, Duke of Zähringen as Rector of thePrincipatus Burgundiaey.[22]
Emperor Lothar's policies and actions in the northern and eastern estates of the kingdom would have the longest-lasting impacts. As a Saxon by birth, he was certainly more focused on that region than previous and future monarchs. He already pursued active territorial policies before his royal tenure as early as 1111, when he installed countAdolf ofSchauenburg inHolstein andStormarn.In an act of royal consolidation policy Lothair established the Landgraviate of Thuringia, that encompassed the remaining and predominantly non-contiguous estates of the ill-fated formerMerovingianDuchy of Thuringia. The brutal conquest of the old Thuringii kingdom under kingChlothar I had left the area devastated. Subsequently the Franks desired to rule the acquisition, which proved to be only partly successful, as a long process of depopulation and recurring population replacement by Franconians, Bavarians and Christianized Slavs followed. The 1129 appointment ofHerman of Winzenburg to thecomital office was a failure, as he allegedly was deposed a year later on charges ofbreach of the peace. The sources, however provide conflicting dates.[23] The 1131 investiture ofLouis marked the beginning of smoothLudowingian rule for more than a century.[24]
In 1134 Lothar appointed the AscanianAlbert the Bear asMargrave of Brandenburg and in 1136Conrad the Great of Wettin, already margrave of Meissen, for the office of the Margraviate of Lusatia, thereby uniting the twomarches. In addition, he petitioned the pope to grant more executive rights for the Archbishoprics ofBremen andMagdeburg. KingEric II of Denmark was made an imperial prince of the emperor in 1135, and member of the Reichstag. Lothair's diplomatic missions to the warring parties ofPoland andBohemia/Hungary were successful and resulted in overdue tribute payment by the Polish DukeBolesław III Wrymouth for the 1121 establishedDuchy of Pomerania, which in addition to the island ofRügen was eventually secured as afief of the Empire.[25]
The1130 papal election had resulted in another schism. A minority of the cardinals electedInnocent II before a majority of the cardinals appointedAnacletus II in a tumultuous process. Both popes claimed to have been legally elected and in a first collision Anacletus prevailed. Innocent had to leave Rome and fled to France. Nonetheless, Anacletus could only secure the support of Roger II of Sicily, Innocent was, with the help ofBernard of Clairvaux, able to secure the support of King Louis VI of France and King Henry I of England.[26]
Both popes offered Lothair the imperial crown. The king was occupied with the Staufer resistance and once again it was Bernard of Clairvaux who convinced the sovereign to favor pope Innocent II.[27] In March 1131 these three met inLiège, where Lothair performed the ceremonialstrator service (stirrup holder) for the pope and promised help in the conflict against Anacletus andRoger II of Sicily.[28] His request for investiture restoration was rejected, but all rights and privileges as laid out in theConcordat of Worms were confirmed.[14][failed verification] Innocent II crowned LothairKing of the Romans again on 29 March 1131.[29]
Lothair was accompanied by a modest troop contingent as most men were garrisoned in Germany to counter Staufer aggression. He carefully avoided hostilities but attempted to besiege Milan, which, however, failed.[30] Eventually he arrived in Rome. As Anacletus controlledSt. Peter, Lothair's imperial coronation took place in theLateran Basilica on 4 June 1133.[27] Emperor Lothair continued to avoid explicit resistance against papal impediments on his royal office. He ignored Innocent's bull, in which he advocated imperial authority derived from him and Lothair recognized papal claims to the vast Matildine estates in Northern Italy (formerly owned by MargravineMatilda of Tuscany), although he was able to secure the territorial fiefs.[27][17]
In the northern empire Lothair finally succeeded and defeated the Staufers in 1135 thanks to the help of Henry the Proud, who had been the Duke of Bavaria since the death of his father, Henry the Black.[31] At the Reichstag inBamberg in 1135 the brothers were pardoned and restored to their office and estates. Anti-king Conrad renounced his royal title,[32] The Staufers promised to take part in the Emperor's second Italian campaign, before a ten-yearconstitutio pacis was declared.[17]Lothair, now uncontested ruler, set out in 1136 with a sizeable army. In 1136 the campaign against Roger began at the insistence of Innocent II and Byzantine EmperorJohn II Comnenus.[33] Two columns, one led by Lothair, the other by his son-in-lawHenry the Proud arrived in Italy.[31] On the riverTronto, CountWilliam of Loritello did homage to Lothair and opened the gates ofTermoli to him. Advancing deep into the southern part of the peninsula, the two armies met atBari, and continued further south in 1137. Roger offered to giveApulia as a fief of the Empire to one of his sons and give another son as a hostage, terms which Lothair refused after being pressured by Innocent II.[17][34]
The imperial troops, however, were adamant against campaigning during the hot summer and revolted. The emperor, who had hoped for the complete conquest of Sicily, instead capturedCapua and Apulia from Roger and bestowed them on Roger's enemies.[35] Innocent, however, protested, claiming that Apulia fell under papal reign. Emperor and Pope eventually jointly bequeathed the duchy toRainulf of Alife.[35] Lothair resided inSalerno from August to October 1137 and had copper coins (follari) minted in his name.[36]
On the return trip, he gave his son-in-law Henry of Bavaria the Margraviate of Tuscany and the Duchy of Saxony. He also gave him the imperial insignia, which depending on the point of view was interpreted as designation for the new king or not. On December 3, 1137, Lothair died on the return journey atBreitenwang. Hisbody was boiled to prevent putrefaction,[37] and his bones were transferred to the Collegiate Church of Saints Peter and Paul atKönigslutter, which he had chosen as his burial site and for which he had laid the cornerstone in 1135.[38] A month later, pope Anaclet II's death also ended the papal schism.When his grave was opened in 1620, a sword and an imperial orb were found among other things. With the imperial cathedral Lothar has created an outstanding architectural monument. His reign was more than just an episode between Salians and Staufer and considered an era of self-confident rule over the empire, even if his political vision of the establishment of a Welf kingdom on March 7, 1138, inKoblenz was destroyed by the “coup d'état” of the Staufers.[17]
The Süpplingenburg dynasty was only short-lived. By his wife,Richenza of Northeim, Lothair had only one surviving child, a daughterGertrude, born 18 April 1115. To secure Welf support for his election as king, Lothair married Gertrude toHenry X, Duke of Bavaria, on 29 May 1127.[39] Their only son wasHenry the Lion.[39]
After Lothair's death in 1137, the Hohenstaufen Conrad was elected King as Conrad III. Henry the Proud, Lothair’s son-in-law and heir, refused to acknowledge the new king. In response, Conrad III deprived him of all his territories.
Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor Born: 9 June 1075 Died: 4 December 1137 | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | King of the Romans King of Germany,Burgundy andItaly 1125–1137 | Succeeded by |
| Holy Roman Emperor 1133–1137 | Succeeded by | |
| Preceded by | — DISPUTED — Duke of Saxony 1106–1137 Disputed byOtto | Succeeded by |
