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Emperor Higashiyama

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Emperor of Japan from 1687 to 1709
Emperor Higashiyama
東山天皇
Emperor of Japan
Reign2 May 1687 – 27 July 1709
PredecessorReigen
SuccessorNakamikado
Shōguns
BornAsahito (朝仁)
(1675-10-21)21 October 1675
Kyoto,Kyoto Prefecture,Tokugawa shogunate
Died16 January 1710(1710-01-16) (aged 34)
Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture, Tokugawa shogunate
Burial
Spouse
Issue
among others...
Posthumous name
Tsuigō:
Emperor Higashiyama (東山院 or東山天皇)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherEmperor Reigen
MotherMatsuki Muneko [ja](biological)
Takatsukasa Fusako(adoptive)

Asahito (Japanese:朝仁), posthumously honored asEmperor Higashiyama (東山天皇,Higashiyama-tennō; 21 October 1675 – 16 January 1710), was the 113themperor of Japan, according to the traditionalorder of succession.[1][2] Higashiyama's reign spanned the years from 1687 through to hisabdication in 1709 corresponding to theGenroku era of theEdo period.[3] The previous hundred years of peace and seclusion in Japan had created relative economic stability. The arts flourished, including theater and architecture.

Events of Higashiyama's life

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Early life

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Before Higashiyama's ascension to theChrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina) was Asahito (朝仁) or Tomohito.[4] Tomohito was born on October 21, 1675, and was the fifth son ofEmperor Reigen; his birth mother was a lady-in-waiting named Matsuki Muneko. While Prince Tomohito was the son of a secondaryconsort, he was adopted by empressTakatsukasa Fusako (chief consort orChūgū).[5] Tomohito's Imperial family lived with him in theDairi of theHeian Palace. Events that took place before Tomohito became Crown Prince include a great flood that devastated Edo, a great famine that devastated Kyoto, and theGreat Tenna Fire in Edo.[6] TheShingon Buddhist templeGokoku-ji was also founded in Edo where it remains today as one of the few sites in Tokyo that survivedWorld War II.[7] Tomohito-shinnō was proclaimedCrown prince in 1682, and given the pre-accession title ofGo-no-miya (五宮). For the first time in over 300 years a ceremonial investiture was held for the occasion.[5] A fire burned theKyoto Imperial Palace to ashes in 1684 prompting reconstruction that took a year to complete.[8] The effects from this fire on the Imperial family, if any, are unknown.Emperor Reigen's brother, former-Emperor Go-Sai, died on March 26, 1685, and a great comet was observed crossing the night sky.[9]

Reign

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Prince Tomohito acceded to the throne on May 2, 1687, as Emperor when his father abdicated in his favor, the era's name was changed fromJōkyō toGenroku to mark this event.[10] While he held the political title ofEmperor, it wasin name only as theshoguns of the Tokugawa family controlled Japan. Initially,Emperor Reigen continued to rule in Higashiyama's name as aCloistered Emperor as had been done in theHeian period. While this move caused trouble by provoking the ruling shogunate, Higashiyama's gentle character helped to improve relations with the Shōgun. This warmed relationship caused imperial property to be increased, and repairs carried out on Imperial mausoleums. Reigen meanwhile lived out his retirement in theSentō-gosho (the palace for an ex-Emperor), and is now known for being the last "Cloistered Emperor" of Japan.[8] On December 20, 1688, the esotericDaijō-sai ceremony was revived because of the shogunate's insistence.[11] This Shinto ritual had been in abeyance for over a century, and is performed only once by the emperor in the period of the enthronement ceremonies.[12]

  • 1688 (Genroku gannen): TheTokugawa shogunate revised the code of conduct forfunerals (Fuku-kiju-ryō), which incorporated a code of conduct for mourning as well.[13]
  • September 16, 1689 (Genroku 2):GermanphysicianEngelbert Kaempfer arrives atDejima for the first time.Bakufu policy in this era was designed to marginalize the influence of foreigners; and Kaempfer had to present himself as "Dutch" in dealings with the Japanese. Regardless of this minor subterfuge, an unintended and opposite consequence ofsakoku was to enhance the value and significance of a very small number of thoughtful observers like Kaempfer, whose writings document what he learned or discovered first-hand. Kaempfer's published accounts and unpublished writings provided a unique and useful perspective forOrientalists andJapanologists in the 19th century; and his work continues to be rigorously examined by modern researchers today.[14]
  • 1695 (Genroku 8, 8th month): Minting begun ofGenroku coinage. The shogunate placed the Japanese charactergen (元) on the obverse of copper coins, the same character used today in China for theyuan. There is no connection between those uses, however.[9]
  • 1695 (Genroku 8, 11th month): Firstkennel is established for stray dogs inEdo. In this context,Tokugawa Tsunayoshi comes to be nicknamed the "DogShōgun" (犬公方,Inu-kubō).
  • 1697 (Genroku 10): The fourth official map of Japan was made in this year, but it was considered to be inferior to the previous one—which had been ordered in 1605 (Shōhō 1) and completed in 1639 (Kan'ei 16). ThisGenroku map was corrected in 1719 (Kyōhō 4) by the mathematician Tatebe Katahiro (1644–1739), using high mountain peaks as points of reference, and was drawn to a scale of 1:21,600.[15]
  • 1697 (Genroku 10): Great fire in Edo.[9]
  • 1697 (Genroku 11): Another great fire in Edo. A new hall is constructed inside the enclosure of the Edo temple ofKan'ei-ji (which is also known asTōeizan Kan'ei-ji or "Hiei-san of the east" after the principal temple of theTendaiBuddhist sect—that is to say, after the temple ofEnryaku-ji atMount Hiei near toHeian-kyō).[9]
  • 1703 (Genroku 15, 14th day of the 12th month): when theAkō Incident took place, in which a band ofForty-sevenrōnin (leaderlesssamurai) avenged the death of their masterAsano Naganori, due to the bloodshed, Emperor Higashiyama nearly withdrew the imperial will.
  • 1703 (Genroku 16, 5th month): First performance ofChikamatsu Monzaemon's playThe Love Suicides at Sonezaki.
  • 1703 (Genroku 16, 28th day of the 11th month): TheGreat Genroku earthquake shook Edo and parts of theshōgun's castle collapsed.[16] The following day, a vast fire spread throughout the city.[9] Parts of Honshū's coast were battered bytsunami, and 200,000 people were either killed or injured.[16]
  • October 28, 1707 (Hōei 4, 14th day of the 10th month):1707 Hōei earthquake. The city of Osaka suffers tremendously because of a very violent earthquake.[9]
  • November 15, 1707 (Hōei 4, 22nd day of the 10th month): An eruption ofMount Fuji; cinders and ash fell like rain inIzu,Kai,Sagami, andMusashi.[17]
  • 1708 (Hōei 5): The shogunate introduces new copper coins into circulation; and each coin is marked with theHōei nengō name (Hōei Tsubo).[17]
  • 1708 (Hōei 5, 8th day of the 3rd month): There was a great fire in Heian-kyō.[17]
  • 1708 (Hōei 5, 8th month):ItalianmissionaryGiovanni Sidotti landed inYakushima, where he was promptly arrested.
  • 1709 (Hōei 6):Shōgun Tsunayoshi appoints commission to repair and restore Imperial mausoleums.[18]
  • 1709 (Hōei 6, 4th month):Tokugawa Ienobu, Tsunayoshi's nephew, becomes the 6thshōgun of theEdo bakufu.[17] andEmperor Nakamikado accedes to the throne.
  • July 27, 1709 (Hōei 6, 21st day of the 6th month): Emperor Higashiyama abdicated and the throne passed to his son.[19]
  • January 16, 1710 (Hōei 6, 17th day of the 12th month): Higashiyama died.[17]

Higashiyama is among those enshrined in the Imperial mausoleum,Tsuki no wa no misasagi, atSennyū-ji inHigashiyama-ku, Kyoto. Also enshrined in this location are this emperor's immediate Imperial predecessors sinceEmperor Go-Mizunoo –Meishō,Go-Kōmyō,Go-Sai andReigen. Higashiyama's immediate Imperial successors, includingNakamikado,Sakuramachi,Momozono,Go-Sakuramachi andGo-Momozono, are enshrined here as well.[20]

Eras of reign

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The years of Higashiyama's reign are more specifically identified by more than oneera name ornengō.[9]

Genealogy

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Higashiyama's family included at least 11 children.

Spouse

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PositionNameBirthDeathFatherIssue
ChūgūPrincess Yukiko (幸子女王)
(later: Shōshūmon’in - 承秋門院)		November 14, 1680March 18, 1720Arisugawa-no-miya Yukihito • First daughter: Imperial Princess Akiko

Concubines

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NameBirthDeathFatherIssue
Kushige Yoshiko (櫛笥賀子)
(later: Shin-syukenmon’in - 新崇賢門院)		UnknownUnknownKushige Takatomo • First son: Prince Ichi
 • Second son: Prince Ni
 • Fourth son: Prince Hisa
 • Second daughter: Princess Tomi
 • Fifth son: Imperial Prince Yasuhito
(laterEmperor Nakamikado)
 • Sixth son: Imperial Prince Kan'in-no-miya Naohito
Reizei Tsuneko (冷泉経子)16781755Unknown • Third son: Imperial Prince priest Kōkan
UnknownUnknownUnknownTakatsuji Nagakazu
(Aka: Sugawara - 菅原)		 • Third daughter: Princess Kōmyōjyō'in
 • Fourth daughter: Princess Syōsyuku

Issue

[edit]
StatusNameBirthDeathMotherMarriageIssue
01 First sonPrince Ichi (一宮)16931694Kushige Yoshiko——
02 Second sonPrince Ni (二宮)16961698Kushige Yoshiko——
03 Third sonImperial Prince priest Kōkan (公寛法親王)16971738Reizei TsunekoUnknownUnknown
01 First daughterImperial Princess Akiko (秋子内親王)17001756Princess YukikoFushimi-no-miya Sadatake
(Imperial Prince)		Unknown
04 Fourth sonPrince Hisa (寿宮)17001701Kushige Yoshiko——
05 Fifth sonImperial Prince Yasuhito (慶仁親王)
(laterEmperor Nakamikado)		17021737Kushige YoshikoKonoe Hisako • Imperial Prince Teruhito
(later:Emperor Sakuramachi)
 • Princess Syōsan
 • Imperial Prince Priest Jyun'nin
 • among 14 children...
02 Second daughterPrincess Tomi (福宮)17031705Kushige Yoshiko——
06 Sixth sonPrinceNaohito ofKan'in-no-miya (閑院宮直仁親王)17041753Kushige YoshikoSaemon-no-suke SanukiSukehito, Prince Kan'in
(father of:Emperor Kōkaku)
03 Third daughterPrincess Kōmyōjyō'in (光明定院宮)
(stillbirth)		17071707Takatsuji Nagakazu's daughter——
04 Fourth daughterPrincess Syōsyuku (聖祝女王)17091721Takatsuji Nagakazu's daughter——

Fictional portrayals

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Higashiyama appears under the name of Tomohito in the novelThe Samurai's Wife by authorLaura Joh Rowland. In the novel, detective Sano Ichiro is sent to investigate the murder of an important official in the Imperial Court. Tomohito is labelled as a suspect, and is portrayed as a childish oaf at the start of the novel. He is later revealed to be the instigator behind a coming revolution against theTokugawa regime, so he can seize control of Japan himself. However, his plan fails, and he is once again placed in the Imperial Palace, where he seems to have accepted his fate to never leave the palace.

Ancestry

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[21]

Ancestors of Emperor Higashiyama
8.Emperor Go-Yōzei (1571–1617)
4.Emperor Go-Mizunoo (1596–1680)
9.Konoe Sakiko (1575–1630)
2.Emperor Reigen (1654–1732)
10.Sono Motonari (1604–1655)
5.Sono Kuniko (1624–1677)
11. Tani
1.Emperor Higashiyama
12. Matsuki Muneyasu (1609–1646)
6. Matsuki Munaeda (1625–1700)
13. Hirohashi
3.Matsuki Muneko (1658–1732)
14.Kawabata Motohide (1606–1664)
7. Kawabata Hideko
15. Tsuchimikado

See also

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References

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Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylizedchrysanthemum blossom
  1. ^Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō):東山天皇 (113)
  2. ^Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959).The Imperial House of Japan. pp. 117–118.
  3. ^Titsingh, Isaac (1834).Annales Des Empereurs Du Japon (in French). Royale de France. pp. 415–416. RetrievedApril 30, 2019.
  4. ^Ponsonby-Fane,Imperial House, p. 10.
  5. ^abPonsonby-Fane,Imperial House, p. 117.
  6. ^Titsingh, Isaac (1834).Annales Des Empereurs Du Japon (in French). Royale de France. pp. 414–415. RetrievedApril 30, 2019.
  7. ^Titsingh, Isaac (1834).Annales Des Empereurs Du Japon (in French). Royale de France. p. 414. RetrievedApril 30, 2019.
  8. ^abPonsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956).Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869, p. 342.
  9. ^abcdefgTitsingh, Isaac (1834).Annales Des Empereurs Du Japon (in French). Royale de France. p. 415. RetrievedApril 30, 2019.
  10. ^Titsingh, p. 415; Varley, H. Paul. (1959).A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki, p. 44; n.b., a distinct act ofsenso is unrecognized prior toEmperor Tenji; and all sovereigns exceptJitō, Yōzei,Go-Toba, andFushimi havesenso andsokui in the same year until the reign ofEmperor Go-Murakami.
  11. ^Ponsonby-Fane,Old Capital, p. 318.
  12. ^Bock, Felicia G. (1990). "The Great Feast of the Enthronement".Monumenta Nipponica.45 (1):27–38.doi:10.2307/2384496.JSTOR 2384496.
  13. ^Smith, Robertet al. (2004).Japanese Culture: Its Development And Characteristics, p. 28.
  14. ^Screech, T. (2006).Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns, p. 73.
  15. ^Traganeou, Jilly. (2004).The Tokaido Road: Traveling and Representation in Edo and Meiji Japan, p. 230.
  16. ^abHammer, Joshua. (2006).Yokohama Burning, p. 63.
  17. ^abcdeTitsingh,p. 416.
  18. ^Ponsonby-Fane,Imperial House, p. 118.
  19. ^Meyer, Eva-Maria. (1999).Japans Kaiserhof in der Edo-Zeit, pp. 45–46.
  20. ^Ponsonby-Fane,Imperial House, p. 423.
  21. ^"Genealogy".Reichsarchiv (in Japanese). 30 April 2010. Retrieved20 January 2018.

Further reading

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Regnal titles
Preceded byEmperor of Japan:
Higashiyama
1687–1709		Succeeded by
Legendary
Jōmon
660 BC–291 BC
Yayoi
290 BC–269 AD
Yamato
Kofun
269–539
Asuka
539–710
Nara
710–794
Heian
794–1185
Kamakura
1185–1333
Northern Court
1333–1392
Muromachi
1333–1573
Azuchi–Momoyama
1573–1603
Edo
1603–1868
Empire of Japan
1868–1947
Japan
1947–present

Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are inCE / AD *Imperial Consort andRegentEmpress Jingū is not traditionally listed.

International
National
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