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Emperor Annei

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Legendary emperor of Japan
Emperor Annei
安寧天皇
Emperor of Japan
Reign549 BC – 511 BC (traditional)[1]
PredecessorSuizei
SuccessorItoku
Born567 BC[2]
Died511 BC (aged 56)
Burial
Unebi-yama no hitsujisaru Mihodo no i no e no misasagi (畝傍山西南御陰井上陵) (Kashihara)
SpouseNunasokonakatsu-hime
Issue
Posthumous name
Chinese-styleshigō:
Emperor Annei (安寧天皇)

Japanese-styleshigō:
Shikitsuhikotamatemi no Sumeramikoto (磯城津彦玉手看天皇)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherEmperor Suizei
MotherIsuzuyori-hime
ReligionShinto

Emperor Annei (安寧天皇,Annei-tennō), also known asShikitsuhikotamatemi no Mikoto (師木津日子玉手見命) was the thirdlegendaryemperor of Japan, according to the traditionalorder of succession.[3][4] Very little is known about this Emperor due to a lack of material available for further verification and study. Annei is known as a "legendary emperor" among historians as his actual existence is disputed. Nothing exists in theKojiki other than his name and genealogy. Annei's reign allegedly began in 549 BC, he had one wife and three sons. After his death in 511 BC, his second or third son supposedly became thenext emperor.

Legendary narrative

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Emperor Annei's name appears in both theKojiki andNihon Shoki where only his genealogy are recorded. While the Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, no extant contemporary records have been discovered that confirm a view that this historical figure actually reigned. Before his accession to the throne, he was allegedly known as Prince Shikitsu-hiko Tamatemi.[5] Shikitsu-hiko Tamatemi was either the eldest son or the only son ofEmperor Suizei withIsuzuyori-hime.[4][6] TheKojiki records that he ruled from the palace ofUkena-no-miya (片塩浮穴宮; and in theNihon Shoki as片塩浮孔宮) at Katashiro inKawachi in what would come to be known asYamato Province.[6] During Emperor Annei's alleged lifetime, he had one wife named "Nunasokonakatsu-hime" and fathered three children with her. Annei's reign lasted from 549 BC until his death in 511 BC, his second or third son then took the throne and would later be referred to asEmperor Itoku.[6][7]

Memorial Shinto shrine and mausoleum honoring Emperor Annei.

Known information

[edit]

The existence of at least the first nine Emperors is disputed due to insufficient material available for further verification and study.[8]Annei is thus regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor", and is considered to have been the second ofeight Emperors without specific legends associated with them.[a] The name Annei-tennō was assigned to himposthumously by later generations, and literally means "steady tranquillity".[10] His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Annei, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of theimperial dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as theKojiki.[9] The name "Annei" is first credited to Japanese scholar and writerŌmi no Mifune, who allegedly came up with the name sometime in the latter half of the 8th century.[11]

While the actual site of Annei's grave is not known, the Emperor is traditionally venerated at amemorialShintoshrine (陵,misasagi) inKashihara. TheImperial Household Agency designates this location as Annei'smausoleum, and is formally namedUnebi-yama no hitsujisaru Mihodo no i no e no misasagi(畝傍山西南御陰井上陵,The royal tomb over the mihodo at the south west ofmount unebi).[4] The first emperor that historians believe might have actually existed isEmperor Sujin, the 10th emperor of Japan.[12] Outside of the Kojiki, the reign ofEmperor Kinmei[b] (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates.[15] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign ofEmperor Kanmu[c] between 737 and 806 AD.[9]

Family tree

[edit]
‹ Thetemplate below (Generations of Jimmu) is being considered for deletion. Seetemplates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›
Genealogy of early Japanese emperors and empresses
Nunakawahime[16]Ōkuninushi[17][18]: 278 
(Ōnamuchi)[19]		Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto[20]
Kotoshironushi[21][22]Tamakushi-hime[20]Takeminakata[23][24]Susa Clan[25]
1Jimmu[26]1Himetataraisuzu-hime[26]Kamo no Okimi[21][27]Mirahime [ja]
2Suizei[28][29][30][31][32][33]2Isuzuyori-hime[31][32][33][27][34]Kamuyaimimi[28][29][30]
3Annei[35][21][31][32][33]〔Ō clan[36][37]〕〔Aso clan[38]〕3Nunasokonakatsu-hime[39][21]Kamo clan
TakakurajiMiwa clan
4Itoku[35][21]Ikisomimi no mikoto [ja][35]Ame no Murakumo [ja]
4Amonotoyototsu-hime[35]Amaoshio no mikoto [ja]
5Emperor Kōshō[35][21][40]5Yosotarashi-hime[21]Okitsu Yoso [ja]
6Emperor Kōan[21]Prince Ameoshitarashi [ja][40]Owari clan
6Oshihime[21][40]〔Wani clan〕[41]
7Emperor Kōrei[42][21][40][43]7Kuwashi-hime[43]
8Emperor Kōgen[44][43]8Utsushikome[44]Princess Yamato Totohi Momoso[42]Kibitsuhiko-no-mikoto[45]Wakatakehiko [ja]
9Ikagashikome[d][47][48]
Hikofutsuoshi no Makoto no Mikoto [ja][48]9Emperor Kaika[44]Prince Ōhiko[49]〔Kibi clan〕
Yanushi Otake Ogokoro no Mikoto [ja][48]10Emperor Sujin[50][51]10Mimaki-hime[52]〔Abe clan〕[49]
Takenouchi no Sukune[48]11Emperor Suinin[53][54]11Saho-hime[55]12Hibasu-hime[56]Yasaka Iribiko[57][58][59]Toyosukiiri-hime [ja][60]Nunaki-iri-hime [ja][42]
Yamatohime-no-mikoto[61]
〔Katsuragi clan〕13Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume12Emperor Keiko[54][56]14Yasakairi-hime[57][58][59]
Otoyo no mikoto [ja]
Futaji Irihime[62]Yamato Takeru[63][64]Miyazu-himeTakeinadane [ja] Ioki Iribiko13Emperor Seimu[63][64]
14Emperor Chūai[63][64][65]15Empress Jingū[66] Homuda
Mawaka
15Emperor Ōjin[66]16Nakatsuhime[67][68][69]
16Emperor Nintoku[70]


Consorts and Children

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Also known as the "eight undocumented monarchs" (欠史八代,Kesshi-hachidai).[9]
  2. ^The 29th Emperor[13][14]
  3. ^Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty
  4. ^There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used byTsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used byWilliam George Aston.[46]

References

[edit]
Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylizedchrysanthemum blossom
  1. ^"Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan"(PDF).Kunaicho.go.jp. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on March 22, 2011. RetrievedMay 8, 2019.
  2. ^Kenneth Henshall (2013).Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487.ISBN 9780810878723.
  3. ^"安寧天皇 (3)".Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō) (in Japanese). RetrievedMay 8, 2019.
  4. ^abcPonsonby-Fane, Richard (1959).The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 29 & 418.
  5. ^Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002).Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 32.ISBN 9780674017535.
  6. ^abcBrown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979).A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 251.ISBN 9780520034600.
  7. ^Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. p. 4.
  8. ^Kelly, Charles F."Kofun Culture".www.t-net.ne.jp. RetrievedMay 8, 2019.
  9. ^abcAston, William George. (1896).Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 109,141–142.ISBN 9780524053478.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  10. ^Brinkley, Frank (1915).A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 21.Posthumous names for the earthlyMikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of theRecords and theChronicles.
  11. ^Britannica Kokusai Dai-Hyakkajiten article "Ōmi no Mifune".Britannica.
  12. ^Yoshida, Reiji. (March 27, 2007)."Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl".Japan Times. RetrievedMay 7, 2019.
  13. ^Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 34–36.
  14. ^Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979).A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. pp. 261–262.ISBN 9780520034600.
  15. ^Hoye, Timothy. (1999).Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78.ISBN 9780132712897.According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
  16. ^Philippi, Donald L. (2015).Kojiki. Princeton University Press. pp. 104–112.
  17. ^Atsushi, Kadoya; Tatsuya, Yumiyama (20 October 2005)."Ōkuninushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved2010-09-29.
  18. ^Herbert, J. (2010).Shinto: At the Fountainhead of Japan. Routledge Library Editions: Japan. Taylor & Francis. p. 402.ISBN 978-1-136-90376-2. Retrieved2020-11-21.
  19. ^Atsushi, Kadoya (21 April 2005)."Ōnamuchi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved2010-09-29.
  20. ^abThe Emperor's Clans: The Way of the Descendants, Aogaki Publishing, 2018.
  21. ^abcdefghijVarley, H. Paul. (1980).Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. Columbia University Press. p. 89.ISBN 9780231049405.
  22. ^Atsushi, Kadoya (28 April 2005)."Kotoshironushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved2010-09-29.
  23. ^Sendai Kuji Hongi, Book 4 (先代舊事本紀 巻第四), inKeizai Zasshisha, ed. (1898).Kokushi-taikei, vol. 7 (国史大系 第7巻). Keizai Zasshisha. pp. 243–244.
  24. ^Chamberlain (1882).Section XXIV.—The Wooing of the Deity-of-Eight-Thousand-Spears.
  25. ^Tanigawa Ken'ichi [de] 『日本の神々 神社と聖地 7 山陰』（新装復刊） 2000年 白水社 ISBN 978-4-560-02507-9
  26. ^abKazuhiko, Nishioka (26 April 2005)."Isukeyorihime". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Archived fromthe original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved2010-09-29.
  27. ^ab『神話の中のヒメたち　もうひとつの古事記』p94-97「初代皇后は「神の御子」」
  28. ^ab日本人名大辞典+Plus, デジタル版."日子八井命とは".コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved2022-06-01.
  29. ^abANDASSOVA, Maral (2019)."Emperor Jinmu in the Kojiki".Japan Review (32):5–16.ISSN 0915-0986.JSTOR 26652947.
  30. ^ab"Visit Kusakabeyoshimi Shrine on your trip to Takamori-machi or Japan".trips.klarna.com. Retrieved2023-03-04.
  31. ^abcNussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002).Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 32.ISBN 9780674017535.
  32. ^abcPonsonby-Fane, Richard (1959).The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 29 & 418.
  33. ^abcBrown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979).A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 251.ISBN 9780520034600.
  34. ^『図説　歴代天皇紀』p42-43「綏靖天皇」
  35. ^abcdeAnston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  36. ^Grapard, Allan G. (2023-04-28).The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History. University of California Press.ISBN 978-0-520-91036-2.
  37. ^Tenri Journal of Religion. Tenri University Press. 1968.
  38. ^Takano, Tomoaki; Uchimura, Hiroaki (2006).History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine. Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.: Aso Shrine.
  39. ^Anston, p. 143 (Vol. 1)
  40. ^abcdAnston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  41. ^Watase, Masatada[in Japanese] (1983). "Kakinomoto no Hitomaro".Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten日本古典文学大辞典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Tokyo:Iwanami Shoten. pp. 586–588.OCLC 11917421.
  42. ^abcAston, William George. (1896).Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 150–164.ISBN 9780524053478.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  43. ^abc"Kuwashi Hime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史".. A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved2023-11-17.
  44. ^abcAnston, p. 149 (Vol. 1)
  45. ^Louis-Frédéric,"Kibitsu-hiko no Mikoto" inJapan Encyclopedia, p. 513.
  46. ^Ujiya, Tsutomu (1988).Nihon shoki. Grove Press. p. 121.ISBN 978-0-8021-5058-5.
  47. ^Aston, William George. (1896).Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 149–150.ISBN 9780524053478.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  48. ^abcdShimazu Norifumi (March 15, 2006)."Takeshiuchi no Sukune".eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp. RetrievedMay 16, 2019.
  49. ^abAsakawa, Kan'ichi (1903).The Early Institutional Life of Japan. Tokyo Shueisha. p. 140.ISBN 9780722225394.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  50. ^Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979).A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253.ISBN 9780520034600.
  51. ^Henshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07).Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press.ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
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  53. ^Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979).A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253–254.ISBN 9780520034600.
  54. ^abHenshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07).Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press.ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
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  56. ^abMemoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34.Toyo Bunko. 1974. p. 63. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  57. ^ab"Yasakairihime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史".. A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved2023-11-28.
  58. ^abKenneth Henshall (2013).Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487.ISBN 9780810878723.
  59. ^abMemoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34.Toyo Bunko. 1974. pp. 63–64. Retrieved1 August 2019.
  60. ^"Saigū | 國學院大學デジタルミュージアム".web.archive.org. 2022-05-22. Retrieved2023-11-29.
  61. ^Brown Delmeret al. (1979).Gukanshō, p. 253; Varley, H. Paul. (1980).Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 95-96;Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 10.
  62. ^Kidder, Jonathan E. (2007).Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai: Archaeology, History, and Mythology. University of Hawaii Press. p. 344.ISBN 9780824830359.
  63. ^abcPackard, Jerrold M. (2000).Sons of Heaven: A Portrait of the Japanese Monarchy. FireWord Publishing, Incorporated. p. 45.ISBN 9781930782013.
  64. ^abcXinzhong, Yao (2003).Confucianism O - Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 467.ISBN 9780415306539.
  65. ^Aston, William George. (1998).Nihongi, p. 254–271.
  66. ^abAston, William. (1998).Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 224–253.
  67. ^文也 (2019-05-26)."仲姫命とはどんな人？".歴史好きブログ (in Japanese). Retrieved2023-01-19.
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  70. ^Aston, William. (1998).Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 254–271.

Further reading

[edit]
Regnal titles
Preceded byLegendary Emperor of Japan
549 BC – 511 BC
(traditional dates)		Succeeded by
Legendary
Jōmon
660 BC–291 BC
Yayoi
290 BC–269 AD
Yamato
Kofun
269–539
Asuka
539–710
Nara
710–794
Heian
794–1185
Kamakura
1185–1333
Northern Court
1333–1392
Muromachi
1333–1573
Azuchi–Momoyama
1573–1603
Edo
1603–1868
Empire of Japan
1868–1947
Japan
1947–present

Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are inCE / AD *Imperial Consort andRegentEmpress Jingū is not traditionally listed.

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