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Emmanuelle Charpentier

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French microbiologist, biochemist and Nobel laureate

Emmanuelle Charpentier
a photograph of Charpentier, a white woman with curly brown hair, smiling slightly
Charpentier in 2015
Born
Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier

(1968-12-11)11 December 1968 (age 57)
EducationPierre and Marie Curie University (BSc,MSc,PhD)
Known forCRISPR[1]
Awards
Scientific career
Fields
InstitutionsUniversity of Berlin
University of Vienna
Umeå University
Max Planck Society
ThesisAntibiotic resistance inListeria spp (1995)
Doctoral advisorPatrice Courvalin
Websitewww.emmanuelle-charpentier-pr.org

Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier (French pronunciation:[emanɥɛlmaʁiʃaʁpɑ̃tje]; born 11 December 1968[2]) is a French professor and researcher inmicrobiology,genetics, andbiochemistry.[1] She has served as a director at theMax Planck Institute for Infection Biology inBerlin since 2015. Three years later, she founded an independentresearch institute, the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens.[3] In 2020, Charpentier and American biochemistJennifer Doudna of theUniversity of California, Berkeley, were awarded theNobel Prize in Chemistry "for the development of a method forgenome editing" (throughCRISPR). This was the first science Nobel Prize ever won by two women only.[4][5][6]

Early life and education

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Charpentier's paternal grandfather, surnamed Sinanian, was anArmenian who escaped to France during theArmenian Genocide and met his wife inMarseille.[7] Charpentier was born in 1968 inJuvisy-sur-Orge in France and studied biochemistry, microbiology, and genetics at thePierre and Marie Curie University (which became the Faculty of Science ofSorbonne University) in Paris.[8] She was a graduate student at theInstitut Pasteur from 1992 to 1995 and was awarded a research doctorate. Charpentier's PhD work investigated molecular mechanisms involved inantibiotic resistance.[9]

Career and research

[edit]
TheMax Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin, Germany

Charpentier worked as a university teaching assistant at Pierre and Marie Curie University from 1993 to 1995 and as a postdoctoral fellow at theInstitut Pasteur from 1995 to 1996. She moved to the US and worked as a postdoctoral fellow atRockefeller University in New York from 1996 to 1997. During this time, Charpentier worked in the lab of microbiologistElaine Tuomanen.[10] Tuomanen's lab investigated how the pathogenStreptococcus pneumoniae utilizes mobile genetic elements to alter its genome. Charpentier also helped to demonstrate howS. pneumoniae developsvancomycin resistance.[11]

Charpentier was an assistant research scientist at theNew York University Medical Center from 1997 to 1999. She worked in the lab of Pamela Cowin, a skin-cell biologist interested in mammalian gene manipulation. Charpentier published a paper exploring the regulation of hair growth in mice.[12] She held the position of Research Associate at theSt. Jude Children's Research Hospital and at theSkirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine[13] in New York from 1999 to 2002.[8]

After five years in the United States, Charpentier returned to Europe and became the lab head and a guest professor at the Institute of Microbiology and Genetics,University of Vienna, from 2002 to 2004. In 2004, Charpentier published her discovery of an RNA molecule involved in the regulation of virulence-factor synthesis inStreptococcus pyogenes.[14] From 2004 to 2006, she was lab head and an assistant professor at the Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology. In 2006, she became aprivatdozentin (Microbiology) and received herhabilitation at the Centre of Molecular Biology. From 2006 to 2009 she worked as lab head and associate professor at theMax F. Perutz Laboratories.[8]

Charpentier moved to Sweden and became lab head and associate professor at the Laboratory forMolecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), atUmeå University. She held the position of group leader from 2008 to 2013 and was visiting professor from 2014 to 2017.[15] She moved to Germany to act as department head and W3 Professor at theHelmholtz Centre for Infection Research[16] in Braunschweig and theHannover Medical School from 2013 until 2015. In 2014, she became anAlexander von Humboldt Professor.[8]

In 2015, Charpentier accepted an offer from the GermanMax Planck Society to become a scientific member of the society and a director at theMax Planck Institute for Infection Biology inBerlin. Since 2016, she has been an Honorary Professor atHumboldt University in Berlin. Charpentier retained her position as visiting professor at Umeå University until the end of 2017 when a new donation from the Kempe Foundations and theKnut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation allowed her to offer more young researchers positions within research groups of the MIMS Laboratory.[17] In 2018, she became the founding and acting director of theMax Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens.[8][18][19]

CRISPR/Cas9

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Charpentier is best known for her Nobel-winning work of deciphering the molecular mechanisms of a bacterial immune system, calledCRISPR/Cas9, and repurposing it into a tool forgenome editing. In particular, she uncovered a novel mechanism for the maturation of a non-coding RNA which is pivotal in the function of CRISPR/Cas9, demonstrating that a small RNA calledtracrRNA is essential for the maturation of crRNA.[20]

In 2011, Charpentier metJennifer Doudna at a research conference in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and they began a collaboration.[10] Working with Doudna's laboratory, Charpentier's laboratory showed that Cas9 could be used to make cuts in anyDNA sequence desired.[21][22] The method they developed involved the combination of Cas9 with easily created synthetic "guide RNA" molecules. Synthetic guide RNA is a chimera of crRNA and tracrRNA; therefore, this discovery demonstrated that the CRISPR-Cas9 technology could be used to edit the genome with relative ease.[22] Researchers worldwide have employed this method successfully to edit the DNA sequences of plants, animals, and laboratorycell lines. Since its discovery, CRISPR has revolutionized genetics by allowing scientists to edit genes to probe their role in health and disease and to develop genetic therapies with the hope that it will prove safer and more effective than the first generation of gene therapies.[6]

In 2013, Charpentier co-foundedCRISPR Therapeutics and ERS Genomics along with Shaun Foy and Rodger Novak.[23]

Awards

[edit]
Emmanuelle Charpentier in the Senate Chamber of York University in 2016, after giving her Gairdner Foundation International Award Lecture
Emmanuelle Charpentier in the Senate Chamber ofYork University in 2016, after giving herGairdner Foundation International Award Lecture

In 2015,Time magazine designated Charpentier one of theTime 100 most influential people in the world (together with Jennifer Doudna).[24][25]

Charpentier's awards are:

Nobel Prize in Chemistry,[26] theBreakthrough Prize inLife Sciences, theLouis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine, theGruber Foundation International Prize in Genetics, theLeibniz Prize, theTang Prize, theJapan Prize, and theKavli Prize in Nanoscience. She has won theBBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award jointly withJennifer Doudna andFrancisco Mojica.[27]

Honorary doctorate degrees

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Memberships

[edit]

In popular culture

[edit]

In 2019, Charpentier was a featured character in the playSTEM FEMMES by Philadelphia theater company Applied Mechanics.[89]

In 2021,Walter Isaacson detailed the story of Jennifer Doudna and her collaboration with Charpentier leading to the discovery of CRISPR/CAS-9, in the biographyThe Code Breaker: Jennifer Doudna, Gene Editing, and the Future of the Human Race.[90]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Busch-Vishniac, Ilene; Busch, Lauren; Tietjen, Jill (2024). "Chapter 50. Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna".Women in the National Inventors Hall of Fame: The First 50 Years. Springer Nature.ISBN 9783031755255.

References

[edit]
  1. ^abAbbott, Alison (2016)."The quiet revolutionary: How the co-discovery of CRISPR explosively changed Emmanuelle Charpentier's life".Nature.532 (7600):432–434.Bibcode:2016Natur.532..432A.doi:10.1038/532432a.PMID 27121823.
  2. ^"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020".NobelPrize.org. Retrieved7 October 2020.
  3. ^"CRISPR discoverer gets own research institute". 19 April 2017. Retrieved14 December 2018.
  4. ^ab"Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved7 October 2020.
  5. ^Wu, Katherine J.; Peltier, Elian (7 October 2020)."Nobel Prize in Chemistry Awarded to 2 Scientists for Work on Genome Editing – Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna developed the Crispr tool, which can alter the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms with high precision".The New York Times. Retrieved7 October 2020.
  6. ^ab"Two female CRISPR scientists make history, winning Nobel in chemistry".STAT. 7 October 2020. Retrieved12 October 2020.
  7. ^"Nobel laureate Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier reveals Armenian identity".Public Radio of Armenia. 6 September 2022. Archived fromthe original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved6 September 2022.
  8. ^abcde"Charpentier, Emmanuelle – Vita".Max Planck Society. Retrieved3 May 2017.
  9. ^Deffke, Uta (7 February 2017)."Emmanuelle Charpentier".www.mpg.de. Retrieved10 June 2020.
  10. ^abAbbott, Alison (28 April 2016)."The quiet revolutionary: How the co-discovery of CRISPR explosively changed Emmanuelle Charpentier's life".Nature News.532 (7600):432–434.Bibcode:2016Natur.532..432A.doi:10.1038/532432a.PMID 27121823.
  11. ^Novak, R.; Henriques, B.; Charpentier, E.; Normark, S.; Tuomanen, E. (1999)."Emergence of vancomycin tolerance in Streptococcus pneumoniae".Nature.399 (6736):590–593.Bibcode:1999Natur.399..590N.doi:10.1038/21202.ISSN 1476-4687.PMID 10376600.S2CID 424755.
  12. ^Charpentier, Emmanuelle; Lavker, Robert M.; Acquista, Elizabeth; Cowin, Pamela (17 April 2000)."Plakoglobin Suppresses Epithelial Proliferation and Hair Growth in Vivo".Journal of Cell Biology.149 (2):503–520.doi:10.1083/jcb.149.2.503.ISSN 0021-9525.PMC 2175163.PMID 10769039.
  13. ^"Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine".NYU Langone Health.
  14. ^Mangold, Monika; Siller, Maria; Roppenser, Bernhard; Vlaminckx, Bart J. M.; Penfound, Tom A.; Klein, Reinhard; Novak, Rodger; Novick, Richard P.; Charpentier, Emmanuelle (2004). "Synthesis of group A streptococcal virulence factors is controlled by a regulatory RNA molecule".Molecular Microbiology.53 (5):1515–1527.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04222.x.ISSN 1365-2958.PMID 15387826.S2CID 34811329.
  15. ^"Research Groups".MIMS. Retrieved10 October 2020.
  16. ^"Home".Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research.
  17. ^"Emmanuelle Charpentier – Regulation in Infection Biology – Funding". Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). Archived fromthe original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved3 January 2016.
  18. ^"Emmanuelle Charpentier, CRISPR-Cas9, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology".Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens. Archived fromthe original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved15 November 2017.
  19. ^CRISPR discoverer get own research institute Retrieved 4 September 2018
  20. ^Deltcheva, Elitza; Chylinski, Krzysztof; Sharma, Cynthia M.; Gonzales, Karine; Chao, Yanjie; Pirzada, Zaid A.; Eckert, Maria R.; Vogel, Jörg; Charpentier, Emmanuelle (March 2011)."CRISPR RNA maturation by trans -encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III".Nature.471 (7340):602–607.Bibcode:2011Natur.471..602D.doi:10.1038/nature09886.ISSN 1476-4687.PMC 3070239.PMID 21455174.
  21. ^"CRISPR Therapeutics, About us". Archived fromthe original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved15 June 2015.
  22. ^abJinek, Martin; Chylinski, Krzysztof; Fonfara, Ines; Hauer, Michael; Doudna, Jennifer A.; Charpentier, Emmanuelle (17 August 2012)."A Programmable Dual-RNA–Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity".Science.337 (6096):816–821.Bibcode:2012Sci...337..816J.doi:10.1126/science.1225829.ISSN 0036-8075.PMC 6286148.PMID 22745249.
  23. ^Cohen, Jon (15 February 2017)."How the battle lines over CRISPR were drawn".Science | AAAS. Retrieved10 June 2020.
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  25. ^"Emmanuelle Charpentier named in Time magazine's '100 most influential people in world' list". Umeå University. 13 April 2015. Archived fromthe original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved15 June 2015.
  26. ^"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020".NobelPrize.org. Retrieved10 August 2022.
  27. ^"Emmanuelle Charpentier – Frontiers of Knowledge Laureate".BBVA. Retrieved10 September 2022.
  28. ^Wien, Arbeiterkammer (4 May 2020)."Theodor Körner Fonds > 2009 > Ausgezeichnete Arbeiten".www.theodorkoernerfonds.at. Archived fromthe original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved3 October 2017.
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  35. ^"Umeå University, press release: Emmanuelle Charpentier honored with Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences". Umeå University. 10 November 2014. Archived fromthe original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved15 June 2015. (shared with Jennifer Doudna)
  36. ^"Foundation Louis-Jeanet: "The 2015 Louis-Jeantet Prize-Winners"". Retrieved19 April 2015.
  37. ^"Laureates 2015 – Professor Emmanuelle Charpentier". Jung-Stiftung für Wissenschaft und Forschung. May 2015. Archived fromthe original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved5 June 2015.
  38. ^"Zwei Humboldtianer erhalten Prinzessin-von-Asturien-Preise 2015".humboldt-professur.de. Bonn: Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung. 29 May 2015. Archived fromthe original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved18 June 2020.
  39. ^"YaleNews: Gruber Foundation honors excellence in neuroscience, cosmology, and genetics". Yale University. 16 June 2015. Retrieved17 June 2015.
  40. ^"Emmanuelle Charpentier receives Carus Medal".Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung | Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research. Helmholtz Centre for Infection research. 7 September 2015. Archived fromthe original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved8 September 2015.
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  61. ^Harvey Prize 2018
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  81. ^"ÖAW wählte 26 neue Mitglieder". Archived fromthe original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved12 January 2018.
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  85. ^Dix-huit nouveaux membres élus à l'Académie des sciences. Press release issued 6 December 2017, retrieved on 28 February 2018.
  86. ^"News".European Academy of Sciences and Arts. Retrieved7 October 2020.
  87. ^Dulle, Colleen (13 August 2021)."Pope Francis appointed three women to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences this summer. What's their role at the Vatican?".America. Retrieved15 October 2021.
  88. ^"Professor Emmanuelle Charpentier ForMemRS".Royal Society. Retrieved20 May 2024.
  89. ^Reinckens, Mina."'STEM FEMMES' centers women in science with theater".Broad Street Review. Retrieved24 February 2021.[permanent dead link]
  90. ^Isaacson, Walter (2021).The code breaker : Jennifer Doudna, gene editing, and the future of the human race (First hardcover ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster.ISBN 978-1-9821-1585-2.OCLC 1187220557.

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