Marshall Bruce Mathers III (born October 17, 1972), known professionally asEminem,[a] is an American rapper, songwriter, record producer, record executive and entrepreneur. Widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time, he is often credited with popularizinghip-hop inMiddle America and breaking down racial barriers for the acceptance of white rappers in the genre. While much of histransgressive work during the late 1990s and early 2000s made hima controversial figure, Eminem has become a representation of popularangst oflower income America and is noted for hisconscious lyrics—which includepolitical criticism andsocial commentary—and skilledrap flow.
Marshall Bruce Mathers III was born on October 17, 1972, inSt. Joseph, Missouri, the only child of Deborah "Debbie" Nelson (1955–2024) and Marshall Bruce Mathers Jr. (1951–2019). His mother nearly died during her 73-hour labor with him. Eminem's parents were in a band called Daddy Warbucks, playing inRamada Inns alongthe Dakotas–Montana border before they separated. His father abandoned his family when Eminem was a year and a half old, and his mother raised him herself in poverty.[2] He wrote letters to his father, but Nelson said that they all came back marked "return to sender".[3][b]
Eminem and his mother shuttled among states, rarely staying in one house for more than a year or two and mostly living with family members. Locations included St. Joseph;Savannah, Missouri;Kansas City;Warren, Michigan; andRoseville, Michigan,[5] before settling inDetroit when Eminem was 12.[6] For much of his youth, Eminem and his mother lived in a bungalow-style house in a working-class, primarily Black neighborhood in Detroit. He and Debbie were one of three white households on their block, and Eminem was beaten several times by Black youths.[3] His mother had a son named Nathan "Nate" Kane Samara in 1986 with then-boyfriend Fred Samara.[7][8] In 2013, the State of Michigan demolished his childhood home after it was damaged by arson.[9][10]
Eminem frequently fought with his mother, whom a social worker described as having a "very suspicious, almostparanoid personality".[11]: 3 When he was a child, a bully named D'Angelo Bailey severely injured his head in an assault,[12] an incident that Eminem later recounted on the song "Brain Damage". Debbie filed a lawsuit against the public school for this in 1982. AMacomb County, Michigan, judge dismissed the suit the following year, ruling that the schools were immune from lawsuits.[11]: 2
Eminem was interested in storytelling, aspiring to be a comic-book artist before discoveringhip-hop.[13] He heard his first rap song, "Reckless", on theBreakin' soundtrack, a gift from Ronnie Polkingharn, Nelson's half-brother and Eminem's uncle. His uncle was close to the boy and later became a musical mentor to him. Following Polkingharn's suicide in 1991, Eminem stopped speaking publicly for days and did not attend his funeral.[3][14]
At age 14, Eminem began rapping with high-school friend Mike Ruby; they adopted the names "Manix" and "M&M", the latter evolving into "Eminem".[14][11]: 4 Eminem snuck into neighboringOsborn High School with friend and fellow rapperProof for lunchroomfreestyle rap battles.[15]: 119 On Saturdays, they attended open mic contests at the Hip-Hop Shop on West 7 Mile Road, considered "ground zero" for the Detroit rap scene.[3] Struggling to succeed in a predominantly black industry, Eminem was appreciated byunderground hip-hop audiences.[14][16][17] When he wrote verses, he wanted most of the words to rhyme; he wrote long words or phrases on paper and, underneath, worked on rhymes for each syllable. Although the words often made little sense, the drill helped Eminem practice sounds and rhymes.[18]
In 1987, Nelson allowed runaway Kimberly Anne "Kim" Scott to stay at their home. Several years later, Eminem began anon-and-off relationship with Scott.[11]: 4 After spending three years in ninth grade because oftruancy and poor grades,[19] 17-year-old Eminem dropped out ofLincoln High School. Although interested in English, Eminem never explored literature, preferring comic books, and he disliked math and social studies. He states that he later received aGED.[18] Eminem worked at several jobs to help his mother pay the bills, one of which was atLittle Caesar's Pizza in Warren.[20] He later said she often threw him out of the house anyway, often after taking most of hispaycheck. When she left to play bingo, he would blast the stereo and write songs.[3]
Music career
1988–1997: Early career,Infinite and family struggles
In 1988, he went by the stage name MC Double M and formed his first group, New Jacks, and made demo tape recordings with DJ Butter Fingers.[21][22][23] In 1989, they joined Bassmint Productions who later changed their name to Soul Intent in 1992 with rapperProof and other detroit artists.[24] They released a two track single on cassette in 1995 featuring Proof.[14] Eminem also made his first music video appearance in 1992 in a song titled, "Do-Da-Dippity", byChamptown. Later in 1996, Eminem and Proof teamed up with four other rappers to form The Dirty Dozen (D12), who releasedThe Underground E.P. in 1997 and their first albumDevil's Night in 2001.[3] He was also affiliated with Newark's rap collectiveOutsidaz, collaborating with them on different projects.[25]
In 1995, Eminem was signed toJeff andMark Bass'F.B.T. Productions and in 1995–1996 recorded his debut albumInfinite for their independentWeb Entertainment label.[15]: 15 The album was a commercial failure upon its release in 1996.[26] During this period, Eminem's rhyming style, primarily inspired by rappersNas andAZ, lacked the comically violent slant for which he later became known.[15]: 16 Detroit disc jockeys largely ignoredInfinite and the feedback Eminem did receive ("Why don't you go into rock and roll?") led him to craft angrier, moodier tracks.[3]
At this time, Eminem and Kim Scott lived in a crime-ridden neighborhood where their house was robbed several times.[3] Eminem cooked and washed dishes for minimum wage at Gilbert's Lodge, a family-style restaurant inSt. Clair Shores.[15]: 14 His former boss described him as becoming a model employee, as he worked 60 hours a week for six months after the birth of his daughter, Hailie Jade Scott Mathers.[11]: 4 He was fired shortly before Christmas and later said, "It was, like, five days before Christmas, which is Hailie's birthday. I had, like, forty dollars to get her something."[3] After the release ofInfinite, his personal problems and substance abuse culminated in a suicide attempt.[14] By March 1997, he was fired from Gilbert's Lodge for the last time and lived in his mother'smobile home with Kim and Hailie.[11]: 4
1997–1999: Introduction of Slim Shady,The Slim Shady LP and rise to success
Eminem andProof performing at Juice Jam in Munich, Germany, in 1999
Eminem attracted more attention when he developed Slim Shady, a sadistic, violentalter ego. The character allowed him to express his anger with lyrics about drugs, rape, and murder.[11]: 4 In the spring of 1997, he recorded his debut EP, theSlim Shady EP, which was released that winter byWeb Entertainment.[3] The EP, with frequent references to drug use, sexual acts, mental instability, and violence, also explored the more serious themes of dealing with poverty and marital and family difficulties and revealed his direct, self-deprecating response to criticism.[14] Hip-hop magazineThe Source featured Eminem in its "Unsigned Hype" column in March 1998.[15]: 81
In 1997, Eminem participated in theScribble Jam MC battle held in Cincinnati, where he ended up losing toMC Juice in the finals.[27] After he was fired from his job and evicted from his home, Eminem went to Los Angeles to compete in the 1997Rap Olympics, a nationwidebattle rap competition. He placed second, losing toProject Blowed MC Otherwize.[28] AnInterscope Records intern named Dean Geistlinger was in attendance and asked Eminem for a copy of theSlim Shady EP, which was then sent to company CEOJimmy Iovine.[29] Iovine played the tape for record producerDr. Dre, founder ofAftermath Entertainment and founding member of hip-hop groupN.W.A. Dre recalled, "In my entire career in the music industry, I have never found anything from a demo tape or a CD. When Jimmy played this, I said, 'Find him. Now.'", expressing his shock towards Mathers's rapping talent. Although his associates criticized him for hiring a white rapper, Dre was confident in his decision: "I don't give a fuck if you're purple; if you can kick it, I'm working with you."[3] Eminem had idolized Dre since listening to N.W.A as a teenager and was nervous about working with him on an album.[15]: 24 He became more comfortable working with Dre after a series of productive recording sessions.[30] On March 9, 1998, Eminem got signed to Aftermath and Interscope.[31]
Eminem releasedThe Slim Shady LP in February 1999. Although it was one of the year's most popular albums (certified triple platinum by the end of the year),[32] he was accused of imitating the style and subject matter of underground rapperCage (who he refers to in the album's song "Role Model").[33][34] The album's popularity was accompanied by controversy over its lyrics; in "'97 Bonnie & Clyde", Eminem describes a trip with his infant daughter when he disposes of his wife's body and in "Guilty Conscience", he encourages a man to murder his wife and her lover. "Guilty Conscience" marked the beginning of a friendship and musical bond between Dr. Dre and Eminem. The label-mates later collaborated on a number of hit songs and Dre made at least one guest appearance on each of Eminem'sAftermath albums.[35]The Slim Shady LP has been certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA.[36]
1999–2003:The Marshall Mathers LP andThe Eminem Show
After Eminem releasedThe Slim Shady LP, he started his own record label,Shady Records, in late 1999. Eminem looked for an avenue to releaseD12, and his managerPaul Rosenberg was keen to start a label, which led to the two teaming up to form Shady.[37] Its A&R Marc Labelle has defined the record label as "a boutique label but [with] all the outlets of a major [and] Interscope backing up our every move."[38]
Recorded from 1999 to 2000,[39]The Marshall Mathers LP was released in May 2000. It sold 1.76 million copies in its first week, breaking U.S. records held bySnoop Dogg'sDoggystyle for fastest-selling hip-hop album andBritney Spears'...Baby One More Time for fastest-selling solo album.[40][41] The first single from the album, "The Real Slim Shady", was a success despite controversies about Eminem's insults and dubious claims about celebrities.[15]: 60 In his second single, "The Way I Am", he reveals the pressure from his record company to top "My Name Is". Although Eminem parodied shock rockerMarilyn Manson in the music video for "My Name Is", they are reportedly on good terms; Manson is mentioned in "The Way I Am", appeared in its music video and has performed a live remix of the song with Eminem.[42] The third single, "Stan", was ranked byQ as the third-greatest rap song ever,[43] and it was ranked tenth in a Top40-Charts.com survey.[44] The song has since been ranked 296th onRolling Stone's "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" list.[45] In July 2000, Eminem was the first white artist to appear on the cover ofThe Source.[15]: 81 The Marshall Mathers LP was certified Diamond by the RIAA in March 2011 and sold 21 million copies worldwide.[46]
In 2000, Eminem appeared in theUp in Smoke Tour[47] and theFamily Values Tour,[15]: 70 headlining theAnger Management Tour withPapa Roach,Ludacris, andXzibit. Eminem performed withElton John at the43rd Grammy Awards ceremony in 2001.[48]GLAAD, an organization, which considered Eminem's lyricshomophobic, condemned John's decision to perform with Eminem.[49]Entertainment Weekly placed the appearance on its end-of-decade "best-of" list: "It was the hug heard 'round the world. Eminem, under fire for homophobic lyrics, shared the stage with a gay icon for a performance of 'Stan' that would have been memorable in any context."[50] On February 21, the day of the awards ceremony, GLAAD held a protest outside theStaples Center (the ceremony's venue).[51] Eminem was also the only guest artist to appear on fellow rapperJay-Z's critically acclaimed albumThe Blueprint, producing and rapping on the song "Renegade".[52]
The Eminem Show was released in May 2002. It was another success, reaching number one on the charts and selling over 1.332 million copies during its first full week.[32]The Eminem Show, certified Diamond by the RIAA, examines the effects of Eminem's rise to fame, his relationship with his wife and daughter and his status in the hip-hop community, addressing an assault charge brought by abouncer he saw kissing his wife in 2000.Stephen Thomas Erlewine ofAllMusic foundThe Eminem Show less inflammatory thanThe Marshall Mathers LP.[53]L. Brent Bozell III, who had criticizedThe Marshall Mathers LP formisogynistic lyrics, notedThe Eminem Show's extensive use of obscenity and called Eminem "Eminef" for the prevalence of the word "motherfucker" on the album.[54]The Eminem Show sold 27 million copies worldwide[46] and was the bestselling album of 2002.[55]
2003–2007: Production work,Encore and musical hiatus
Eminem on the Anger Management Tour in 2003
In 2003, Eminem, a lifelong fan ofTupac,[56] provided production work for three tracks on theTupac Resurrection soundtrack.[57] He would follow this up the next year by producing 12 of the 16 tracks on Tupac'sLoyal to the Game album.[57] On December 8, 2003, theUnited States Secret Service said that it was "looking into" allegations that Eminem had threatened the President of the United States.[58] The cause for concern was the lyrics of "We As Americans" ("Fuck money / I don't rap fordead presidents / I'd rather see the president dead / It's never been said, but I set precedents"), which was later released on a bonus CD with the deluxe edition ofEncore.[59]
Encore, released in 2004, was another success, but not as successful as his previous albums. Its sales were partially driven by the first single, "Just Lose It", which contained slurs directed towardMichael Jackson. On October 12, 2004, a week after the release of "Just Lose It", Jackson phonedSteve Harvey's radio show,The Steve Harvey Morning Show, to report his displeasure with its video (which parodiesJackson's child molestation trial,plastic surgery and the 1984 incident when Jackson's hair caught fire during the filming of a commercial). Many of Jackson's friends and supporters spoke out against the video, includingStevie Wonder, who described it as "kicking a man while he's down" and "bullshit",[60] and Steve Harvey (who said, "Eminem has lost his ghetto pass. We want the pass back").[60]"Weird Al" Yankovic, who parodied the Eminem song "Lose Yourself" on "Couch Potato" for his 2003 albumPoodle Hat, told theChicago Sun-Times about Jackson's protest: "Last year, Eminem forced me to halt production on the video for my 'Lose Yourself' parody because he somehow thought that it would be harmful to his image or career. So the irony of this situation with Michael is not lost on me."[61] AlthoughBlack Entertainment Television stopped playing the video, MTV announced that it would continue to air it.The Source, through CEORaymond "Benzino" Scott, called for the video to be pulled, the song removed from the album and Eminem to apologize publicly to Jackson.[62] In 2007, Jackson and Sony boughtFamous Music fromViacom, giving him the rights to songs by Eminem, among other artists.[63]
Despite its lead single's humorous theme,Encore explored serious subject matter with the anti-war song "Mosh", which criticized PresidentGeorge W. Bush.[64] On October 25, 2004, a week before the2004 U.S. Presidential election, Eminem released the video for "Mosh" on the Internet.[65] In it, Eminem gathers an army ofBush-administration victims and leads them to theWhite House. When they break in, it is learned that they are there to register to vote; the video ends with "VOTE Tuesday November 2." After Bush's reelection, the video's ending was changed to Eminem and the protesters invading theWhite House during a speech by the president.[66] Also in 2004, Eminem launched a satellite music channel,Shade 45, on Sirius radio,[67] which was described by his manager as "essentially a destination to get and hear things that other people aren't playing."[68]
Eminem began his first U.S. concert tour in three years in the summer of 2005 with theAnger Management 3 Tour, but in August, he canceled the European leg of the tour, later announcing that he had entered drug rehabilitation for treatment of a "dependency on sleep medication".[69] Meanwhile, industry insiders speculated that Eminem was considering retirement, while rumors circulated that adouble album titledThe Funeral would be released.[70] In July, theDetroit Free Press reported a possible final bow for Eminem as a solo performer, quoting members of his inner circle as saying that he would embrace the roles of producer and label executive.[71] A greatest hits album,Curtain Call: The Hits, was released on December 6, 2005, by Aftermath Entertainment,[72] and sold nearly 441,000 copies in the U.S. in its first week, marking Eminem's fourth consecutive number-one album on theBillboard Hot 200,[73] and was certified double platinum by theRIAA.[74] However, Eminem suggested that month onWKQI's "Mojo in the Morning" show that he would be taking a break as an artist: "I'm at a point in my life right now where I feel like I don't know where my career is going ... This is the reason that we called it 'Curtain Call' because this could be the final thing. We don't know."[75]
Proof's death in 2006 was one of the factors that caused Eminem to fall into depression during his five-year hiatus.[76]
In April 2006,Proof, who was Eminem's childhood friend, was murdered.[77] Eight months later, on December 5, Eminem released a compilation album titledEminem Presents: The Re-Up that featured Proof and otherShady Records artists.[78]
2007–2009: Comeback andRelapse
In September 2007, Eminem called New York radio stationWQHT during an interview with 50 Cent, saying that he was "in limbo" and "debating" about when (or if) he would release another album.[79] He appeared on his Shade 45 Sirius channel in September 2008, saying: "Right now I'm kinda just concentrating on my own stuff, for right now and just banging out tracks and producing a lot of stuff. You know, the more I keep producing the better it seems like I get 'cause I just start knowing stuff."[80] Interscope confirmed that a new album[81] would be released in spring 2009.[82]
According to a March 5, 2009, press release, Eminem would release two new albums that year.Relapse, the first, was released on May 19; its first single and music video, "We Made You", had been released on April 7.[83] AlthoughRelapse did not sell as well as Eminem's previous albums and received mixed reviews, it was a commercial success and re-established his presence in the hip-hop world. It sold more than five million copies worldwide.[84] On October 30, he headlined at theVoodoo Experience in New Orleans, his first full performance of the year.[85] Eminem's act included several songs fromRelapse, many of his older hits and an appearance by D12. On November 19, he announced on his website thatRelapse: Refill would be released on December 21. The album was a re-release ofRelapse with seven bonus tracks, including "Forever" and "Taking My Ball". Eminem described the CD:
I want to deliver more material for the fans this year like I originally planned ... Hopefully, these tracks onThe Refill will tide the fans over until we put outRelapse 2 next year ... I got back in with Dre and then a few more producers, including Just Blaze, and went in a completely different direction which made me start from scratch. The new tracks started to sound very different than the tracks I originally intended to be onRelapse 2, but I still want the other stuff to be heard.[86]
2009–2011:Recovery and Bad Meets Evil reunion
Eminem performing with D12 in May 2009
On April 14, 2010, Eminemtweeted: "There is no Relapse 2". Although his followers thought he was not releasing an album, he had changed its title toRecovery and confirmed this by tweeting "Recovery" with a link to his website. He said:
I had originally planned forRelapse 2 to come out last year. But as I kept recording and working with new producers, the idea of a sequel toRelapse started to make less and less sense to me, and I wanted to make a completely new album. The music onRecovery came out very different fromRelapse, and I think it deserves its own title.[87]
Recorded from 2009 to 2010,Recovery was released on June 18.[87] In the U.S.,Recovery sold 741,000 copies during its first week, topping theBillboard 200 chart.[88][89] Eminem's sixth consecutive U.S. number-one album also topped the charts in several other countries.Recovery remained atop theBillboard 200 chart for five consecutive weeks of a seven-week total.[90]
Billboard reported that it was the bestselling album of 2010, making Eminem the first artist in Nielsen SoundScan history with two year-end bestselling albums.[91]Recovery is the bestselling digital album in history.[92] Its first single, "Not Afraid", was released on April 29 and debuted atop theBillboard Hot 100; its music video was released on June 4.[93] "Not Afraid" was followed by "Love the Way You Lie", which debuted at number two before rising to the top.[94] Although "Love the Way You Lie" was the bestselling 2010 single in the United Kingdom, it did not reach number one (the first time this has happened in the UK since 1969).[95] Despite criticism of its inconsistency,Recovery received positive reviews from most critics. As of November 21, 2010[update], the album had U.S. sales of three million copies.[96]Recovery was the bestselling album worldwide in 2010, joining 2002's bestsellerThe Eminem Show to give Eminem two worldwide year-end number-one albums.[97] WithRecovery, Eminem broke the record for the most successive U.S. number-one albums by a solo artist.[98]
In June 2010, Eminem andJay-Z announced they would perform together in Detroit and New York City, at concerts calledThe Home & Home Tour. The first two concerts quickly sold out, prompting an additional show in each city.[99]BET called Eminem the number-one rapper of the 21st century.[100] Due to the success ofRecovery and the Home & Home Tour, Eminem was named the 2010Hottest MC in the Game by MTV[101] and Emcee of the Year by the online magazineHipHopDX.[102] He and Rihanna again collaborated on "Love the Way You Lie (Part II)", the sequel of their hit single.[103] In December 2010, the "Great Eminem Recovery" was number one onBillboard's Top 25 Music Moments of 2010.[104] That month it was announced that "Space Bound" would be the fourth single fromRecovery, with a music video featuring former porn actressSasha Grey;[105][106] the video was released June 24 on theiTunes Store.[107]
In 2010, Eminem again began collaborating withRoyce da 5'9" on their firstEP asBad Meets Evil; the duo formed in 1998. The EP,Hell: The Sequel, was released on June 14, 2011.[108] Eminem was featured on Royce da 5'9"'s "Writer's Block", released on April 8, 2011.[109] On May 3 they released the lead single "Fast Lane" from their upcoming EP and a music video was filmed.[110] In March 2011, within days of each other,The Eminem Show andThe Marshall Mathers LP were certified diamond by the RIAA; Eminem is the only rapper with two diamond-certified albums.[111] With more than 60 million "likes" he was the most-followed person on Facebook.[112] Eminem was the first artist in five years with two number-one albums (Recovery andHell: The Sequel) in a 12-month period.[113] Early in 2011 he leaked "2.0 Boys", on whichYelawolf andSlaughterhouse collaborated when they signed withShady Records in January and performed it in April.[114] Bad Meets Evil released their next single, "Lighters", on July 6 and its music video in late August.[115] On August 6, Eminem performed several songs from throughout his career atLollapalooza with the artists who had been featured on each song.[116]
2012–2016:The Marshall Mathers LP 2,Shady XV andSouthpaw
On August 14, 2013, "Survival", featuring Liz Rodrigues and produced byDJ Khalil, premiered in the multi-player trailer for the video gameCall of Duty: Ghosts. According to a press release, the first single from Eminem's eighth album would be released soon.[117][118] During the2013 MTV Video Music Awards, it was announced that the album would be entitledThe Marshall Mathers LP 2.[119] Its lead single, "Berzerk", was released on August 25 and debuted at number three on theBillboard Hot 100 chart. The album was released on November 5, by Aftermath Entertainment, Shady Records and Interscope Records. Its standard version had 16 tracks and the deluxe version included a second disc with five additional tracks.The Marshall Mathers LP 2 was Eminem's seventh album to debut atop theBillboard 200 and had the year's second-largest first-week sales.[120][121] He was the first artist sincethe Beatles to have four singles in the top 20 of theBillboard Hot 100.[122][123][124] In the United Kingdom,The Marshall Mathers LP 2 debuted at number one on theUK Albums Chart. The first American artist with seven consecutive UK number-one albums, he is tied with the Beatles for second place for the most consecutive chart-topping UK albums.[125][126][127] The album secured Eminem's position as Canada's bestselling artist and was 2013's bestselling album.[128]
In the summer of 2014, Eminem and Rosenberg began using thehashtag #SHADYXV on social networking sites and Eminem wore a T-shirt with the hashtag onstage.[136] This was later revealed to be the name of an upcoming Shady Records compilation.[137] Shortly afterwards the first single from the album ("Guts Over Fear", featuring singer-songwriterSia)[138] was released and the album's track list was released on October 29.[139] Shady Records released acypher to promote the album, in which Eminem did a seven-minute freestyle.[140]Shady XV, released on November 24 duringBlack Friday week,[141] consists of one greatest-hits disc and one disc of new material by Shady Records artists such asD12, Slaughterhouse, Bad Meets Evil andYelawolf. The album debuted at number three on theBillboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 138,000 copies in the United States.[142]The Official Eminem Box Set, a career-spanning, 10-disc vinyl box set, was released on March 12, 2015. The set includes seven of Eminem's eight studio albums (excludingInfinite), the8 Mile soundtrack, the compilationEminem Presents: The Re-Up and the greatest hits collectionCurtain Call: The Hits.[143]
Eminem is the executive producer of thesoundtrack on the sports dramaSouthpaw, withShady Records. He was the first interview ofZane Lowe in Beats 1. The interview streamed online on the Beats 1 radio on[144] July 1, 2015. Eminem appeared on the public access showOnly in Monroe, produced inMonroe, Michigan.[145] In June 2015, it was revealed that Eminem would serve as the executive producer andmusic supervisor on the TV seriesMotor City whose premise was based upon the 2002 filmNarc.[146] On October 19, 2016, Eminem released a new song called "Campaign Speech", a political hip-hop song and announced he was working on a new album.[147] On November 17, 2016, Eminem released a remastered version of 'Infinite' on his YouTube VEVO channel.[148] On November 22, 2016, Eminem released a trailer for a 10-minute short documentary calledPartners in Rhyme: The True Story of Infinite.[149]
2017–2019:Revival andKamikaze
Eminem performing in 2018
In February 2017, Eminem appeared on "No Favors", a track fromBig Sean's albumI Decided. In the song, Eminem calls the newly elected PresidentDonald Trump a "bitch" and raps about raping conservative commentatorAnn Coulter, a Trump supporter, with various foreign objects. Coulter responded, stating, "I think it's unfortunate that the left, from Berkeley to Eminem with his rap songs, has normalized violence against women, as Eminem has done."[150]
Eminem participated in the2017 BET Hip Hop Awards cypher, delivering a freestyle called "The Storm",[151] in which he criticized Trump and his administration for prioritizingNational Football League players'protests over recovery efforts fromHurricane Maria,[152] and for failing to enact gun control reform following the2017 Las Vegas shooting.[153] He concluded the cypher by stating that Trump supporters cannot be his fans.[152] The verse received widespread praise from other rappers.[154] Reports emerged that the Secret Service interviewed Eminem in 2018–2019 regarding his threatening lyrics toward President Trump and daughter Ivanka.[155]
Beginning in late October 2017, Eminem and Paul Rosenberg teased what fans speculated to be the title of his next album,Revival, through advertisements for a fake medication of the same name.[156] In November, the first single, "Walk on Water", featuringBeyoncé, was released.[157] Eminem debuted the song live at the2017 MTV Europe Music Awards on November 12, withSkylar Grey performing the chorus.[158] On November 28, Dr. Dre confirmed the album's release date as December 15, 2017.[159] Despite an online leak two days prior,[160]Revival was released as scheduled. The second single, "River", featuringEd Sheeran, was released on January 5, 2018.[161][162][163] The album debuted at number one on the U.S.Billboard 200, with 197,000 copies sold in its first week, making Eminem the first act to have eight consecutive albums debut atop the chart.[164] However,Revival received mixed to negative reviews and is often regarded as Eminem's weakest album.[165][166][167] In 2018, an extended edition of "Nowhere Fast" featuring Kehlani and a remix of "Chloraseptic" with 2 Chainz and Phresher were released from the album.[168][169]
On August 31, 2018, Eminem released his tenth studio album and firstsurprise album,Kamikaze, just eight months afterRevival.[170] The album debuted at number one on theBillboard 200, Eminem's ninth consecutive album to do so, with first-week sales of 434,000 units.[171]Kamikaze was a response to the criticism ofRevival.[172][167] It was supported by three singles: "Fall", "Venom" from the2018 film of the same name, and "Lucky You".[173] On October 15, 2018, Eminem performed "Venom" live from the 103rd floor of theEmpire State Building onJimmy Kimmel Live! as promotion for the album.[174]
On December 1, 2018, Eminem released an 11-minute freestyle titled "Kick Off" on his YouTube channel.[175] Throughout early 2019, he collaborated with artists includingBoogie,Logic, Ed Sheeran,50 Cent, andConway the Machine.[176][177][178][179] On February 23, 2019, to mark the 20th anniversary ofThe Slim Shady LP, Eminem released a re-issue including acapellas, instrumentals, and radio edits of tracks from the album.[180]
2020–2023:Music to Be Murdered By andCurtain Call 2
On January 17, 2020, Eminem released another surprise album,Music to Be Murdered By.[181] The album debuted at number one on theBillboard 200, selling 279,000 album-equivalent units in its first week.[182] With this, Eminem became the first artist to have ten consecutive albums debut at number one in the United States, and one of six artists to have released at least ten U.S. number-one albums.[182] Music critics praised Eminem's lyrical abilities and the improved production compared toKamikaze, though some criticized the album's formulaic song structure, lack of innovation, and shock value.[183]
The song "Unaccommodating", which references the 2017Manchester Arena bombing, drew significant criticism. The mayor ofManchester described the lyrics as "unnecessarily hurtful and deeply disrespectful," and victims' relatives and others involved in the attack also condemned the song.[184] On February 9, 2020, Eminem performed "Lose Yourself" at the92nd Academy Awards.[185] The music video for "Godzilla" was released on March 9, 2020, viaLyrical Lemonade's YouTube channel. On March 11, 2020,Music to Be Murdered By was certified Gold by theRIAA.[186] On July 9, 2020,Kid Cudi's daughter Vada announced that he would release a song with Eminem titled "The Adventures of Moon Man & Slim Shady" the following Friday.[187]
A deluxe edition titledMusic to Be Murdered By – Side B was released on December 18, 2020, also without prior announcement,[188] featuring a bonus disc with sixteen new tracks.[188][189] The release was accompanied by a music video for "Gnat", directed byCole Bennett.[190] Lyric videos for "Alfred's Theme" and "Tone Deaf" were also released, the latter paying tribute to the late Chicago rapperKing Von.[191][192][193]Side B debuted at number three on theBillboard 200, earning 70,000–80,000 album-equivalent units, including 25,000–30,000 in pure sales.[194] On the track "Zeus", Eminem apologizes to Rihanna over a leaked song from hisRelapse sessions where he sided withChris Brown, who pleaded guilty to felony assault involving her in 2009.[195]
Eminem announced his second greatest hits album,Curtain Call 2, on July 11, 2022. The sequel to 2005'sCurtain Call: The Hits, it covers albums fromRelapse throughMusic to Be Murdered By, collaborations, and soundtrack songs. Released on August 5, 2022, it includes his two precedent singles and the unreleased track "Is This Love ('09)" featuring50 Cent.[200] Eminem was inducted into theRock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2022, with Dr. Dre presenting.[201]
In July 2023, Eminem'sShady Records signed rapperEz Mil in a joint deal withAftermath Entertainment andInterscope Records.[202] On August 4, 2023, Ez Mil released the song "Realest", featuring Eminem. In the track, Eminem addresses comments fromMelle Mel, who claimed Eminem's status as a top-five rapper was due to his race.[203] He also responds tothe Game, who had released a 10-minute diss track aimed at Eminem, "The Black Slim Shady", in 2022.[204] On November 3, Eminem releasedThe Marshall Mathers LP 2 (Expanded Edition), marking the 10th anniversary of its original release. The expanded edition includes all original tracks plus "Don't Front", featuring Buckshot—a bonus track previously available with theCall of Duty: Ghosts album bundle and on the Best Buy version of theShady XV compilation. It also features instrumentals for the album's singles: "Survival", "Berzerk", "The Monster" (featuring Rihanna), "Rap God", and "Headlights".
2024–present:The Death of Slim Shady (Coup de Grâce) and collaborations
During an episode ofJimmy Kimmel Live! on March 19, 2024, Dr. Dre stated that Eminem intended to release a new album that year.[205] On April 25, Eminem appeared alongsideRoger Goodell at the opening ceremony of the2024 NFL draft in Detroit.[206] At the same time, Eminem announced a twelfth studio album titledThe Death of Slim Shady (Coup de Grâce), with a planned release later in the year. The trailer for the album, which was shown on theNFL Network,[207] briefly discusses the "murder" of the Slim Shady persona in atrue crime format. The album is produced by Dr. Dre and The ICU.[208] The lead single, "Houdini", was released on May 31, 2024. It topped the charts in many countries, as well as debuting at number one on theBillboard Global 200 and number two on the Hot 100.[209]
On June 28, 2024, Eminem posted a teaser for the album's second single, titled "Tobey", featuring fellow Detroit rappersBig Sean andBabyTron. It was released on July 2, with an accompanying music video produced byCole Bennett following on July 5.[210] Theconcept album was released on July 12, 2024, throughShady Records,Aftermath Entertainment, andInterscope Records. It became Eminem's eleventh number-one album on theBillboard 200, endingTaylor Swift's chart run.[211][212] It was met with mixed reviews from critics, with praise directed towards Eminem's rapping techniques while panning its attempts at shocking lyrics as "predictable", "disjointed and incoherent", and featuring "infantile wordplay".[213]
Eminem opened the2024 MTV Video Music Awards with a self-referential performance of "Houdini" and "Somebody Save Me."[214] On August 31, 2024, rapperLL Cool J released the single "Murdergram Deux", featuring Eminem, marking the pair's first ever collaboration.[215][216] Eminem also featured on the track "Gunz N Smoke" fromSnoop Dogg's albumMissionary, released in December 2024, alongside50 Cent.[217]
InHow to Rap,Guerilla Black notes that Eminem studied other MCs to hone his rapping technique: "Eminem listened to everything and that's what made him one of the greats".[229]: x In the book, other MCs also praise aspects of his rapping technique: varied, humorous subject matter,[229]: 5, 38 connecting with his audience,[229]: 7 carrying a concept over a series of albums,[229]: 34 complex rhyme schemes,[229]: 66, 107 bending words so theyrhyme,[229]: 85 multisyllabic rhymes,[229]: 88 many rhymes to a bar,[229]: 106 complex rhythms,[229]: 120, 129 clearenunciation,[229]: 244 and the use ofmelody[229]: 253 andsyncopation.[229]: 257 Eminem is known to write most of his lyrics on paper (documented inThe Way I Am), taking several days or a week to craft lyrics,[229]: 160 being a "workaholic"[229]: 212 and "stacking" vocals.[229]: 282 Examples of hip-hop subgenres that Eminem's music has been described as includehorrorcore,[234]: 52 [235]: 80 [236]comedy hip-hop,[237] andhardcore hip-hop.[238][239] Eminem also incorporatesrap rock into his music and has cited rock acts during the 1970s and 1980s, such asJimi Hendrix andLed Zeppelin, as influences in his music.[240][241][242][243]
Eminem is considered unusual in structuring his songs around the lyrics, rather than writing to beats.[38] One exception was "Stan", which came from an idea andscratch track produced bythe 45 King.[38] After doing little production onRelapse andRecovery, Eminem produced a significant portion ofThe Marshall Mathers LP 2. He said about producing his own music, "Sometimes, I may get something in my head, like an idea or the mood of something that I would want, and I'm not always gonna get that by going through different tracks that other people have made. They don't know what's in my head. I think maybe it helps, a little bit, with diversity, the sound of it, but also, I would get something in my head and want to be able to lay down that idea from scratch."[247] In 1998 when his beef with rapper Cage was still happening, New York rapperNecro (who had previously produced three songs for Cage) met Eminem and gave him a CD with the beat to what eventually became the beat for the song "Black Helicopters" by rap groupNon-Phixion. Despite Eminem never using it, Necro still said positive things about Eminem and would appear on Shade45 years later.[248]
In 2002, theBBC said that the perception of Eminem as a "modern-dayWilliam Shakespeare" was comparable to the reception of American singerBob Dylan: "Not since Bob Dylan's heyday in the mid-1960s has an artist's output been subjected to such intense academic scrutiny as an exercise in contemporary soul-searching. U.S. critics point to [Eminem's] vivid portraits of disenfranchised lives—using the stark, direct language of the street—as an accurate reflection of social injustice." In addition, the BBC highlighted that, "Where parents once recoiled in horror [to his music], there now seems a greater willingness to acknowledge a music that is striking such a chord among the American young, angry white underclass."[249]
Eminem usesalter egos in his songs for different rapping styles and subject matter, includingSlim Shady andKen Kaniff, among others. Throughout his career, he has had highly publicized lyrical feuds with many recording artists.[250]
Some of Eminem's lyrics have been criticized for beinghomophobic, and an Australian politician attempted to ban him from the country.[251] Eminem denies the charge, saying that when he was growing up words such as "faggot" and "queer" were used generally in a derogatory manner and not specifically toward homosexuals. Eminem is a friend of openly gay singerElton John,[252] and publicly supports gay rights.[253]
Legacy
Eminem is one of thebest-selling artists in music history, easily the biggest crossover success ever seen in rap. To call him hip-hop'sElvis is correct to a degree, but it's largely inaccurate. Certainly, he was the first white rapper since theBeastie Boys to garner both sales and critical respect, but his impact has exceeded this confining distinction.
Credited for popularizing hip-hop to a Middle American audience, Eminem's unprecedented global commercial success and acclaimed works for a white rapper is widely recognized for breaking racial barriers for the acceptance of white rappers inpopular music.[255] Rising fromrags to riches, Eminem's anger-fueled music represented widespread angst and the reality of Americanunderclass.[256]
Stephen Hill, the then vice president of African American-themed television networkBET (Black Entertainment Television), said in 2002:
Eminem gets a pass in the same vein that back duringsegregation black folks had to be better than average, had to be the best, to be accepted ... he is better than the best. In his own way, he is the best lyricist, alliterator and enunciator out there in hip-hop music. In terms of rapping about the pain that other disenfranchised people feel, there is no one better at their game than Eminem.[257]
Eminem is even starting to bear a resemblance to one of those rock icons ... Marshall Mathers is becoming something like this generation's John Lennon ... Lennon and Eminem were both subjects of pickets and protests; they both wrote songs about troubled relationships with their mothers; they both wrote about their strange public lives with their wives; they both wrote about how much they loved their kids. Lennon, of course, was able to find ways to use his voice to advocate for peace rather than just blasting away at litigious family members and various pop stars, but still, few other pop musicians since Lennon have found a way to render their private psychodramas into compelling art as effectively as Eminem.[258]
Regarding his rehearsal with Eminem for the "Stan" duet at the2001 Grammy Awards, English singerElton John said, "[When] Eminem made his entrance, I got goose bumps, the likes of which I have not felt since I first sawJimi Hendrix,Mick Jagger,James Brown andAretha Franklin. Eminem was that good. I just thought, 'Fuck, this man is amazing'. There are very few performers who can grab you like that the first time—only the greats."[259] John further praised Eminem, saying, "Eminem is a true poet of his time, someone we'll be talking about for decades to come. He tells stories in such a powerful and distinctive way. As a lyricist, he's one of the best ever. Eminem does for his audience what [Bob] Dylan did for his: He writes how he feels. His anger, vulnerability and humor come out."[259] Bob Dylan praised Eminem in a 2022 interview withThe Wall Street Journal.[260][261][262]
Following Eminem's multiplatinum record sales Interscope offered him his own label; he andPaul Rosenberg founded Shady Records in late 1999. Eminem signed his Detroit collective, D12 and rapperObie Trice to the label and signed50 Cent in a 2002 joint venture with Dr. Dre's Aftermath label. In 2003, Eminem and Dr. Dre addedAtlanta rapperStat Quo to the Shady-Aftermath roster.DJ Green Lantern, Eminem's former DJ, was with Shady Records until a dispute related to the 50 Cent-Jadakiss feud forced him to leave the label.The Alchemist is currently Eminem's tour DJ. In 2005 Eminem signed another Atlanta rapper,Bobby Creekwater and West Coast rapperCashis to Shady Records.[19]
On December 5, 2006, the compilation albumEminem Presents: The Re-Up was released on Shady Records. The project began as amixtape, but when Eminem found the material better than expected he released it as an album.The Re-Up was intended to introduce Stat Quo, Cashis and Bobby Creekwater.[324] While he was recordingInfinite, Eminem, Proof and Kon Artis assembled a group of fellow rappers now known as D12, short for "Detroit Twelve" or "Dirty Dozen", who performed in a style similar toWu-Tang Clan.[15]: 19 In 2001 D12's debut album,Devil's Night, was released.[325] After their debut, D12 took a three-year break from the studio. They reunited in 2004 for their second album,D12 World, which included the hit singles "My Band" and "How Come"[325] According to D12 memberBizarre, Eminem was not featured on his albumBlue Cheese & Coney Island because "he's busy doing his thing".[326]
Eminem established his own satellite radio channel, Shade 45, that plays uncuthip-hop.[327] Eminem also established a new morning show,Sway in the Morning with Sway Calloway, a lively morning show that airs at 8:00 a.m., Monday–Friday.[328][329]
Eminem promoted the station in a 2004 mock national convention (the "Shady National Convention") at theRoseland Ballroom in New York City,[330] in whichDonald Trump endorsed him.[331] On his albumRevival (2017), Eminem expressed his regret at having collaborated with Trump, rapping, "wish I would have spit on it before I went to shake his hand at the event".[332]
On September 29, 2021, Eminem and Union Joints opened a spaghetti restaurant at 2131 Woodward Ave in Detroit. It is a reference to the lyrics "His palms are sweaty, knees weak, arms are heavy / There's vomit on his sweater already, mom's spaghetti" from the song "Lose Yourself" which became an internet meme.[333][334] Mom's Spaghetti was previously apop-up in Detroit in 2017 and atCoachella in 2018.[335][336] In 2023, Eminem announced the launch of a "Mom's Spaghetti" jarredpasta sauce.[337]
Acting career
After small roles in the 2001 filmThe Wash and as an extra in the 1998Korn music video for "Got the Life" (during which he gave the band a demo tape), Eminem made his Hollywood debut in the semi-autobiographical 2002 film8 Mile. He said it was a representation of growing up in Detroit rather than an account of his life. He recorded several new songs for the soundtrack, including "Lose Yourself" (which won anAcademy Award for Best Original Song in 2003 and became the longest-running No. 1hip-hop single in history).[338] Eminem was absent from the ceremony and co-composerLuis Resto accepted the award.[339]
Eminem established the Marshall Mathers Foundation to aid disadvantaged youth. The foundation works in conjunction with a charity founded by Norman Yatooma, a Detroit attorney.[348] During theCOVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Eminem donated a pair ofAir Jordan 4 Retro Eminem Carhartt shoes, which are rare, to be raffled off with proceeds going to COVID-19 relief.[349] That same year, he donated spaghetti meals, to healthcare workers atHenry Ford Health System in Detroit, referencing the line "mom's spaghetti" from his song "Lose Yourself".[350]
Advertising
Eminem appeared in two commercials which were shown duringSuper Bowl XLV. In the first, a one-minute spot forLipton'sBrisk iced tea, he is aclaymation figure.[351] In the second,a two-minute ad—the longest in Super Bowl history at the time—for theChrysler 200, Eminem drives through Detroit (with "Lose Yourself" as the soundtrack) to his show at theFox Theatre.[352][353]
Books and memoirs
On November 21, 2000, Eminem publishedAngry Blonde, a non-fiction book featuring a commentary of several of his own songs, along with several previously unpublished photographs.[citation needed]
On October 21, 2008, his autobiographyThe Way I Am was published byDutton Adult.[354] The book is illustrated with never before published photos of Eminem's life. The autobiography is named after his 2000 song "The Way I Am". An autobiography of Eminem's mother,My Son Marshall, My Son Eminem, was published the following month.[citation needed]
Personal life
Family and relationships
Eminem was married twice to Kimberly Anne Scott, whom he met in high school.[355] Scott and her twin sister had run away from home; they moved in with Eminem and his mother when he was 15, and he began an on-and-off relationship with Scott on January 14, 1991.[356] Their daughter, Hailie Jade, who is Mathers's only biological child, was born on December 25, 1995,[357] and became a social mediainfluencer.[358][359] Eminem legally adopted and was given custody of his former sister-in-law's daughter, Alaina Marie,[357][360] as well as Scott's child from another father, Stevie Laine.[357][361][362] He also raised his younger half-brother Nathan.[363]
Mathers and Scott were married on June 14, 1999, and divorced on October 5, 2001.[364] He and actressBrittany Murphy (who co-starred with him in8 Mile) dated in the 2000s.[365][366] In 2002, Eminem discussed being in a relationship with singerMariah Carey, though she later denied they dated.[367] He and Scott briefly remarried on January 14, 2006, filing for divorce almost three months later on April 5.[368] They agreed to joint custody of Hailie, with the divorce being finalized on December 19, 2006.[369] In early 2010, Eminem denied tabloid reports that he and Scott had renewed their romantic relationship, though his representative confirmed they remained friendly.[370]
In his 2013 song "Headlights", Eminem reiterated his love for his mother and apologized to her for some of the lyrics from his earlier songs, including "Cleanin' Out My Closet".[371] His mother publicly paid tribute to him when he was inducted into theRock and Roll Hall of Fame in November 2022. She died due to complications from lung cancer in December 2024.[372][373]
Health problems
Eminem has spoken publicly about hisaddiction to prescription drugs, includingVicodin,Ambien, andValium.[374] According to friend and fellow D12 memberProof, Eminem, who previously hinted in his 1999 single "My Name Is" that he avoided the use of drugs after experiencing his mother's history of drug abuse,[375] first developed a drug addiction in 2002.[376] During the production of8 Mile, Eminem, working 16 hours a day, developedinsomnia. An associate gave him an Ambien tablet which "knocked [him] out", encouraging him to obtain a prescription. This was Eminem's first experience of drug addiction, which affected him for several years. Near the end of production onEncore, he would "just go into the studio and goof off [with] a pocketful of pills". Eminem began taking the drugs to "feel normal", taking a "ridiculous amount ... I could consume anywhere from 40 to 60 Valium [in a day]. Vicodin, maybe 30." The drugs would put him to sleep for no more than two hours, after which he would take more. Eminem's weight increased to 230 pounds (100 kg) and he was regularly eating fast food: "The kids behind the counter knew me—it wouldn't even faze them. Or I'd sit up at Denny's or Big Boy and just eat by myself. It was sad." Eminem became less recognizable due to his weight gain and once overheard two teenagers arguing about whether or not it was him: "Eminem ain't fat."[18]
Over the holidays, Marshall Mathers, a.k.a. Eminem, was under doctors' care at Detroit-area hospitals for complications due topneumonia. He has since been released and is doing well recovering at home.
In December 2007, Eminem was hospitalized after an accidentalmethadone overdose. He had obtained the pills from a dealer who told him they were "just like Vicodin, and easier on [your] liver". Eminem used the pills until, one night, he collapsed in his bathroom and was rushed to the hospital. According to Eminem, doctors told him he had ingested the equivalent of "four bags of heroin" and was "about two hours from dying" if he had not received treatment. After missing Christmas with his children, Hailie, Alaina and Stevie, Eminem checked himself out of the facility, weak and not fullydetoxed. He tore themeniscus in his knee after falling asleep on his sofa, requiring surgery; after he returned home, he had aseizure. His drug use "ramped right back to where it was before" within a month. Eminem began to attend church meetings to get clean, but after he was asked for autographs he sought help from a rehabilitation counselor. He began an exercise program that emphasized running.Elton John was a mentor during this period, calling Eminem once a week to check on him.[18] Eminem has been sober since April 20, 2008.[378]
Threats
In April 2020, Matthew David Hughes, a 26-year-old man, broke into Eminem's house inClinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, breaking a kitchen window with a brick paver. Eminem woke up with Hughes standing behind him and Hughes said that he was there to kill Eminem.[379][380][381] Hughes was charged with multiple offences; his defense attorney opined that he seemed to be suffering from "mental issues".[379][380] In a plea agreement in 2021, Hughes pleaded guilty to second-degree home invasion in exchange for dismissal of other charges; he was sentenced to probation andtime served (524 days in thecounty jail).[381] In 2019, Hughes had pleaded guilty to breaking into aRochester Hills home in search of Eminem.[381][382]
In August 2024, Hughes returned to Eminem's property and was again arrested.[383] In May 2025, Hughes was convicted by a Macomb County jury of first-degreehome invasion and aggravatedstalking, stemming from both the 2020 and 2024 incidents. During the trial, Eminem testified about the intrusions.[384] Hughes faces a sentence of 15–30 years in prison for home invasion and an additional 3–7½ years for stalking, to be served consecutively.[384] Hughes received the maximum sentence, 15 to 35 years in prison, plus 3½ years to be served consecutively.[385]
On August 30, 2023, it was revealed that the perpetrator of the2023 Jacksonville shooting, Ryan Palmeter, denounced Eminem andMachine Gun Kelly in his manifesto for their involvement in rap, prior to committing a racially motivated shooting.[386]
Politics
During the late 1990s and early 2000s, Eminem criticized prominent political figures from both the Democratic and Republican parties, including PresidentBill Clinton, First LadyHillary Clinton, and Second LadiesTipper Gore andLynne Cheney, the latter two of whom were vocal opponents of violent and explicit lyrics in popular music.[387][388]
Following theU.S. Supreme Court decision that overturnedRoe v. Wade, Eminem expressed his opposition on social media, writing: "As a father it pisses me off that women have fewer rights 2day than just a few days ago... we r fuckin goin bckwards." He included a link to a Michigan-based pro-choice organization.[395]
In 2023, Eminem sent acease and desist letter to Republican presidential candidateVivek Ramaswamy requesting that he stop performing "Lose Yourself" at campaign events.[396]
During the2024 United States presidential election, Eminem publicly endorsedKamala Harris. In October 2024, he appeared at a rally atHuntington Place in Detroit, where he spoke about the importance of voter turnout in Michigan and voiced support for Harris's stance on civil liberties and freedom of expression.[397]
Faith and beliefs
Eminem has referenced Christianity in his music. On the remix of Kanye West and DJ Khaled's 2022 track "Use This Gospel", he delivers explicitly Christian lyrics, thanking Jesus and rapping aboutsalvation.[398][399] The song topped theBillboard Christian Songs chart, and commentators described his verse as "Jesus‑heavy" and reflecting a faith‑based perspective.[398][399]
^Van Gelder, Lawrence (April 14, 2006)."Arts, Briefly".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archived from the original on January 15, 2018. RetrievedJune 10, 2019.
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