Emil Constantinescu | |
|---|---|
 Constantinescu in 1998 | |
| President of Romania | |
| In office 29 November 1996 – 20 December 2000 | |
| Prime Minister | Nicolae Văcăroiu |
| Preceded by | Ion Iliescu |
| Succeeded by | Ion Iliescu |
| Leader of theRomanian Democratic Convention | |
| In office November 1992 – 29 November 1996 | |
| Preceded by | Corneliu Coposu |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1939-11-19)19 November 1939 (age 86) Tighina,Ținutul Nistru,Kingdom of Romania (present day de jure Tighina,Republic of Moldova, de facto Bender,Transnistria) |
| Political party | National Liberal Party (2008–present) |
| Other political affiliations | Romanian Communist Party (1965–1989) Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (1990–1996) Independent (1996–2000; PNȚ-CD membership suspended while president) People's Action (2001–2008) |
| Spouse | Nadia Ileana Constantinescu |
| Children | Dragoș Norina Boru |
| Profession | Professor ofGeology |
| Religion | Eastern Orthodox |
| Signature |  |
Emil Constantinescu (Romanian pronunciation:[eˈmilkonstantiˈnesku]ⓘ; born 19 November 1939) is a Romanian professor and politician, who served as thePresident of Romania from 1996 to 2000.
After theRomanian Revolution of 1989, Constantinescu became a founding member and vice president of theCivic Alliance (AC). In addition, he also served as the acting president of theDemocratic Romanian Anti-Totalitarian Forum, the first associative structure of the democratic opposition in post-1989 Romania, which was later transformed into acentre-right political and electoral alliance known as theRomanian Democratic Convention (CDR).[1] He had also subsequently presided thePeople's Action (AP) party from the early 2000s until it merged into theNational Liberal Party (PNL) in 2008. Nowadays, Constantinescu remains involved inRomanian politics solely to a limited extent.
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Emil Constantinescu was born on 19 November 1939, in Tighina, Ținutul Nistru, Kingdom of Romania, which today is named Bender andde facto part ofTransnistria. His mother, Maria Georgeta Colceag, was born in Ploiești on 24 April 1916, and, after graduating from high school, was a student at the Bucharest Conservatory in the harp class, but gave up her career in music to follow her husband, Ion Constantinescu. He was originally from Oltenia, he had 8 brothers, and after becoming an agronomist engineer, he was assigned to Bessarabia. The Constantinescu family took refuge in 1943 in Brădetu village, Argeș County where Emil Constantinescu spent his childhood. His sister, Marina, was born in 1942, and in 1946, his brother, Cristian, was born.
In the period 1953–1956 Emil Constantinescu was a student of the "Nicolae Bălcescu" High School in Pitești (currently Colegiu IC Bratianu) and obtained his Matriculation Diploma on 19 July 1956, in the same year he enrolled at the Faculty of Law of the University Bucharest. He obtained a Diploma in Legal Sciences in 1960 and after completing his military internship in Piatra Neamț, he began his work as a trainee judge at the Pitesti Regional Court, economic section. The political climate causes him to give up this position and become a student at the Faculty of Geology – Geography, between 1961 and 1966. He holds a PhD in Geology from the University of Bucharest and a Doctor of Sciences from Duke University, US. In 1963, he married Nadia Ileana, a lawyer, who was his colleague at the Faculty of Law in Bucharest. His father died in 1991 and his mother died in 2011.
He went through all stages of his university career as an assistant and lecturer at the Faculty of Geology (1966–1990). Since 1991 onwards, he is a professor of Mineralogy at theUniversity of Bucharest. He was also a visiting professor atDuke University in theUnited States between 1991 and 1992. He was elected vice-rector (1990–1992) and rector (1992–1996) of the University of Bucharest; president of the National Council of Rectors from Romania (1992–1996); member of the Permanent Committee of the Association of European Universities – CRE (1992–1993; 1994–1998); member of the International Association of University Presidents – IAUP (1994–1996).
He is the author of 12 books and over 60 studies in the field of geology, published in prestigious scientific journals in the country and abroad. He is also Honorary Member and Elected Member of the Geological and Mineralogical Societies of theUnited Kingdom,Germany, US,Greece, andJapan; of the Geographical Society ofFrance and theNational Geographic Society of the USA.
He gave lectures at the Universities of Tübingen, Oxford, Stanford, Harvard, Berkeley, Columbia – New York, Georgetown – Washington, Indiana – Bloomington, Rio de Janeiro, Sydney, Prague, Turku, Cairo, Lublin. He was awarded theRomanian Academy Award for scientific contributions in the field of geology (1980); Palmas Academicas, awarded by theBrazilian Academy of Letters, Rio de Janeiro (2000); gold and honorary medals of theComenius University in Bratislava;Charles University in Prague andUniversity of São Paulo; Arthur Bertrand Medal, awarded by the Academy of Sciences, Institut de France; medals awarded by the National Institute of Sciences and Arts of France, theUniversity of Paris–Sorbonne and theUniversity of Amsterdam.
After the fall of the communist dictatorship, he engaged along with other university colleagues and renowned Romanian intellectuals in the effort to re-democratize Romania, in the defense of fundamental human rights and freedoms as well as in the establishment of the civil society. He was one of the personalities who protested against the anti-democratic actions of the new authorities during a 42-day rally, between April and May 1990, in Bucharest's University Square.
After the bloody violence committed by the miners who, at the call of the then president Ion Iliescu, invaded Bucharest in June 1990, he founded, together with his colleagues, professors, and students, the associationSolidaritatea Universitară (i.e.Academic Solidarity).
He was also a founding member and vice-president of the Civic Alliance (1990), the most important non-governmental organization in the country, and president of the Civic Academy. These associations joined the opposition democratic parties and together formed the Romanian Democratic Convention (or CDR for short) in 1991. At the proposal of the Academic Solidarity, supported by the Civic Alliance (PAC), Emil Constantinescu was designated the CDR candidate in thepresidential elections of 1992. He entered the second round and obtained 38% of the votes in the confrontation with then incumbent president Ion Iliescu who was supported by theDemocratic National Salvation Front (FDSN). After this first important political experience, the CDR elected, in 1992, its president and sole candidate for thepresidential elections of 1996 (which was represented by Constantinescu). He continued to act to strengthen the democratic opposition throughout this period of time from 1992 until 1996, alongside other notable CDR political leaders.
In 1996, he competed once again for the presidency as the CDR's candidate and managed to defeat Iliescu in the second round, securing a victory by a margin of roughly 10%. CDR's success in the1996 general election marked the firstpeaceful transition of power in post-1989 Romania. On the day he took office, he suspended his membership in the PNȚ-CD, as theConstitution precludes a president holding formal membership of a political party during his term(s).
Throughout his sole four-year term, Constantinescu struggled with the ineffective implementation of the processes ofprivatization, which, bogged down by excessive bureaucracy, increased unemployment and poverty in the short term. After another twoMineriads which took place in 1999 (one inJanuary and the other inFebruary), culminating with the arrest ofMiron Cozma, the remainder of his term suffered a political crisis between the majority parties that, at the time, formed the governing coalition (i.e. CDR, PD, PSDR, and UDMR/RMDSZ). The country was further damaged by a drought in 2000. At the end of his term in 2000, he decided not to run for re-election, stating that the system had defeated him.
One of the last gestures made as president of Romania was the pardon of Ion Coman, the one who had led the repression of the1989 revolution inTimișoara.[citation needed]
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Constantinescu's presidency along with CDR's governance were marred by an economic recession. Despite this, his presidency has been eventually credited with putting an end to theMineriads, a reform of the banking system as well as with the attraction of the first major foreign investments in Romania after 1989. With dashed expectations of an immediate improvement in daily life, Romanians exhibited strong disillusionment with the major parties and politicians of the CDR at the end of the 1996–2000 legislature, with theGreater Romania Party (PRM) subsequently gaining the second place in the2000 legislative election.
A disenchanted Emil Constantinescu, who lost popularity and had failed to fulfil his reformist agenda announced on 17 July 2000 that he would not run for a second term.[2] He temporarily withdrew from political life at the end of his term in November 2000. Constantinescu's direction in foreign affairs continued however after the comeback ofIon Iliescu in 2000. Eventually, Romaniajoined NATO in 2004 and theEuropean Union (EU) three years later, in 2007, alongsideBulgaria.
The former president returned to the political scene in 2002 as head of thePeople's Action (AP;Acțiunea Populară) party, which subsequently merged within theNational Liberal Party (PNL) in 2008.[3]
Constantinescu had occasionally criticized the policies of the 2004–2014 president,Traian Băsescu, accusing him of authoritarian tendencies,[4] and supportedCrin Antonescu in the first round of the2009 presidential elections.[5]
Nowadays, he still remains heavily involved in politics through working for many NGOs, both in Romania and internationally. Emil Constantinescu is the current president of the Association of Citizenship Education, of the Romanian Foundation for Democracy[6] and also the founding president of the Institute for Regional Cooperation and Conflict Prevention (INCOR).[7]
A frequent speaker at theOslo Freedom Forum, in 2010 he presented the OFF with a presidential medal.[8] He is also a member of the international advisory council of theVictims of Communism Memorial Foundation.[9]
In July 2023, Constantinescu criticised Romanian lawmakers for a lack of vision and long-term strategy for the country's future.[10]
As of 2025, President Emil Constantinescu remains the oldest living President of Romania, following the death of former President Ion Iliescu in August 2025.
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Romania:
Austria: Grand Star of theDecoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (1999)[12]
Croatia: Recipient of theGrand Order of King Tomislav (2000)[13]
Denmark: Knight of theOrder of the Elephant (2000)[14]
Finland: Grand Cross with Collar of theOrder of the White Rose of Finland (1998)[citation needed]
Peru: Grand Cross with Diamonds of theOrder of the Sun of Peru (2 September 1998)[15]
Norway: Grand Cross of theOrder of St. Olav (1999)[citation needed]
Portugal: Grand Collar of theOrder of Prince Henry (2000)[16]
Slovakia: Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of theOrder of the White Double Cross (2000)[17]
Turkey:Order of the State of Republic of Turkey (1999)[18]
Ukraine: First Class of theOrder of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (2000)[19]
United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of theOrder of St Michael and St George (2000)[citation needed]| Election | Affiliation | First round | Second round | ||||
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| Votes | Percentage | Position | Votes | Percentage | Position | ||
| 1992 | CDR | 3,717,006 | 31.1% | 2nd | 4,641,207 | 38.6% | 2nd |
| 1996 | CDR | 3,569,941 | 28.2% | 2nd | 7,057,906 | 54.4% | 1st |
Resultado da busca de "Emil Constantinescu".
Decree 1317/2000
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