Elizabeth line
An Elizabeth lineClass 345 train atAbbey Wood in May 2022
Overview
System	National Rail
Locale	Greater London Berkshire Buckinghamshire Essex
Predecessor	TfL Rail
First service	24 May 2022; 3 years ago (2022-05-24)
Current operator	GTS Rail Operations (under concession fromTfL)[1]
Annual ridership	243 million10% (2024/2025)[2] passenger journeys
Website	tfl.gov.uk/modes/elizabeth-line/
Route
Termini	West:Heathrow Terminal 4,Heathrow Terminal 5 andReading East:Abbey Wood andShenfield
Stops	41
Distance travelled	117 km (73 mi)[3]
Technical
Rolling stock	Class 345[4]
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)standard gauge
Electrification	Overhead line, 25 kV 50 Hz AC
Operating speed	Core section: 95 km/h (60 mph) GWML, Heathrow and GEML: 145 km/h (90 mph)
Track owners	Transport for London (Old Oak Common–Abbey Wood andStratford) Network Rail (Pudding Mill Lane–Shenfield, and Old Oak Common–Reading) Heathrow Airport Holdings (Heathrow branch)
Transport for Londonrail lines London Underground Bakerloo Central Circle District Hammersmith & City Jubilee Metropolitan Northern Piccadilly Victoria Waterloo & City London Overground Liberty Lioness Mildmay Suffragette Weaver Windrush Other TfL Modes DLR Elizabeth line London Trams v t e

TheElizabeth line is arailway line that runs acrossGreater London and nearby towns, operating similarly to theRER in Paris and theS-Bahn systems of German-speaking countries.^[5] It runs services on dedicated infrastructure in central London from theGreat Western Main Line west ofPaddington station toAbbey Wood and viaWhitechapel to theGreat Eastern Main Line nearStratford; along the Great Western Main Line toReading andHeathrow Airport in the west; and along the Great Eastern Main Line toShenfield in the east.

Under the project name ofCrossrail, the system was approved in 2007, and construction began in 2009. Originally planned to open in 2018, the project was repeatedly delayed, including for several months as a result of theCOVID-19 pandemic. The service is now named afterQueen Elizabeth II, whoofficially opened the line on 17 May 2022 duringher Platinum Jubilee year; passenger services started on 24 May 2022.

Elizabeth line services are operated byGTS Rail Operations under a concession fromTransport for London (TfL). TfL considers the line to be a distinct service, rather than part of theLondon Underground. It is considered to be in a class of its own and TfL'sOyster card is not valid for journeys to stations outside the TfLfare zones,^[6][7] whilst a premium fare is charged to passengers travelling to or from Heathrow Airport, in line with that charged on theHeathrow Connect service which it replaced.

The line reached over 200 million trips annually in its second year of operation and carries one seventh of all trips by rail in the United Kingdom.

In 2001, Cross London Rail Links (CLRL), a 50/50 joint-venture betweenTransport for London (TfL) and theDepartment for Transport (DfT), was formed to develop and promote the Crossrail scheme,^[8] and also a Wimbledon–Hackney scheme,Crossrail 2. In 2003 and 2004, over 50 days of exhibitions were held to explain the proposals at over 30 different locations.^{[9][non-primary source needed]}

In 2005, ahead of Crossrail'shybrid bill submission, a number of feeder routes were considered by CLRL west of Paddington and east of Liverpool Street. It was viewed, given the 24 trains-per-hour (tph) core frequency, that two feeder routes, each of 12 tph, could be taken forward.^[10]

In the west, a route to Maidenhead (later extended to Reading) and Heathrow Airport was selected. In the east, routes to Abbey Wood (curtailed from Ebbsfleet to avoid conflicts with the North Kent lines) and Shenfield were selected.

TheCrossrail Act 2008 authorising the construction project receivedroyal assent on 22 July 2008.^[11][12] In December 2008, TfL and the DfT announced that they had signed the "Crossrail Sponsors' Agreement". This committed them to financing the project, then projected to cost £15.9 billion, with further contributions fromNetwork Rail, BAA,^[13] and the City of London.^[14]

Work began on 15 May 2009, whenpiling works started at the futureCanary Wharf station.^[15]

Boring of the railway tunnels was officially completed in June 2015.^[16] Installation of the track was completed in September 2017.^[17] TheEuropean Train Control System (ETCS) signalling was scheduled to be tested in the Heathrow tunnels over the winter of 2017–2018.^[18]

At the end of August 2018, four months before the scheduled opening of the core section of the line, it was announced that completion was delayed and that the line would not open before autumn 2019.^[19] After multiple delays, in August 2020 Crossrail announced that the central section would be ready to open "in the first half of 2022".^[20]

In May 2021, trial running commenced.^[21]

On 17 May 2022, the line was officially opened byQueen Elizabeth II in honour of herPlatinum Jubilee. She was not scheduled to attend the event, but decided to attend with her son,Prince Edward, to unveil the plaque commemorating the official opening.^[22]

Though the main tunnels under central London had not yet been opened, passenger operations on the outer branches of the future Elizabeth line were transferred to TfL for inclusion in the concession – this took place over several stages beginning May 2015. During this initial phase of operation, services were operated by MTR under theTfL Rail brand. Following the practice adopted during the transfer of formerSilverlink services toLondon Overground in 2007, TfL carried out a deep clean of stations and trains on the future Elizabeth line route, installed new ticket machines and barriers, introducedOyster card andcontactless payment, and ensured all stations were staffed. Existing rolling stock was rebranded with the TfL Rail identity.^[23]

TfL Rail and Elizabeth line services

Stage	Map	Completion dates			Notes
		Schedule	Actual	Delay
0		May 2015[24]	31 May 2015[25]	—	Existing "metro" service betweenLiverpool Street (main line station) andShenfield transferred fromAbellio Greater Anglia to TfL Rail
1		May 2017[24]	22 June 2017[26]	1 month	Class 345 trains start running between Liverpool Street and Shenfield in reduced length format[27]
2a[28]		May 2018[24]	20 May 2018[29]	—	Existing service betweenPaddington (main line station) andHeathrow Terminal 4 transferred fromHeathrow Connect Existing shuttle service betweenHeathrow Terminals 2 & 3 and Heathrow Terminal 4 transferred fromHeathrow Express, both to TfL Rail
5a[30]		—	15 December 2019[31]	—	Most stopping services between Paddington andReading transferred fromGreat Western Railway to TfL Rail, operating up to 4 tph The first TfL trains in public service to Reading ran on 25 November 2019 as asoft launch of the service.[32]
2b[28]		May 2018[24]	30 July 2020[33]	2 years and 2 months	Class 345 trains start running between Paddington and Heathrow
4a[34]		—	26 May 2021[35]	—	Class 345 trains in full length format start running between Liverpool Street and Shenfield[35]
3		Dec 2018[24]	24 May 2022[36]	3 years and 5 months	Services between Paddington andAbbey Wood begin; this section and existing TfL Rail routes rebranded as the Elizabeth line, up to 12 tph
4b/5b		—	6 November 2022[37]	—	Services begin between Paddington and Shenfield; and between Reading and Abbey Wood; and between Heathrow and Abbey Wood. The services are operated in parallel, sharing the central tunnel.
5c		Dec 2019[24]	21 May 2023	3 years and 5 months	Full route opens, with services between Heathrow and both Abbey Wood and Shenfield; and between Reading and Abbey Wood.

The Elizabeth line runs on an east–west axis across the London region, with branches terminating at Abbey Wood and Shenfield in the east, and at Heathrow Terminal 4, Heathrow Terminal 5 and Reading in the west. There are 41 stations. In the central section, there are interchanges withLondon Underground,National Rail, andDocklands Light Railway lines.^[38]

The Elizabeth line in the London transport network

Geographical map

Schematic map (interactive)

Routes of the Elizabeth line (in purple, from middle of left edge to right edge), shown with London Underground and the Docklands Light Railway connections

Crossrail is the name of the construction project and of thelimited company, wholly owned byTfL, that was formed to carry out construction works.^[23][39]

The "Elizabeth line" is the name of the new service that is on signage throughout the stations. It is named in honour ofQueen Elizabeth II,^[40][41] and colloquially called the "Lizzie line".^[42][43] The Elizabeth lineroundel is coloured purple, with a superimposed blue bearing white text in the same style as forUnderground lines. However, unlike Underground lines, the Elizabeth line roundel includes the word "line".

TfL Rail was an intermediate brand name which was introduced in May 2015 and discontinued in May 2022. It was used by TfL on services between Paddington and Heathrow Terminal 5 and Reading, as well as trains between Liverpool Street and Shenfield.^[44]

v t e Elizabeth line
All stations have step-free access
Legend
Reading Twyford Maidenhead River Thames Taplow Burnham Slough Heathrow T5 Langley Heathrow T4 Iver M25 motorway Heathrow T2&3 Greater London boundary West Drayton Heathrow Rail Link Great Western Main Line Hayes & Harlington Southall River Brent Hanwell West Ealing Ealing Broadway Acton Main Line Old Oak Common (under construction) Old Oak Common depot Crossrail Great Western Main Line turnback siding Royal Oak portal Paddington London Paddington Bond Street Tottenham Ct Rd Farringdon Barbican Moorgate Liverpool St Whitechapel Crossrail Great Eastern Main Line Pudding Mill Lane portal[45] Canary Wharf Stratford Victoria Dock portal Maryland Custom House Forest Gate Wanstead Park Connaught tunnel underRoyal Docks Manor Park River Thames Ilford Woolwich Seven Kings Abbey Wood Goodmayes Safeguarded route toGravesend Chadwell Heath Romford Control Centre and depot Romford Gidea Park Harold Wood Greater London boundary M25 motorway Brentwood Shenfield

Elizabeth line station information

Station	Image	Line section	TfL service began	Interchanges
Reading		Reading branch	15 December 2019 (2019-12-15)	CrossCountry Great Western South Western
Twyford				Great Western
Maidenhead				Great Western
Taplow
Burnham
Slough				Great Western
Langley
Iver
West Drayton
Heathrow Terminal 5		Heathrow branch	9 May 2020 (2020-05-09)	Heathrow Express Piccadilly line
Heathrow Terminal 4			20 May 2018 (2018-05-20)
Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3				Heathrow Express
Hayes & Harlington		Reading and Heathrow branches	20 May 2018 (2018-05-20)
Southall
Hanwell		Heathrow branch[a]
West Ealing				Great Western
Ealing Broadway		Reading and Heathrow branches		Central line District line
Acton Main Line		Heathrow branch[a]
Paddington[b]		Core	24 May 2022 (2022-05-24)[c]	Great Western Heathrow Express Bakerloo line[d] Circle line[d][e] District line[d] Hammersmith & City line[e]
Bond Street			24 October 2022 (2022-10-24)	Central line Jubilee line
Tottenham Court Road			24 May 2022 (2022-05-24)	Central line Northern line
Farringdon				Thameslink Circle line Hammersmith & City line Metropolitan line
Liverpool Street[f]			24 May 2022 (2022-05-24)[g]	c2c[h] Greater Anglia Great Northern[i] Weaver line Central line Circle line Hammersmith & City line Metropolitan line Northern line[i]
Whitechapel			24 May 2022 (2022-05-24)	Windrush line District line Hammersmith & City line
Canary Wharf		Abbey Wood branch	24 May 2022 (2022-05-24)	Jubilee line[j] Docklands Light Railway[k]
Custom House				Docklands Light Railway
Woolwich				Southeastern[l] Thameslink[l] Docklands Light Railway[l]
Abbey Wood				Southeastern Thameslink
Stratford		Shenfield branch	31 May 2015 (2015-05-31)	c2c[h] Greater Anglia Mildmay line Central line Jubilee line Docklands Light Railway
Maryland
Forest Gate				Suffragette line[m]
Manor Park
Ilford
Seven Kings
Goodmayes
Chadwell Heath
Romford				Greater Anglia Liberty Line
Gidea Park
Harold Wood
Brentwood
Shenfield				Greater Anglia

Ten new stations have been built in the central and south east sections of the line, and 31 existing stations were upgraded and refurbished.^[46] Nine of the ten new-build stations opened for revenue service on 24 May 2022; the remaining station – Bond Street – required additional finishing works before commissioning could proceed.^[47][48] Trains passed through its platforms non-stop until it opened five months later on 24 October.^[49][50] All stations are equipped with CCTV^[51] and because of the length of trains, central stations have train indicators above the platform-edge doors.^[52]

All 41 stations are step-free from street to platform.^[53] Thirteen stations (the central and Heathrow stations) have level access between trains and platforms while other outer suburban platforms remain at their pre-existing height, about 200mm lower.^[54] This platform height difference was criticised by the Campaign for Level Boarding who said Crossrail's "poor decision making" meant "this brand-new railway has cornered itself into perpetually offering an inaccessible service."^[54]

Although the trains are 200 metres (660 feet) long, platforms at the new stations in the central core are built to enable 240-metre-long (790 ft) trains in case of possible future need. In the eastern section,Maryland andManor Park have not had platform extensions, so trains useselective door opening instead.^[55] At Maryland this is because of the prohibitive cost of extensions and the poor business case,^[56] and at Manor Park it is due to the presence of a freight loop that would otherwise be cut off.^[57]

The new subterranean stations were designed byGrimshaw Architects, adopting a uniform approach across all stations, in partnership with engineering firmAtkinsRéalis; way-finding was designed by Maynard and lighting designed by Equation.^[58]

As of 2024^[update],Old Oak Common railway station is under construction. It will provide an interchange with theHigh Speed 2 service.

Services on the Elizabeth line are operated exclusively by a fleet of nine-car Class 345 trains that was procured especially for this purpose.^[61][36] The service specifications called for approximately 60 trains, each 200 metres (660 feet) long and capable of carrying up to 1,500 passengers, of which 57 would be in service at any one time.^[62][63] In March 2011, Crossrail indicated that five bidders had been shortlisted as potential suppliers of both the new fleet and its depot facilities;Alstom,CAF,Siemens Mobility,Hitachi Rail, andBombardier Transportation – although Alstom withdrew four months later.^[62][63] Crossrail issuedinvitations to negotiate to the remaining bidders in March 2012, with submission of tenders expected between June and August.^[63] It was stipulated that bidders should offer a fleet based on technology that was "already developed", with the expectation that an "evolutionary, not revolutionary" product would help to ensure "value for money" and "[the] utmost reliability from day one".^[62][63] Siemens withdrew their rolling stock bid in July 2013, citing an increase in other business and a need to protect their "ability to deliver ... current customer commitments", which included the £1.6 billionClass 700 order forThameslink. Their contract to supply Crossrail's signalling and control systems was unaffected.^[64]

In December 2013, theEuropean Investment Bank (EIB) agreed to provide TfL loans of up to £500 million to fund the rolling stock procurement, following TfL's decision in March of that year to abandon plans to cover most of the cost with private financing.^[65]

TfL and the DfT announced in early February 2014 that Bombardier's bid had been successful. The 32-year contract for the supply and maintenance of the trains and depot was valued at £1 billion. It included a firm order for 65 units from Bombardier's newAventra family, plus an option for a further 18.^[4][66] The trains have air-conditioning and are designed to be as accessible as possible, including wide aisles and gangways, dedicated areas forwheelchairs, audio and visual announcements,CCTV, and passenger intercoms connected to the driver for use in the event of emergency.^[67] They will run at up to 90 mph (140 km/h) on certain parts of the route.^[68]

Due to limited platform lengths at both Liverpool Street and Paddington National Rail stations, most Class 345 units were initially delivered as seven-car formations, then later extended to the intended nine.^[69] The first unit entered service on 22 June 2017, between Liverpool Street and Shenfield.^[70][71] TfL exercised an option to acquire a further five units in July 2017, bringing the total number on order to 70.^[72]

A number ofClass 315 units that had been operating with TfL Rail remained in use on Elizabeth line services between Liverpool Street's terminal platforms and Shenfield alongside Class 345 units while the introduction of the new fleet – including the extension to nine-car formations – was completed.^[73] The Class 315 units, which had been built forBritish Rail in 1980–1981, could not be used in the line's core section. The final four were withdrawn from service on 9 December 2022.^[74]

Following the opening of the Elizabeth line, TfL experienced high passenger growth on the line.^[75] TfL noted that extra capacity would be required whenOld Oak Common railway station opens in the 2030s alongside the opening ofHigh Speed 2.^[76] TfL therefore pushed for funding from the DfT for additional trains.^[77] Following this,Alstom (new owners of the original builder Bombardier) was awarded a £370 million contract in June 2024 to build an additional ten Class 345 trains at its factory inDerby. This would increase the number of trains from 70 to 80.^[78]

The Elizabeth line uses25 kV, 50 Hz ACoverhead lines, already in use on theGreat Eastern andGreat Western Main Lines.

The Heathrow branch started using theEuropean Train Control System (ETCS) in 2020. TheAutomatic Warning System (AWS) andTrain Protection & Warning System (TPWS) are used on the Great Western and Great Eastern Main Lines, with possible later upgrades to ETCS.Communications-based train control (CBTC) is installed in the central section and the Abbey Wood branch.^[79][80][81]

The Elizabeth line has depots in west London atOld Oak Common TMD, in south-east London at Plumstead Depot, and in east London atIlford EMU Depot.^[82][83]

In May 2015, commuter services on a section of one of the eastern branches, betweenLiverpool Street and Shenfield, were transferred toTfL Rail; this precursor service also took control ofHeathrow Connect in May 2018, and some local services on the Paddington to Reading line in December 2019. These services were augmented by a new central section in May 2022, and rebranded as the Elizabeth line. The outer services were connected to the central section in November 2022. Since May 2023, the central section has had up to 24 nine-carriageClass 345 trains per hour in each direction.

Upon opening, the line ran as three physically separate services: between Reading or Heathrow Airport and Paddington in the west; from Paddington via Liverpool Street to Abbey Wood in the centre; and between Liverpool Street and Shenfield in the east. To connect between services,a walk between the separate stations at Paddington or Liverpool Street was required. Operating hours were limited, as well as the service running Monday to Saturday only - allowing for further testing and software updates to take place.^[84] When through-running began in November 2022, there were two main service groups, overlapping through the core section: from Reading or Heathrow Airport to Abbey Wood; and from Paddington to Shenfield.

As of December 2024, the off-peak weekday service is as follows:^[85]

Some early morning and late night services run intoPaddington mainline terminus instead of going through central London. Likewise, some early, peak-direction, and late trains run betweenLiverpool Street mainline terminus and Gidea Park, bypassing Whitechapel.

The Elizabeth line is currently operated byGTS Rail Operations, a train operating company owned byGo-Ahead Group,Tokyo Metro andSumitomo Corporation.^[7] GTS took over operations fromMTR Elizabeth line,^[87] the line's first operator, whose contract with TfL expired in May 2025. Following a model similar to that used for the Docklands Light Railway andLondon Overground, TfL invited tenders for operation of the Elizabeth line. Unlike other National Rail operators under the franchise control of the DfT, TfL sets fares, procures rolling stock and decides service levels. The operator takes only a small element of revenue risk, with TfL taking 90% and the operator 10%.

In June 2013,TfL announced thatArriva,MTR Corporation,Keolis /Go-Ahead Group andNational Express had been shortlisted to bid for the concession to operate Crossrail, which was under construction.^[88][89] Prior to the opening of the central section, the concessionaire would operate the existing railway services using theTfL Rail brand. In July 2014, TfL awarded the contract to MTR Corporation, for a duration of eight years with an option to extend by an additional two years.^[90][91]

On 16 February 2024, TfL shortlisted four bidders – Arriva, aFirstGroup /Keolis joint venture, MTR Corporation andGTS Rail Operations (a consortium comprisingGo-Ahead Group,Tokyo Metro andSumitomo Corporation) – to operate the line from May 2025.^[92] In November 2024, GTS Rail Operations was chosen to operate the line from May 2025 for seven years with an optional two-year extension.^[93][94][95]

Ticketing is integrated with the other London transport systems, butOyster pay as you go is not accepted on the western section betweenWest Drayton (the limit ofLondon fare zone 6) and Reading, with only contactless cards valid there. The concessionary travelFreedom Pass is valid for the whole length of the route, including stations outside London.^[96][97] The Elizabeth line is integrated with the London Underground, the wider TfL network and the National Rail networks; it is also included on the standardTube map.^[98]

Journeys to or fromHeathrow Airport are priced at a premium due to using the rail tunnel between the airport andHayes & Harlington. That stretch of line is not part of theNetwork Rail system but owned byHeathrow Airport Holdings, who charge TfL an additional fee for each train that uses it. This fare is priced approximately halfway between the more expensiveHeathrow Express and the standard Zone 6 fare charged on the Underground. Heathrow is nevertheless included within theTravelcard scheme and daily/weekly fare capping as fare zone 6 stations.^[99]

Before theCOVID-19 pandemic, the Elizabeth line was predicted to carry over 200 million passengers annually immediately after opening;^[100] this was expected to relieve pressure on London Underground's lines, especially theCentral line.^[101]Farringdon is expected to become one of the busiest stations in the UK, due to it being the key interchange station withThameslink services.^[102] In a business plan for the line published in January 2020, TfL predicted total annual revenues from the line of nearly £500 million per year in 2022/23 (its first full year of operation) and over £1 billion per year in 2024/25.^[100] By the time the line opened, TfL had reduced their passenger forecasts because passenger travelling habits changed during the pandemic; the estimate was between 130 and 170 million passengers by 2026.^[103] However, the Elizabeth line carried 62.2 million passengers in the last quarter of 2022 alone. That was one-sixth of the UK's total rail journeys, and double the number the line carried during the same period one year earlier.^[104] TFL later stated the line had carried over 150 million passengers in its first year of operation.^[105] By its second anniversary, more than 350 million trips had been made on the line, and it carried a seventh of all rail trips in the UK.^[106]

In the fiscal year ending March 2025, the line carried 243 million passengers,^[2]an increase of 10% on the previous year.

A new station has been proposed to serveLondon City Airport, and extensions have been put forward toEbbsfleet in the south east,Milton Keynes in the north west,Staines in the south west, andSouthend Airport in the east.

TfL has introduced high-speed 4G and 5G mobile coverage in the first tunnelled section of the Elizabeth line between Liverpool Street and Paddington. This initiative, part of a broader plan to extend coverage across the entire Tube and London Overground network, aims to improve connectivity.^[107]

In 2024, the Elizabeth line won theRIBA London Building of the Year award,^[108] and won theStirling Prize for the same year.^[109]Muyiwa Oki, RIBA president and chair of judges, said the Elizabeth line was "a triumph in architect-led collaboration" that transformed "the typical commuter chaos . . . into an effortless experience".^[109]

• Crossrail 2 – second proposed Crossrail route providing a new north–south rail link acrossGreater London
• Thameslink - north–south route through London connecting locations across south east England
• The Fifteen Billion Pound Railway, a documentary about the Elizabeth line's construction and commissioning
• Transport in London
• Réseau Express Régional
• Naniwasuji Line, planned north-south rail link in Osaka

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