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Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt

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Group of rulers in ancient Egypt

11th Dynasty of Egypt

c. 2040 BC–c. 1991 BC

Paintedosiride sandstone seatedKa statue of king Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II, on display at theEgyptian Museum, Cairo

Capital

Thebes

Common languages

Egyptian

Religion

ancient Egyptian religion

Government

• c. 2040–c. 2009 BC

• c. 1997–c. 1991 BC

• c. 2009 – c. 1997 BC

Historical era

• Established

• Disestablished

Preceded by

Succeeded by

	8th Dynasty of Egypt
	10th Dynasty of Egypt

12th Dynasty of Egypt

Periods anddynasties ofancient Egypt

All years areBC and AD

Predynastic

Dynasty 0 (Naqada III)

c. 3300–3150 BC

Early Dynastic

First Dynasty	I	c. 3150–2890 BC
Second Dynasty	II	2890–2686 BC

Old Kingdom

Third Dynasty	III	2686–2613 BC
Fourth Dynasty	IV	2613–2498 BC
Fifth Dynasty	V	2498–2345 BC
Sixth Dynasty	VI	2345–2181 BC

First Intermediate

Seventh Dynasty	VII	spurious
Eighth Dynasty	VIII	2181–2160 BC
Ninth Dynasty	IX	2160–2130 BC
Tenth Dynasty	X	2130–2040 BC
EarlyEleventh Dynasty	XI	2134–2061 BC

Middle Kingdom

LateEleventh Dynasty	XI	2061–1991 BC
Twelfth Dynasty	XII	1991–1803 BC
Thirteenth Dynasty	XIII	1803–1649 BC

Second Intermediate

Fourteenth Dynasty	XIV	1705–1690 BC
Fifteenth Dynasty (Hyksos)	XV	1674–1535 BC
Sixteenth Dynasty	XVI	1660–1600 BC
Abydos Dynasty		1650–1600 BC
Seventeenth Dynasty	XVII	1580–1549 BC

New Kingdom

Eighteenth Dynasty	XVIII	1549–1292 BC
Nineteenth Dynasty	XIX	1292–1189 BC
Twentieth Dynasty	XX	1189–1077 BC

Third Intermediate

Twenty-first Dynasty	XXI	1069–945 BC
Twenty-second Dynasty	XXII	945–720 BC
Twenty-third Dynasty	XXIII	837–728 BC
Twenty-fourth Dynasty	XXIV	732–720 BC
Twenty-fifth Dynasty (Kushite)	XXV	732–653 BC

Late Period

Twenty-sixth Dynasty	XXVI	672–525 BC
Twenty-seventh Dynasty (1st Persian Period)	XXVII	525–404 BC
Twenty-eighth Dynasty	XXVIII	404–398 BC
Twenty-ninth Dynasty	XXIX	398–380 BC
Thirtieth Dynasty	XXX	380–343 BC
Thirty-first Dynasty (2nd Persian Period)	XXXI	343–332 BC

Hellenistic Egypt

Thirty-second Dynasty (Argead)	XXXII	332–305 BC
Thirty-third Dynasty (Ptolemaic Kingdom)	XXXIII	305–30 BC

Roman Egypt

Thirty-fourth Dynasty
(Roman Pharaohs)

XXXIV

30 BC–313 AD

See also:List of pharaohs by period and dynasty
Periodization of ancient Egypt

The11th Dynasty ofancient Egypt (notatedDynasty XI;c. 2150 BC – c. 1991 BC) is a well-attested group of rulers. Its earlier members before King Mentuhotep II are grouped with the four precedingdynasties to form theFirst Intermediate Period, whereas the later members are considered part of theMiddle Kingdom. They all ruled fromThebes in Upper Egypt.

Characteristics

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The relative chronology of the 11th Dynasty is well established by contemporary attestations and, except for count Intef and Mentuhotep IV, by theTurin canon.^[1]

Manetho's statement that the 11th Dynasty consisted of 16 kings, who reigned for 43 years is contradicted by contemporary inscriptions and the evidence of theTurin King List, whose combined testimony establishes that this kingdom consisted of seven kings who ruled for a total of 143 years.^[2] However, his testimony that this dynasty was based atThebes is verified by the contemporary evidence. It was during this dynasty that all ofancient Egypt was united under theMiddle Kingdom.

This dynasty traces its origins to anomarch of Thebes, "Intef the Great, son of Iku",^[1] who is mentioned in a number of contemporary inscriptions. However, his immediate successorMentuhotep I is considered the first king of this dynasty.

An inscription carved during the reign of WahankhIntef II shows that he was the first of this dynasty to claim to rule over the whole of Egypt, a claim which brought the Thebans into conflict with the10th-Dynasty rulers ofHerakleopolis Magna. Intef undertook several campaigns northwards, and captured the important nome ofAbydos.

Warfare continued intermittently between the Theban and Heracleapolitan dynasts until shortly before the 39thregnal year of NebhepetreMentuhotep II, when the Herakleopolitans were defeated, and this dynasty could begin to consolidate their rule. The rulers of the 11th Dynasty reasserted Egypt's influence over her neighbors inAfrica and the Near East. Mentuhotep II sent renewed expeditions toPhoenicia to obtaincedar. SankhkareMentuhotep III sent an expedition fromCoptos south to theland of Punt.

The reign of its last king, and thus the end of this dynasty, is something of a mystery. Contemporary records refer to "seven empty years" following the death of Mentuhotep III, which correspond to the reign of NebtawyreMentuhotep IV. Modern scholars identify hisvizier Amenemhat withAmenemhat I, the first king of12th Dynasty, as part of a theory that Amenemhat became king as part of a palace coup. The only certain details of Mentuhotep's reign was that two remarkable omens were witnessed at the quarry ofWadi Hammamat by the vizier Amenemhat. Nobody knows for certain howAmenemhat I rose to power and became the next king.

Rulers of the 11th Dynasty

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Initially the rulers of the 11th Dynasty were only Nomarchs but starting during the reign of Intef I they declared themselves pharaohs

**Nomarchs of Dynasty XI**
Nomarchs	Reign	Burial	Consort(s)	Comments
Intef the Elder	c. 2150 BC	Dra' Abu el-Naga, Thebes		First ruler of Dynasty XI
Mentuhotep I	c. 2134 BC – ?	Dra' Abu el-Naga?	Neferu I	Considered Pharaoh by later members of the Eleventh Dynasty and posthumously given the Horus nameTepy-a, meaning "the ancestor"
Intef I	? – c. 2118 BC	El-Tarif, Thebes		Possible Son of Mentuhotep I, later became pharaoh

**Dynasty 11 Monarchs of South Egypt**
Pharaoh	Horus name	Reign	Burial	Consort(s)	Comments
Intef I	Sehertawy	? – c. 2118 BC	El-Tarif, Thebes		Possible Son of Mentuhotep I
Intef II	Wahankh	c. 2118 – c. 2069 BC	El-Tarif, Thebes	Neferukayet?	Brother of Intef I
Intef III	Nakhtnebtepnefer	c. 2069 – c. 2060 BC	El-Tarif, Thebes	Iah	Son of Intef II
NebhepetreMentuhotep II	Seankhibtawy (originally) Netjerihedjet (later, pre-reunification); Sematawy (later, post-reunification)	c. 2060 – c. 2040 BC	Deir el-Bahari	Tem Neferu II Kawit Henhenet Ashayet Kemsit Sadeh

**Dynasty 11 Monarchs of Egypt**
Name	Reign	Consort(s)	Lifespan
Mentuhotep II	c. 2040 - c. 2009 BC	Tem Neferu II Kawit Henhenet Ashayet Kemsit Sadeh	Died c. 2009 BC
Mentuhotep III	c. 2009 – c. 1997 BC		Died c. 1997 BC
Mentuhotep IV	c. 1997 – c. 1991 BC		Died c. 1991 BC

Abydos King List, Royal cartouches 57 through 61

11th Dynasty model of Egyptian soldiers from the tomb of Mesehti

11th Dynasty model of Nubian archers from a tomb in Asyut

Comparison of regnal lists

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KingsMentuhotep II andMentuhotep III are the most commonly included kings of this dynasty to appear on Egyptian king lists, while their successorMentuhotep IV was often ignored. TheKarnak King List provides the most complete surviving list of names for the eleventh dynasty, beginning with the nomarchIntef the Elder, whose name is the only one on this list that does not have acartouche because he never reigned as Pharaoh, and ending with Mentuhotep IV, one of the few lists to include him. Several names are lost and damaged, but can still be reconstructed.

TheTurin King List begins this dynasty withMentuhotep I and provides reign lengths for individual kings, however it is in a fragmentary state and some information is now lost. Mentuhotep IV is not mentioned at all, but the list does note "alacuna of 7 years" following Mentuhotep III.^[3]

Historical Nomarch or Pharaoh	Karnak King List	Abydos King List	Saqqara Tablet	Turin King List^[3]	Turin Reign Lengths^[3]
Intef the Elder	Intef	–	–	–	–
Mentuhotep I	Men[tuhotep]	–	–	Name lost	Lost
Intef I	In[tef]	–	–	Name lost	Lost
Intef II	Intef	–	–	[I]n[tef]	49 years
Intef III	Name lost	–	–	Name lost	8 years
Mentuhotep II	Nebhepetre	Nebhepetre	Nebhepetre	Nebhapetre	51 years
Mentuhotep III	Seneferkare	Sankhkare	Seankhkare	Sankhka(re)	12 years
Mentuhotep IV	[Nebtawy]re	–	–	Omitted	7 years

Notes

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^^a ^bSchneider, Thomas (2006-12-30). Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David A. (eds.).Ancient Egyptian Chronology. BRILL. pp. 160–161.ISBN 9789047404002. (mirror)
^Beckerath, J. V. (1962). "The Date of the End of the Old Kingdom of Egypt".Journal of Near Eastern Studies.21 (2):140–147.doi:10.1086/371680.S2CID 161488411.
^^a ^b ^cLundström, Peter."Turin King List: column 6".Pharaoh.se. Retrieved2025-09-11.

External links

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Media related to11th dynasty of Egypt at Wikimedia Commons

Preceded by

10th Dynasty

Dynasty of Egypt
c. 2040 BC −c. 1991 BC

Succeeded by

12th Dynasty

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