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Anelectric piano is amusical instrument that has apiano-stylemusical keyboard, where sound is produced by means of mechanical hammers striking metal strings or reeds or wire tines, which leads to vibrations which are then converted into electrical signals bypickups (either magnetic, electrostatic, or piezoelectric). The pickups are connected to aninstrument amplifier andloudspeaker to reinforce the sound sufficiently for the performer and audience to hear. Unlike asynthesizer, the electric piano is not anelectronic instrument. Instead, it is an electro-mechanical instrument. Some early electric pianos used lengths of wire to produce the tone, like a traditional piano. Smaller electric pianos used short slivers of steel to produce the tone (alamellophone with a keyboard and pickups). The earliest electric pianos were invented in the late 1920s; the 1929Neo-Bechsteinelectric grand piano was among the first. Probably the earliest stringless model wasLloyd Loar'sVivi-Tone Clavier. A few other noteworthy producers of electric pianos include Baldwin Piano and Organ Company, and the Wurlitzer Company.
Early electric piano recordings includeDuke Ellington's in 1955 andSun Ra'sIndia as well as other tracks from the 1956 sessions included on his second albumSuper Sonic Jazz (a.k.a.Super Sonic Sounds). The popularity of the electric piano began to grow in the late 1950s afterRay Charles's 1959 hit record "What'd I Say", reaching its height during the 1970s, after which they were progressively displaced by more lightweightelectronic pianos capable of piano-like sounds without the disadvantages of electric pianos' heavy weight andmoving mechanical parts. Another factor driving their development and acceptance was the progressive electrification of popular music and the need for a portable keyboard instrument capable of high-volume amplification. Musicians adopted a number of types of domestic electric pianos for rock and pop use. This encouraged their manufacturers to modify them for stage use and then develop models primarily intended for stage use.
Digital pianos that provide an emulated electric piano sound have largely supplanted the actual electro-mechanical instruments in the 2010s, due to the small size, light weight, and versatility of digital instruments, which can produce a huge range of tones besides piano tones (e.g., emulations ofHammond organ sounds,synthesizer sounds, etc.). However, some performers still perform and record with vintage electric pianos. In 2009,Rhodes produced a new line of electro-mechanical pianos, known as the Rhodes Mark 7, followed by an offering fromVintage Vibe.[1]
TheNeo-Bechstein electric piano was built in 1931.[9] The Vierlang-Forster electric piano was introduced in 1937. The RCA Storytone electric piano was built in 1939 in a joint venture between Story & Clark and RCA. The case was designed byJohn Vassos, the American industrial designer. It debuted at the 1939 World's Fair.[8] The piano has normal strings and hammer action but no soundboard. The sound is amplified through electromagnetic pickups, circuitry and a speaker system, making it the world's first commercially available electric piano.
Many types were initially designed as a less-expensive alternative to an acoustic piano for home or school use. Some electric pianos were designed with multiple keyboards that could be connected for use in school or college piano labs, so that teachers could simultaneously instruct a group of students using headphones.
The term "electric piano" can refer to several different instruments which vary in their sound-producing mechanisms and consequent timbral characters.
Yamaha,Baldwin,Helpinstill andKawai's electric pianos are actual grand or upright pianos with strings and hammers. The Helpinstill models have a traditional soundboard; the others have none, and are more akin to a solid-bodyelectric guitar.
On Yamaha's pianos, such as theCP-70, the vibration of the strings is converted to anelectrical signal bypiezoelectric pickups under the bridge.[10] Helpinstill's instruments use a set ofelectromagnetic pickups attached to the instrument's frame. All these instruments have a tonal character similar to that of an acoustic piano.
Wurlitzer electronic pianos (sometimes called "Wurli" as a nickname)[11] use flat steel reeds struck by felt hammers. The reeds fit within a comb-like metal plate, and the reeds and plate together form an electrostatic or capacitivepickup system.[12] This system produces a very distinctive tone – sweet andvibraphone-like when played gently, and developing a hollow resonance as the keys are played harder.[citation needed] The reeds are tuned by adding or removing mass from a lump of solder at the free end of the reed. Replacement reeds are furnished with a slight excess of solder, and thus tuned "flat"; the user is required – by repeated trial and error – to gradually file off the excess solder until the correct tuning is achieved.[13] The Columbia Elepian (also branded as Maestro), the Brazilian-made Valente, and theHohner Electra-Piano use a reed system similar to the Wurlitzer but with electromagnetic pickups similar to theRhodes piano.
In 2015, Brazilian inventor Tiago Valente created the first prototype of the Valente Electric Piano, an electromechanical instrument where the hammers strike reeds, similar to the ones used in a Wurlitzer.[14] In 2020, the Valente Electric Piano was launched commercially; at the time of launch, Valente said that he took inspiration from the Suette Piano, another reed electric piano that was made in Brazil in the 1980s.[15]
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Thetuning fork here refers to the struck element having two vibrating parts. InFender Rhodes instruments, the struck portion of the "fork" is atine of stiff steel wire. The other part of the fork, parallel and adjacent to the tine, is the tonebar, a sturdy steel bar which acts as a resonator and adds sustain to the sound. The tine is fitted with a spring which can be moved along its length to allow the pitch to be varied forfine-tuning.[16] The tine is struck by the smallneoprene (originally felt) tip of a hammer activated by a greatly simplified piano action (each key has only threemoving parts including the damper). Each tine has an electromagnetic pickup placed just beyond its tip (see alsotonewheel). The Rhodes piano has a distinctive bell-like tone, fuller than the Wurlitzer, with longer sustain and with a "growl" when played hard.
TheHohner Pianet uses adhesive pads made from an undressed leather surface cushioned by afoam rubber backing.[17] The leather is saturated with a viscous silicone oil to adhere to and pluck metal reeds. When the key is released, the pad acts as a damper. An electrostatic pickup system similar to Wurlitzer's is used. The tone produced resembles that of the Wurlitzer but brighter and with less sustain, largely owing to the design having no sustain pedal mechanism. The same firm's "Cembalet" uses rubber plectra and separate urethane foam dampers but is otherwise almost identical.
Hohner's later "Pianet T" usessilicone rubber suction pads rather than adhesive pads and replaces the electrostatic system with passive electromagnetic pickups similar to those of the Rhodes.[18] The Pianet T has a far mellower sound not unlike that of the Rhodes instruments. None of the above instruments have the facility for asustain pedal.
A close copy of the Cembalet is the "Weltmeister Claviset", also marketed as the "Selmer Pianotron". This has electromagnetic pickups with a battery-powered preamplifier, and later models have multiple tone filters and a sustain pedal.
Although not technically pianos, the following are electric harpsichords and clavichords.
Baldwin's "Solid-Body Electric Harpsichord" or "Combo Harpsichord" is an aluminum-framed instrument of fairly traditional form, with no soundboard and with two sets of electromagnetic pickups, one near the plectra and the other at the strings' midpoint. The instrument's sound has something of the character of an electric guitar, and has occasionally been used to stand in for one in modernchamber music.Roger Penney ofBermuda Triangle Band worked on the design and development of the original instrument for the Cannon Guild Company, a premierharpsichord maker located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This instrument had an aluminium bar frame, a spruce wood soundboard, bar magnetic pickups, and aPlexiglas (clear plastic) openable lid. The prototypes and design were sold to Baldwin who made some modifications, and then manufactured the instrument under their own name.
Hohner's "Clavinet" is essentially an electricclavichord. A rubber pad under each key presses the string onto a metal anvil, causing the "fretted" portion of the string to vibrate. This is detected by a series of pickups, which convert them into an electrical signal.[19]
The first electric piano, the Storytone, was built in 1939 in a joint venture between Story & Clark and RCA....The company went on to develop the first electric piano in partnership with RCA in 1939 and today they continue the tradition with PNOscan.
theRCA Storytone piano was built in1939 in a joint venture betweenStory & Clark andRCA. The case was designed byJohn Vassos, the famous American industrial designer. This piano is one of only 150 made and comes with its original bench. It is the world's firstelectric piano, and it debuted at the1939 World's Fair, ... The piano has normal strings and action but no soundboard – the sound is amplified through electromagnetic pickups, circuitry and a speaker system, making it the world's first commercial electric piano.
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