Elaine de Kooning | |
|---|---|
 Elaine de Kooningc. 1974 | |
| Born | Elaine Marie Catherine Fried (1918-03-12)March 12, 1918[1] Brooklyn, New York |
| Died | (1989-02-01)February 1, 1989 (aged 70) Southampton, New York |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | Painting |
| Movement | New York Figurative Expressionism,Abstract Expressionism |
| Spouse | |
Elaine Marie Catherine de Kooning (/dəˈkuːnɪŋ/dəKOO-ning,[2]Dutch:[dəˈkoːnɪŋ];née Fried; March 12, 1918[1] – February 1, 1989[3]) was anAbstract Expressionist andFigurative Expressionistpainter in thepost-World War II era. She wrote extensively on the art of the period[4] and was an editorial associate forArt News magazine.[5]
Elaine de Kooning was born Elaine Marie Catherine Fried in 1918 inFlatbush,New York.[6] Later in life she told people she was born in 1920. Her parents were Mary Ellen O'Brien, an Irish Catholic, and Charles Frank Fried, a Protestant of Jewish descent.[7][8] Her father Charles was a plant manager for the Bond Bread Company.
Elaine was the eldest of four children; Marjorie (Luyckx), Conrad, and Peter were her siblings.[9] Her mother, despite being recalled as less loving and attentive than some parents by Elaine's younger sister, supported her eldest's artistic endeavors.[6]
Elaine's mother started taking Elaine tomuseums at the age of five and taught her to draw what she saw. Elaine's childhood room was decorated with painting reproductions.[8] Her mother was committed to theCreedmoor Psychiatric Center for a year during Elaine's childhood after a neighbor reported her for neglect of her children.[6]
In grade school, Elaine began drawing and selling portraits of children attending her school.[8] She was interested in and did well at sports as well as art.[8] Elaine studied atErasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn. After graduating fromHigh School, she briefly studied math atHunter College in New York City, where she befriended a group ofabstract andSocial Realistpainters. In 1937, she attended theLeonardo da Vinci Art School and went on to study at theAmerican Artists School, both in New York City. While attending school, Elaine made money working as an art school model.[8]
In the fall of 1938 her teacher Robert Jonas introduced her toWillem de Kooning at a Manhattancafeteria when she was 20 and he 34.[10] Elaine had admired his artwork before meeting him. After meeting, Willem began to instruct her in drawing and painting. They painted in his loft at 143 West21st Street, and he was known for his harsh criticism of her work, "sternly requiring that she draw and redraw a figure or still life and insisting on fine, accurate, clear linear definition supported by precisely modulated shading."[11] He even destroyed many of her drawings, but this "impelled Elaine to strive for both precision and grace in her work".[11] When they married on December 9, 1943, she moved into his loft and they continued sharing studio spaces.[11]
The couple had what was later called anopen marriage; they both were casual about sex and about each other's affairs. Elaine had affairs with men who helped further Willem's career, such asHarold Rosenberg, a renowned art critic; Thomas B. Hess, a writer about art andmanaging editor forARTnews; and Charles Egan, owner of theCharles Egan Gallery. Willem had a daughter, Lisa de Kooning, in 1956, as a result of his affair with Joan Ward[who?].[11]
Elaine and Willem both struggled withalcoholism, which eventually led to their separation in 1957.[11] While separated, Elaine remained in New York, struggling withpoverty, and Willem moved to Long Island and dealt with depression. Despite struggling with alcoholism, they both continued painting. Although separated for nearly twenty years, they never divorced, ultimately reuniting in 1976.[11]
Elaine de Kooning was an accomplished landscape and portrait artist active in the Abstract Expressionist movement of the mid-twentieth century. She was a member of the Eighth Street Club (the Club) in New York City.[8] The Club functioned as a space to discuss ideas. Among this group of artists were Willem de Kooning, Jimmy Rosati, Giorgio Spaventi,Milton Resnick,Pat Passlof,Earl Kerkam, Ludwig Sander,Angelo Ippolito,Franz Kline,Clyfford Still, andHans Hofmann. A membership position for a woman was rare at that time.
Elaine promoted Willem's work throughout their relationship. Along with her own work as a painter, she was committed to gaining recognition for her husband's work. Though she was very serious about her own work, she was well-aware that it was often overshadowed by her husband's fame. After showing their work in their 1951 exhibition at theSidney Janis Gallery,Artists: Man and Wife, which also includedJackson Pollock andLee Krasner,Ben Nicholson andBarbara Hepworth, andJean Arp andSophie Taeuber-Arp, Elaine said, "It seemed like a good idea at the time, but later I came to think that it was a bit of a put-down of the women. There was something about the show that sort ofattached women-wives- to thereal artists".[11] Despite this effect on her own career, Elaine continued to promote her husband.
In 1952 she spent the summer atArt dealerLeo Castelli's house atThe Hamptons with Willem de Kooning.[12]
In April 1954 Elaine presented her first Solo exhibition at theStable Gallery (she sometimes declared it was in 1952 but the gallery was founded in 1953)[10][12]
Women were often marginalized in the Abstract Expressionist movement, functioning as objects and accessories to confirm the masculinity of their male counterparts.[13] For that reason, she chose to sign her artworks with her initials rather than her full name, to avoid her paintings' being labeled as feminine in a traditionally masculine movement, and to not be confused with her husband Willem de Kooning.
Elaine and Willem were also part of theNew York School scene, which included Jackson Pollock.[14]
Elaine de Kooning was an important writer and teacher of art. She began working at the magazineARTnews in 1948, and wrote articles about major figures in the art world. She wrote about one hundred articles forArt News magazine.[15] Elaine de Kooning was the first American artist in the 1950s to take on the role of artists' critic.[15] "As an writer, she wrote about culture, art, and new ideas to her generation of artists and readers."[15] Although Elaine was a successful writer, she considered herself a "painter by nature."[15] Elaine de Kooning's art and writing were all devoted to art and humanity.[15]
Over the course of her life, she held teaching posts at many institutions of higher education. In 1957, after Elaine and Willem de Kooning separated, she took on a series of short-term teaching jobs to support herself. She taught at theUniversity of New Mexico in Albuquerque; the University of California in Davis; atCarnegie Mellon, atSouthampton College on Long Island; at theCooper Union andPratt Institute in New York; atYale; atRISD in Rhode Island; Bard College;[16] theUniversity of Georgia and theNew York Studio School in Paris.[8] Between 1976 and 1978, she served as the first Lamar Dodd Visiting Professor of Art at the University of Georgia (UGA) in Athens. In 1985 she was elected into theNational Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full academician in 1988.
In 2016 de Kooning was one of twelve female artists featured in the "Women of Abstract Expressionism" exhibition organized by the Denver Art Museum.[17] The purpose of this show was to highlight the unique talents and perspectives of female artists who, as was previously noted, were often dismissed or overshadowed by their male counterparts. The show later traveled to theMint Museum and thePalm Springs Art Museum.[18]
A painting to me is primarily a verb, not a noun, an event first and only secondarily an image.[19]
"For Elaine, everything was always new, never resolved, always being unmade and made, as if it had never been made before. She did not accumulate experience and learn what to expect ... Life was a constant surprise."[15] Being the wife of the famous painter Willem de Kooning, she did not receive real recognition for her own achievement until a few years before she died. Her works are in the collections of theMuseum of Modern Art,The Metropolitan Museum Of Art, and theSolomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York.
Elaine de Kooning made both abstract and figurative paintings and drawings of still life, cityscapes, and portraits. Her work was influenced by the artists Willem de Kooning andArshile Gorky, artists who worked abstractly and also in a figurative way. Her earlier work comprised watercolors and still lifes, including fifty watercolor sketches inspired by a statue in the Luxembourg Gardens in Paris. Later in her career, her work fused abstraction with mythology, primitive imagery, and realism. Her gestural style of portraiture is often noted, although her work was mostly figurative and representational, and rarely purely abstract. She produced a diverse body of work over the course of her lifetime, including sculpture, etchings, and work inspired by cave drawings, all in addition to her many paintings. Her work presents a combination between painting and drawing, surface and contour, stroke and line, color and light, transparency and opacity.
When asked about her style she said, "I'm more interested in character than style. Character comes out of the work. Style is applied or imposed on the work. Style can be a prison.[20]
In the summer of 1948, Elaine and Willem de Kooning spent a summer at Black Mountain College near Asheville, North Carolina. Elaine studied under Josef Albers, R. Buckminster Fuller and Merce Cunningham.[21] A regular participant in theatrical performances, Elaine was very involved in the college's social life.[22]
A large portion of Elaine de Kooning's work was in portraiture. In addition to painting many self-portraits throughout the course of her life, her subjects were often fellow artists—usually men—including poetsFrank O'Hara, John Ashbery, andAllen Ginsberg;writer Donald Barthelme; art criticHarold Rosenberg; Thomas B. Hess, managing editor of Artnews; choreographerMerce Cunningham; legendary art dealer Leo Castelli; innovative jazz musician Ornette Coleman; the famous Brazilian soccer star Pele; and paintersJoop Sanders,Fairfield Porter, Alex Katz and her husband, Willem de Kooning. Although she worked in a gestural Abstract Expressionist mode, she never abandoned working with the figure ensuring the person's likeness.[23]
In 1944, Elaine met 22 year-old Dutch artistJoop Sanders at aVirgil Thomson concert. They agreed to pose for each other and that began a years-long collaboration that produced dozens of portraits. Elaine called hers the "Joop Paintings". After spending a day drawing Sanders, she would work for a week turning the drawings into a painting. In the process, Elaine said she became "hooked" on portraits, through which she melded those aspects she found most intriguing in her subject with elements of herself, according to Mary Gabriel's "Ninth Street Women" (page 138)[12]
Elaine employed a wide range of virtuosic drawing and painting techniques: finely detailed pencil drawings and more free ink drawings, crosshatching, erasure, stumping, and improvisational graphic lines, thin paint and impasto, “thin, dripping washes of bold color…” with many media: pencil, ink, charcoal, gouache, collage, mixed media, oil on paper, canvas and masonite.[24]
'She achieves a sense of distinguishing facial features and captures each subject's presence with sharp, jagged strokes of paint… A drawing of [her brother] Conrad from 1951 presents [his] head and shoulders against a dark background, with a combination of careful lines and darker strokes defining a contemplative figure with great subtlety.”[25]
In regard to her portraiture, Elaine de Kooning wrote, "when I painted my seated men, I saw them as gyroscopes. Portraiture always fascinated me because I love the particular gesture of a particular expression or stance ... Working on the figure, I wanted paint to sweep through as feelings sweep through ..." She studied each person "to find the characteristic pose that would define them."[8] Elaine de Kooning made portraits of men in her life, such as her husbandWillem de Kooning and gallery ownerCharles Egan, with whom she had an affair while he was representing her husband Willem de Kooning.[26] A great example of this is the series of studies and finished portraits ofPresident John F. Kennedy, which was the most important commission in her career. De Kooning also did a series of men with children, and a series of women after she resumed painting a year after John F. Kennedy's death.
In the fall of 1958, until late spring of 1959 Elaine got a teaching appointment as visiting professor at theUniversity of New Mexico. This gave her the opportunity to immerse herself in the characteristic color and space of the Southwestern landscape. She visited Juarez, Mexico where she attended many bullfights. She created a series of painting inspired by the theme with bold and bright colors.[20][27][28] She wrote that "the cottonwood trees and aspens had turned an overwhelming gold" and that "New England mountains are so well planted, but the New Mexico mountains seems to move toward you".[10] During her stay she travelled to Santa Fe and visited Georgia O Keeffe. She described her as a "grand old gal" who "looks like a monk and was very witty in a dry sort of way".[10]
She started to experiment with acrylic paint during that period. She made connections with students such asWilliam Conger and became friends with artistsJoan Oppenheimer, Connie Fox orMargaret Randall.[10] She also got involved withRobert Mallary, a fellow instructor.[10]
The Bacchus series of paintings and watercolors that Elaine de Kooning generated over seven years began in 1976. She was captivated by a 19th-century sculpture of the Roman god Bacchus, which she saw in the Luxembourg Gardens in Paris. She particularly admired the sculpture’s twisting, dynamic form, which portrays the commotion created by the drunken god and his equally inebriated attendants. It was the first time she ever used acrylic paint.[29][30]
In 1983 Elaine visited thePaleolithiccave paintings ofLascaux in France and Altamira in Spain and produced a series of paintings titledCave Walls. InPaleolithic art she found the roots of Abstract Expressionism, since they have the same improvisational processes and spontaneous technique. In other words, "she found Paleolithic art close in spirit to twentieth-century art."[15]
In 1985 when Elaine de Kooning visited the cave in the Spanish Pyrenees, she realized that the geological formations and textures of the cave wall were the same as her ground of flying color, drips, washes, and strokes, animal forms and drawing rising out of its contours; giving her the affirmation to her own way of working. These series of paintings were shown at theFischbach Gallery in November 1988, three months before her death.
In 1951 De Kooning was included in the9th Street Art Exhibition.[31]
De Kooning's work has been featured in numerous solo exhibitions as well as in a multitude of group shows in commercial art galleries as well as in major art museums and institutions. The artist's work has received increasing critical acclaim posthumously, resulting in exhibitions such as the major museum show "Elaine De Kooning: Portraits" hosted by theNational Portrait Gallery in 2015 in Washington, DC.[32]
Works by this artist are in the permanent collections of:
De Kooning died on February 1, 1989, inSouthampton, New York,[3] a year after having a lung removed due tolung cancer.[1]
Mary Beth Edelson'sSome Living American Women Artists / Last Supper (1972) appropriatedLeonardo da Vinci’sThe Last Supper, with the heads of notable women artists collaged over the heads of Christ and his apostles. Elaine was among those notable women artists. This image, addressing the role of religious and art historical iconography in the subordination of women, became "one of the most iconic images of thefeminist art movement."[42][43]
In 2015, thePollock-Krasner House and Study Center hosted "Elaine de Kooning Portrayed," an exhibition dedicated to portraits, likenesses, and reflections on de Kooning by other artists, including her husband Willem as well asArshile Gorky,Fairfield Porter,Hedda Sterne,Alex Katz,Robert De Niro, Sr.,Ray Johnson,Joop Sanders,Paul Harris, andEdvins Strautman.
In 2016 de Kooning was included in the exhibitionWomen of Abstract Expressionism at the Denver Art Museum.[44]
In 2017 de Kooning was one of the subjects of the bookNinth Street Women: Lee Krasner, Elaine de Kooning, Grace Hartigan, Joan Mitchell, and Helen Frankenthaler: Five Painters and the Movement That Changed Modern Art by Mary Gabriel.[45]
De Kooning's work was included in the 2021 exhibitionWomen in Abstraction at theCentre Pompidou.[46]
In 2023 her work was included in the exhibitionAction, Gesture, Paint: Women Artists and Global Abstraction 1940-1970 at theWhitechapel Gallery in London.[47]
One of the few residences owned by Elaine de Kooning during her lifetime was astudio at Alewive Brook Road inEast Hampton. The current owners are reportedly developing an artists' residency/alternative exhibition space referred to as "the Elaine de Kooning house."[48]
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