El Puerto de Santa María (Spanish pronunciation:[elˈpweɾtoðeˈsantamaˈɾi.a]), locally known asEl Puerto and historically in English asPort Saint Mary,[2][3] is amunicipality ofSpain located on the banks of theGuadalete River in theprovince of Cádiz,Andalusia. As of 2016[update], the city has a population of c. 88,184, of which some 50,000 live in the urban center, and the remainder in the surrounding areas.
The town of El Puerto de Santa María is located 10 km (6 mi) northeast of Cádiz, across thebay of Cádiz.
The place on which El Puerto is built is identified as a probable location for thePortus Gaditanus [es], a major shipping point for the exports of goods from theBaetica underRoman rule.[4] Likewise, thePortus Gaditanus is in turn identified by some authors with the ancientPortus Menesthei.[5] Both identifications are however not free of controversy.[6] Whatever the case, thePortus Gaditanus was promoted byLucius Cornelius Balbus Minor on a pre-existing pier in the hinterland ofGades at some point after the latter became amunicipium civium Romanorum in the second half of the 1st century BCE in the wake of the supression of the old regime of Punicsuffetes.[7]
From the 10th to the 12th centuries, underIslamic rule, the place hosted a small rural community (alquería) known asal-Qanatir, presumably in reference to some kind of old bridge over theGuadalete.[8] The alqueria (which came to be renamed asSanta María del Puerto) should have been occupied by Castile towards 1255–57 in the context of the preparations for Alfonso X's1260 African crusade in Salé.[9] The partitioning of the territory ensued from 1264 to 1268, and the place was populated by Christian settlers, primarily Basques, Cantabrians, and Castilians, as well as some Catalans.[10] El Puerto soon passed to control of the newly-createdOrder of Saint Mary of Spain.[11] On 16 December 1281, Alfonso X granted El Puerto achartae populationis [es], recognising it asrealengo ('royal demesne') and styling its name asGrand Puerto de Santa María.[12]
Throughout the late middle ages, El Puerto was one of the most importants towns of theKingdom of Seville.[13]
The population should not have reached more than 2,000 people in 15th century.[14]
Christopher Columbus visited El Puerto in 1480 and received encouragement for his travel plans. He also metJuan de la Cosa, who would become his pilot during his first expedition to the Americas, which set sail from El Puerto de Santa María in 1492. Juan de la Cosa drewhis world map (the first including the coast of New World) in El Puerto in 1500.
El Puerto was the residence of several wealthycargadores, merchants who operated Spain's trade with the Americas.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, it was the winter port of the royalgalleys.
In the nineteenth century the city became the General Headquarters for the French Army during thePeninsular War under the reign ofJoseph Bonaparte (1801–1812).[15]
The town is steeped in history, museums and monuments. It is also within easy reach of the historical cities ofSeville andCádiz.
The most important economic activity istourism, mainly because of the beaches, as well as the bullfights held at the arena during the summer. The town also hosts large groups ofmotorcyclists during the JerezMotorcycle Grand Prix. There is commercial development in the center and periphery, and a highly developedwine industry.
Spring Carnival: Cádiz is the home of Carnival with fancy dress and parades in the streets usually ending on the Tuesday 47 days before Easter.
Semana Santa:Holy Week the week that leads up to Easter Sunday is a wonderful time to enjoy the area with its street parades and long lines of penitents and big crowds. In El Puerto de Santa María, there are daily parades from Palm Sunday to Easter Sunday.
Campeonato de España (Motorbikes Races): A weekend fiesta of music and dance in April World Championships of Motorcycling.
Feria del Vino Fino (Spring's fair): El Puerto de Santa María's local week of fiesta, dancing sherry drinking and sevillana dancing this is usually in the middle of May. This is the principal festival is the Feria de Primavera (Spring Fair), held between the fifth and sixth week afterHoly Week. In recent years, it has coincided with May 1.
Romería del Rocio: Festive pilgrimage of up to one million people to the village of Rocio in Almonte, Huelva, usually around the third week of May.
Hogueras de San Juan: Midsummer bonfires and fireworks on the beaches in most areas of Cádiz on 23 June.
Dia de la Virgen del Carmen: One of the most popular Saint of El Puerto de Santa María and all fishermen is the Virgen Del Carmen, and on the 16th of July, her image (statue) is taken from the local Church, carried into the sea on board a fishing boat, and then paraded around the town. A general day of festivities.[16]
Virgen de los Milagros: The saint of the city is La Virgen de los Milagros (Virgin of the Miracles). The festivity is on September the 8th. Her image is taken from the principal church and carried to the street, and then paraded around the town over a carpet of flowers. It is a local day of festivities.
Castle of San Marcos, a fortified church built over the remains of a 10th-century Islamic mosque. It was built by order ofAlfonso X of Castile from 1364, also using parts of an ancient Roman edifice nearby.
Bullfighting is still enjoyed during the Feria season during the month of August, and during theFeria de la Primavera (Spring Fair) in early May. This Feria is dedicated tosherry wine and 180,000 half bottles are drunk in 4 days. There are severalbodegas (wineries) in the town centre, all of which can be visited by the public. The most famous bodegas in El Puerto are Osborne and Terry both of which export sherry and brandy worldwide. In the cellars of El Puerto, the dry, pale sherry known asFino is produced using the traditional method calledsolera. This method produces Fino, the sweet Muscatel,Amontillado and the olderOloroso.
^Ricardo Padrón.The Spacious Word: Cartography, Literature, and Empire in Early Modern Spain. University of Chicago Press, 2004.p. 88.ISBN9780226644332
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