 El Molo woman and baby 1979 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 1,104[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Languages | |
| El Molo •Samburu •Swahili | |
| Religion | |
| Waaq,Christianity | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
|
TheEl Molo, also known asElmolo,Dehes,Fura-Pawa andLdes, are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the northernEastern Province ofKenya. They historically spoke theEl Molo language as a mother tongue, anAfro-Asiatic language of theCushitic branch, and now most El Molo speakSamburu.
The El Molo are believed to have originally migrated down into theTurkana Basin around 1000 BC fromEthiopia in the more northerlyHorn region. Owing to the arid environment in which they entered, they are held to have then abandoned agricultural activities in favor of lakeside fishing.[3]
Historically, the El Molo erected tomb structures in which they placed their dead. A 1962 archaeological survey in theNorthern Frontier District led by Susan Brodribb Pughe[4] observed hieroglyphics on a number of these constructions. They were mainly found near springs or wells of water.[5]
The El Molo today primarily inhabit the northernEastern Province of Kenya. They are concentrated in theMarsabit District on the southeast shore ofLake Turkana, betweenEl Molo bay andMount Kulal.[6][7] In the past, they also dwelled in other parts of the Northern Frontier District.[5]
According to the 2019 Kenya census, there were 1,104 El Molo residents.[1] However, historians have noted that there are few "pure" El Molo left. Most group members are today admixed with adjacentNilotic populations, primarilySamburu, with only a handful of unmixed El Molo believed to exist. Many El Molo speakers have also adopted cultural customs from these communities.[8] In 1994, only eight people reportedly could still speak El Molo.[6]
The El Molo historically spoke theEl Molo language as a native language. It belongs to theCushitic branch of theAfro-Asiatic family.[6]
According toEthnologue, among other sources, the El Molo language is nearly extinct and there may already be no remaining speakers of the idiom. Most group members have now adopted theNilo-Saharan languages of their neighbours.[6]
The El Molo language has no known dialects. It is most similar toDaasanach.[6]
Many El Molo practice a traditional religion centered on the worship ofWaaq/Wakh.[6] In the relatedOromo culture,Waaq denotes the single God of the early pre-Abrahamic,monotheistic faith believed to have been adhered to by Cushitic groups.[9]
Some El Molo have also adoptedChristianity.[6]
In 2024, the population of the El Molo was recorded as at 300. They are based at theLake Turkana basin.[citation needed]
Recent advances in genetic analyses have helped shed some light on theethnogenesis of the El Molo people.Genetic genealogy, a novel tool that uses the genes of modern populations to trace their ethnic and geographic origins, has also helped clarify the possible background of the modern El Molo. The El Molo group are characterized by a low haplotype diversity (0.88), close to that observed in Khoisan hunter-gatherers, and by the non-significance of neutrality tests and the multimodal mismatch distribution indicating small population size and strong genetic drift.[10]
According to anmtDNA study by Castri et al. (2008), the maternal ancestry of the contemporary El Molo consists of a mixture of Afro-Asiatic-associated lineages and Sub-Saharan haplogroups, reflecting substantial female gene flow from neighboring Sub-Saharan populations. A little over 30% of the El Molo belonged to the West Eurasian haplogroupsI (23%) andHV1 (8%). The remaining El Molo samples carried various Sub-Saharanmacro-haplogroup L sub-clades, mainly consisting ofL3* (26%),L0a2 (17%) andL0f (17%).[11]
The El Molo'sautosomalDNA has been examined in a comprehensive study by Tishkoff et al. (2009) on the genetic affiliations of various populations in Africa. According to the researchers, the El Molo showed significant Afro-Asiatic affinities. They also shared some ties with neighboring Nilo-Saharan and Bantu speakers in eastern Africa due to considerable genetic exchanges with these communities over the past 5000 or so years.[12]
