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Ekgmowechashala

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Extinct genus of primates

Ekgmowechashala
Temporal range:30.8–26.3 Ma
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Primates
Infraorder:†Adapiformes
Family:†Ekgmowechashalidae
Genus:†Ekgmowechashala
Macdonald,1963[1]
Type species
†Ekgmowechashala philotau
Species

Ekgmowechashala (Sioux: "little cat man"[1][3]) is an extinct genus ofprimate belonging toAdapiformes.

Description and significance

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With a weight of approximately 5 pounds (2.3 kg),[4] around 1 foot (0.3 m) tall and resembling alemur,[5]Ekgmowechashala is the only known North American primate of its time; it lived during the lateOligocene and earlyMiocene.[5][6][7]

Classification

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The classification of this form has long been problematic.[8] It was variously classified as a member of the extinct familyOmomyidae (related totarsiers) and the similarly extinctPlagiomenidae (related tocolugos), but has been recently reassigned toAdapiformes, the extinct relatives oflemurs and otherstrepsirrhines.[7][9][10][11] Acladistic analysis by Ni et al. (2016) reaffirmed the adapiform placement ofEkgmowechashala by recovering it as sister group toBugtilemur,Gatanthropus, andMuangthanhinius inEkgmowechashalidae.[12] An analysis by Rust et al. (2023) foundEkgmowechashala to be most closely related to the newly describedPalaeohodites naduensis from the late Eocene of China, and erected the subfamilyEkgmowechashalinae to encompass the two genera.[13]

Paleobiology

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The shape of its teeth,[14] and their likeness to those ofraccoons, indicate that it ate soft fruit provided by the warm forests of theRocky Mountains during the early Miocene.[15]

Fossils

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Fossil evidence ofEkgmowechashala was discovered on thePine Ridge Indian Reservation, anOglala SiouxNative Americanreservation inSouth Dakota.[16]Molars were found in 1981 in the basin ofJohn Day River, and these are in the collection of theBurke Museum of Natural History and Culture;[17] in the summer of 1997 John Zancanella of theBureau of Land Management found a lower molar in theJohn Day Fossil Beds National Monument.[4][18][19]

Ekgmowechashala philotau, known from material inNebraska and South Dakota, was thought to be the only species of this genus, but material fromOregon has been recently described as a new species,E. zancanellai. A tooth from theToledo Bend Ranch Local Fauna of far easternTexas has been assigned to this genus.[20]

See also

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References

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  1. ^abcdMacDonald, James Reid (1963). "The Miocene faunas from the Wounded Knee area of western South Dakota".Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History.125:139–238.hdl:2246/1259.
  2. ^Samuels, Joshua X.; Albright, L. Barry; Fremd, Theodore J. (2015). "The last fossil primate in North America, new material of the enigmatic Ekgmowechashala from the Arikareean of Oregon".American Journal of Physical Anthropology.158 (1):43–54.doi:10.1002/ajpa.22769.PMID 26118778.
  3. ^Howells, William White (1997).Getting here: the story of human evolution. Howells House. p. 69.ISBN 978-0-929590-16-5. Retrieved10 October 2010.
  4. ^ab"25-Million-Year-Old Primate Fossil Dug Up at John Day Beds".The Columbian. 15 January 1998. Archived fromthe original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved11 October 2010.
  5. ^abBishop, Ellen Morris (2003).In search of ancient Oregon: a geological and natural history. Timber Press. p. 114.ISBN 978-0-88192-590-6. Retrieved10 October 2010.
  6. ^McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997).Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. p. 327.ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6.
  7. ^abMarivaux, Laurent; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Tafforeau, Paul; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques (2006). "New strepsirrhine primate from the Late Eocene of peninsular Thailand (Krabi Basin)".American Journal of Physical Anthropology.130 (4):425–434.doi:10.1002/ajpa.20376.PMID 16444732.
  8. ^Rose, Kenneth David (2006).The beginning of the age of mammals. JHU Press. p. 191.ISBN 978-0-8018-8472-6. Retrieved10 October 2010.
  9. ^Gunnell, Gregg F.; Kenneth D. Rose (2002)."Tarsiiformes: Evolutionary History and Adaptation". In Walter Carl Hartwig (ed.).The primate fossil record. Cambridge UP. pp. 45–82 [72].Bibcode:2002prfr.book.....H.ISBN 978-0-521-66315-1. Retrieved10 October 2010.
  10. ^Cartmill, Matt; Fred H. Smith; Kaye B. Brown (2009).The Human Lineage. John Wiley and Sons. p. 115.ISBN 978-0-471-21491-5. Retrieved10 October 2010.
  11. ^Ni, Xijun; Meng, Jin; Beard, K. Christopher; Gebo, Daniel L.; Wang, Yuanqing; Li, Chuankui (2009)."A new tarkadectine primate from the Eocene of Inner Mongolia, China: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications".Proceedings of the Royal Society B.277 (1679):247–256.doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0173.PMC 2842661.PMID 19386655.
  12. ^Ni, X.; Li, Q.; Li, L.; Beard, K. C. (2016)."Oligocene primates from China reveal divergence between African and Asian primate evolution".Science.352 (6286):673–677.Bibcode:2016Sci...352..673N.doi:10.1126/science.aaf2107.PMID 27151861.
  13. ^Rust, Kathleen; Ni, Xijun; Tietjen, Kristen; Beard, K. Christopher (2023-12-01)."Phylogeny and paleobiogeography of the enigmatic North American primate Ekgmowechashala illuminated by new fossils from Nebraska (USA) and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (China)".Journal of Human Evolution.185 103452.doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103452.ISSN 0047-2484.
  14. ^Fleagle, John C. (1999).Primate adaptation and evolution. Academic Press. p. 378.ISBN 978-0-12-260341-9. Retrieved10 October 2010.
  15. ^Delson, Eric; Ian Tattersall; John A. Van Couvering (2000).Encyclopedia of human evolution and prehistory. Taylor & Francis. p. 485.ISBN 978-0-8153-1696-1.
  16. ^Mayor, Adrienne (2005).Fossil legends of the first Americans. Princeton UP. p. 242.ISBN 978-0-691-11345-6. Retrieved11 October 2010.
  17. ^PLSS data for the site, A5930 (Rudio Creek 4), are missing.Bryant, Laurie J."Report on the Assessment of Vertebrate Paleontological Collections, Burke Museum of Natural History, University of Washington"(PDF).Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 17 June 2009. Retrieved11 October 2010.
  18. ^Mortenson, Eric."Fossil Tooth Find Creates Stir".Eugene Register-Guard. Retrieved11 October 2010.
  19. ^"John Day Fossil Beds National Monument: Fossil List".National Park Service. Archived fromthe original on 30 June 2010. Retrieved11 October 2010.
  20. ^Albright III, L. Barry (2005). "Ekgmowechashala (Mammalia, ?Primates) from the Gulf coastal plain".Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History.45 (4):355–361.doi:10.58782/flmnh.alnj3664.
†Notharctidae
†Ekgmowechashalidae
†Cercamoniidae
†Adapidae
†Asiadapidae
†Sivaladapidae
Hoanghoniinae
Sivaladapinae
†Caenopithecidae
†Azibiidae
†Djebelemuridae
Lemuriformes
    • see below↓
Darwinius masillae
Galagidae
Lorisidae
Lorisinae
Perodicticinae
Cheirogaleidae
Lemuridae
†Archaeolemuridae
Indriidae
†Palaeopropithecidae
Archaeoindris fontoynonti
Ekgmowechashala
Ekgmowechashala philotau
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