Egyptian Revival architecture in the British Isles is a survey of motifs derived fromAncient Egyptian sources occurring as anarchitectural style.Egyptian Revival architecture is comparatively rare in theBritish Isles.Obelisks start appearing in the 17th century, mainly as decorative features on buildings and by the 18th century they started to be used in some numbers as funerary or commemorative monuments. In the later 18th century,mausoleums started to be built based onpyramids, andsphinxes were used as decorative features associated with monuments or mounted on gate piers. Thepylon, a doorway feature with spreadingjambs which support alintel, also started to be used and became popular with architects.
As a result of theNapoleonic conquest of Egypt in 1798, more accurate records became available to architects and Egyptian Revival became a recognised architectural style. As the 19th century progressed Egyptian features were, on occasions, used for industrial buildings and particularly forsuspension bridges, and after 1830 the Egyptian Revival style was often used for cemetery buildings and monuments in cemeteries. Some examples of churches andsynagogues exist in this style.
By the end of the 19th century, the style had very nearly disappeared, but in 1922 withHoward Carter's discovery ofTutankhamun's tomb the style underwent a dramatic revival it was used particularly for cinema architecture and sometimes for factory buildings. The angular shapes of Egyptian architecture could be mixed with those ofArt Deco, leading to a hybrid Art Deco style which appeared in the 1930s. Subsequently, there have been very few buildings in Egyptian Revival style.
The first illustration of apyramid was published byJohn Greaves, Professor of Mathematics at Oxford University, in 1646, to record and draw on site, the external and internal measurements of the Giza pyramids and to confirm that they were tombs.[1] Detailed renderings of various temples on theNile, thePyramids, and theSphinx had been accumulating for connoisseurs and designers in works such asBernard de Montfaucon's, ten-volumeL'Antiquité expliquée et representée en figures (1719–1724), which reproduces, methodically grouped, all the ancient monuments. In 1735Benoît de Maillet'sDescription de l'Égypte (1735) appeared and was followed byComte de CaylusRecueil d'antiquités égyptiennes, étrusques, grècques, romaines et gauloises of 1752–55.[2] This was followed byFrederic Louis Norden'sVoyage d'Egypte et de Nubie (1755). Norden had travelled widely in Egypt and provided much detailed information about the standing monuments.
Also of importance were the engravings ofGiambattista Piranesi (1720–1778), which included, in his defence of Roman forms, a place for Egypt as a primary source. In his engravings and especially in hisDiversi maniere d'adornare i cam mini of 1769. Piranesi promoted Egyptian ornament, and advanced the theme of theSublime, esteeming the monumentality of Egypt's austere and stereometric architectural forms to be the major influence on the emerging Neoclassicism and its Egyptian Revival. Travellers from Britain, such asRichard Pococke, who published in 1743A Description of the East and Some Other Countries were also a source for popularising Egyptian architecture.
The invasion of Egypt byNapoleon Bonaparte in 1798 was to provide a major stimulus to the study of Egypt's past and encouragement of Egyptian Revival architecture. It was the informed and accurate literature which then appeared which for the first time produced detailed surveys of the country's major buildings. The first publication was Vivant Denon's (1747–1825)[3][4] partly inspired by the success of the Egyptian Room inThomas Hope's house in Duchess Street, which was open to the public and had been well illustrated in Hope'sHousehold Furniture and Interior Decoration (London, 1807).
At this point architects started producing examples Egyptian buildings that they hoped their clients would wish to have built. An example of this is aPerspective view of a Mansion in the Egyptian style by James Marshall in 1806.[5] Designs for shopfronts were also being produced and probably executed at this time by architects in London.[6]
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The full publication of Napoleon's scientific expedition was published as theDescription de l'Égypte in 23 or 29 volumes between 1809 and 1828. This was to provide a major resource for the architects and their clients if they were considering introducing Egyptian elements in their buildings. In particular the illustrations of the facade of the Grande Temple at Dendera was a popular source.
TheEgyptian Hall inPiccadilly,London, commissioned byWilliam Bullock as a museum to house his collection of curiosities was completed in 1812. The plans for the hall were drawn up by architectPeter Frederick Robinson. The museum was variously referred to as the London Museum, the Egyptian Hall or Museum, or Bullock's Museum. Later the Hall was used to display the discoveries made byGiovanni Battista Belzoni who had returned to England In 1819 and published an account of his travels and discoveries entitled aNarrative of the Operations and Recent Discoveries within the Pyramids, Temples, Tombs and Excavations in Egypt and Nubia, &c[7] the following year. During 1820 and 1821 Belzoni also exhibited facsimiles of the tomb ofSeti I. The exhibition was held at the Egyptian Hall,Piccadilly, London.[8] This was a further stimulus to public interest in Egyptian art and architecture and coincided with the use by civil engineers in usingpylons for suspension bridges, chain piers and the furnaces at Lord Bute's Ironworks atRhymney in south Wales.
The English architect and egyptologistJoseph Bonomi the Younger joined an expedition to Egypt led by the ScotsmanRobert Hay (Egyptologist). Hay and Bonomi stayed in Egypt from November 1824 until 1828, and 1829 to 1834, recording monuments and inscriptions, and making a large number ofarchitectural plans. Their manuscripts are now primarily in theBritish Library, and many of his plaster casts in theBritish Museum.In Cairo (1827–1828), In 1828 Bonomi worked in Cairo on the illustrations forJames Burton's Excerpta hieroglyphica – Burton was the elder brother of the architectDecimus Burton. This was followed by the artistDavid Roberts. He is especially known for a prolific series of detailed lithograph prints of Egypt and the Near East that he produced from sketches he made during long tours of the region between 1838 and 1840.
Belzoni travels in Egypt were followed by Bononi David Hay Expedition.
Finally thePrussian expedition underKarl Richard Lepsius should be mentioned. This was modelled after the earlierNapoléonic mission, and consisted of surveyors, draftsmen, and other specialists.[9] The mission reachedGiza in November 1842 and spent six months making some of the first scientific studies of thepyramids of Giza,Abusir,Saqqara, andDahshur. They discovered 67 pyramids, recorded in the pioneeringLepsius list of pyramids, and more than 130 tombs. The chief result of this expedition was the publication ofDenkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien (Monuments from Egypt andEthiopia),[10] a massive twelve-volumecompendia of nearly 900 plates of ancient Egyptian inscriptions, as well as accompanying commentary and descriptions published in 1849. This expedition was accompanied by Joseph Bonomi and another English architectJames William Wild.
Cleopatra's Needle was re-erected in London in 1878, seeCleopatra's Needle, London.
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The firstobelisks may start to appear in the later 16th century and it is suggested that the obelisk on Compton Pike is Elizabethan in date. More securely dated is a series ofobelisks which start to appear in the 18th century. The first of these was the Wakeman obelisk of 1702 byNicholas Hawksmoor, which is set in the square atRichmond, Yorkshire. Probably several hundred obelisks exist in the British Isles dating from 18th and early 19th centuries. Most of these obelisks, which are oftenlandmarks commemorate famous people and their achievements. At Stowe in Buckinghamshire an obelisk was erected in memory ofWolfe's victory at Quebec in 1752, while at the death of the Duke of Cumberland in 1765 was noted by an obelisk atEnglefield Green in Surrey.Thomas Coke, Earl of Leicester,Coke of Norfolk the farming pioneer has a particularly fine obelisk, set up in the park he created atHolkham in Norfolk. Sometimes an obelisk was used to mark the site of a battle such as the obelisk on the site ofEnglish Civil War battlefield at Naseby in Leicestershire. Occasionally obelisks are used as mile markers, as on theGreat North Road at a mile fromWestminster. In Lincoln an elaborate obelisk was set up on the High Bridge in 1762–63 as a conduit for dispensing water,[11] whileAnthony Salvin used obelisks as water fountains on theBelton House estates in Lincolnshire.
In Ireland an early obelisk was constructed as a family funeral memorial by Sir Edward Lovatt Pierce for the Allen family atStillorgan in Ireland in 1717, one of several Egyptian obelisks erected in Ireland during the early 18th century. Others may be found at Belan,County Kildare; and Dangan, County Meath. The Casteltown Folly in County Kildare is probably the best known, albeit the least Egyptian-styled.
A particularly ambitious example of an obelisk type monument was the tower, built to commemorate theGolden Jubilee of George III in 1810. It stands on the summit ofMoel Famau in northeast Wales and was designed byThomas Harrison of Chester. It takes its inspiration from an Egyptian obelisk with three tiers. Although the foundation stone was laid in 1810 byGeorge Kenyon, 2nd Baron Kenyon, the tower was never completed due to a lack of funds. In 1862, a major storm brought down the incomplete tower. The remaining upper part of the structure was demolished for safety reasons leaving just the base. Egyptian features can still be discerned in the ruins of the monument with thePylon doors and theHieroglyphic characters on the stonework.[12]
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General Sir David Baird's obelisk, near Crieff, erected 1832
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Stone pyramids were occasionally used as funeraryMausoleum from the late 17th century onwards. The inspiration is likely to have been a pyramid built in Rome, about 18–12 BC, as a tomb forGaius Cestius, a magistrate and member of theSeptemviri Epulonum. This was well known from the mid-18th century engraving of the pyramid byPiranesi's. The earliest example in the British Isles of a pyramid is the Clark Mausoleum at Peniciuk in Scotland of the late 17th century. In 1783 a pyramid was added to an otherwise classical mausoleum designed byJames Wyatt for the Darnley family at Cobham Park in Kent. Then in 1794–96a pyramid mausoleum by the Italian architectJoseph Bonomi for William Assheton Harbord in Blickling Park in Norfolk. Bonomi would have been familiar with the Pyramid of Cestius in Rome[13] Other pyramidal mausoleums are Franics Douce's of 1760 atNether Wallop and his cousin built the pyramid at Farley Mount in 1734 to commemorate a racehorse he owned, while another relative"Mad Jack" Fuller had a pyramidal mausoleum built atBrightling in Sussex in 1834.
Pyramids were sometime used for the gateways or gate lodges to stately homes, as atNostell Priory in Yorkshire, andRobert Adam produced a design for a pyramid shaped temple to be placed in parkland.
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Sphinx were used as decorative features, often on houses or surmounting gate piers from the 18th. century onwards. Possibly the earliest use of the Sphinx as a motif is as a support for a 17th. century sundial in the grounds ofNewbattle Abbey inMidlothian, Scotland. In the 1730sLord Burlington andWilliam Kent introduced sphinx and other Egyptian elements into the gardens atChiswick House. This was followed byJames Playfair who used them as decorative features on Cairneess House, A pair of Sphinx were also used by James Bateman in his Egyptian Garden, which he created atBiddulph Grange in the 1840s.
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TheEgyptian Hall inPiccadilly,London, commissioned byWilliam Bullock as a museum to house his collection of curiosities was completed in 1812 at a cost of £16,000.[14] It was amongst the first buildings inEngland to be influenced by theEgyptian style,[4] The building was demolished in 1905.
John Foulston (1772 – 30 December 1841) was a pupil ofThomas Hardwick and set up a practice in London in 1796.[15] In 1810 he won a competition to design the Royal Hotel and Theatre group of buildings inPlymouth, Devon,[16] and after relocating he remained Plymouth's leading architect for twenty-five years.[15]Most of Foulston's work was in the Greek Revival style, but his best known project was the creation of a group of buildings in Ker Street, Devonport in 1821–24. This eclectic group consisted of a Greek Doric town hall and commemorative column; a terrace of houses in Roman Corinthian style and two houses in Greek Ionic; a "Hindoo" nonconformist chapel; and an "Egyptian" library. The Library became theOdd Fellows Hall, and today is a public House. Of these, all but the chapel and the houses survive, and are Grade I listed.
1835–37:Egyptian House, Penzance was built by local bookseller John Lavin as a museum. There is some dispute over the architect and the date of build. In hisGuide to Penzance, published in 1845, J S Courtney describes the building as... the astonishing gaudy and eccentric Egyptian House recently built by John Lavin, mineralogist and Egyptologist.[17] On this basis the design has been attributed to John Lavin. Other possible architects might be John Foulston who designed theEgyptian library at Devonport or possiblyPeter Robinson the architect of the Egyptian Hall inPiccadilly, London and who also rebuiltTrelissick the seat of Thomas Daniell in 1824–25. The restoration in 1973 by theLandmark Trust revealed the original gaudy paint colours, which had been painted ontoCoade Stone mouldings.
A handsome building by the Stamford architectBryan Browning of 1842. This has an Egyptian style portal, but the remainder of the building is in a Grecian style of architecture.[18]
1846–48: The Old Synagogue, King's Street Designed in the Egyptian style by Hezekiah Marshall and opened in 1848, it was acquired by King's School in 1982 and is now used for lessons and concerts.
Freemasons' Hall, Main Ridge, Boston, Lincolnshire. Designed by G. Hackford and built 1860–63. The building is plain brick, but its portico is based on that of the Temple of Dandour inNubia.[19]
Egyptian Revival style was not popular as an architectural style with either theAnglican Church in England or thePresbyterian church in Scotland. The only Anglican examples appear to beSt John the Evangelist's Church, Chichester, a most unusual octagonal church built, in 1812, Built in 1812 to the design ofJames Elmes as aproprietary chapel, the octagonal white-brickevangelical preaching house[20] reflects the early 19th-century ideals of theChurch of England's evangelical wing beforeHigh church movements such as theCambridge Camden Society changed ideas on church design.[21] TheDiocese of Chichester declared itredundant in 1973. Although worship no longer takes place in the building, its theatre-like design has made it a popular venue for concerts and musical events. The church is a combination of styles, including Egyptian Revival, which can be seen most clearly in the capitals.In Glasgow the AnglicanScottish Episcopal Church dedicated to St Jude was built to designs by John Stephen in 1840.[22] The church has a severe but impressive facade based on the pylon with a big monumental doorway. It is now the Malmaison Restaurant.
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The Egyptian Halls is a category Alisted building at 84–100 Union Street,Glasgow,Scotland.[23] It was built in 1870–72 and designed byAlexander "Greek" Thomson.Strictly speaking the Egyptian Halls should be regarded as a Greco-Egyptian Revival building, as it has far stronger classical elements than Egyptian. Work started on the Egyptian Halls in March 1870 to provide new commercial premises for James Robertson, an iron manufacturer; and was completed in 1872.[24] Built using cast iron and stone, the Egyptian Halls was one of the last major projects of Alexander Thomson. The building broke many of the rules of the time; thick stone columns normally found at ground level were on the top floor. The building is built on four storeys. The ground floor was occupied by shops with fully glazed wide bays.[25] The first floor features eighteen window bays divided by square columns with a flowing scrollcapital.[26] On the second floor, shorter couple columns are positioned exactly above the first floor columns, again above these columns is a decorativeentablature with a Roman-style decoration.[26] Finally, on the third floor is a plinth with dwarf columns and pseudo-Egyptianlotus flower capitals.[26] Behind these columns is a continuous glazed screen, which is not fixed to these columns. Topping these columns is another entablature with a cornice.[26] This 'attic' room is lit by a series of sloping skylights.[25]
Egyptian Revival architecture was widely used both as for the design if building associated with cemeteries and for individual tombs and monuments. Following theMetropolitan General Cemetery Act 1832 (2 & 3 Will. 4. c. cx) seven cemeteries known as theMagnificent Seven cemeteries were developed on the outskirts of London. They were based on the idea ofgarden cemeteries and particularly thePère Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, which had been founded byNapoleon in 1802. A cemetery based on the garden cemeteries of France and was theMount Auburn Cemetery near Boston in the United States which was started in 1831 and the Egyptian Revival style was adopted for the buildings and many of the monuments. The first of the Metropolitan cemetery wasKensal Green cemetery which was started in 1832 and includes some Egyptian style monuments, as does also theGlasgow Necropolis of the same year.Highgate Cemetery, was designed byStephen Geary and in 1838–39 he laid out the Egyptian Avenue and inner circle of the Lebanon Circle which provided entrances to the catacombs.[27]
In Sheffield theSheffield General Cemetery which was opened in 1836 as aNonconformist cemetery, was a response to the rapid growth of Sheffield and the relatively poor state of the town's churchyards. The cemetery, with its Greek Doric and Egyptian style buildings, were designed by Sheffield architect Samuel Worth (1779–1870) on the site of a former quarry.[28] The main building in the cemetery showing Egyptian features areThe Gatehouse (Grade II* listed)[29] built directly over thePorter Brook in a Classical architectural style with Egyptian features. The Egyptian Gate (Grade II* listed)[30] forms the entrance to the cemetery on Cemetery Road. It is richly ornamented and possesses gates bearingouroboros, two coiled snakes holding their tails in their mouths. The Nonconformist chapel (Grade II* listed)[31] is built in a classical style with Egyptian features. The sculpted panel above the door shows a dove, representing the Holy Ghost or the Holy Spirit. Stone steps lead down to a wall with catacomb-like entrances.
TheAbney Park cemetery was laid out in the landscaped grounds of Abney House inStoke Newington, which had been the home ofLady Abney, a leading early 18th centuryNon-conformist. One of the "Magnificent Seven" parkland cemeteries created in theearly Victorian period, albeit set out in an entirely different way to the others and with somewhat wider purposes, Abney Park features an entrance designed byWilliam Hosking FSA in collaboration withJoseph Bonomi the Younger and the cemetery's founderGeorge Collison II. This frontage was built byJohn Jay in the then increasingly popular Egyptian Revival style, with hieroglyphics signifying the "Abode of the Mortal Part of Man":
Whereas the use of Egyptian Revival architecture is rare for domestic buildings it was more often used by Victorian archits for industrial and for buildings such as waterworks and sewage plants. The concept of thepylon, was readily embraced byCivil Engineers as support structures such as bridges.
This was the gateway to the wharf of theSleaford Navigation at Sleaford which opened in 1794. It appears to predate all other examples of Egyptian Revival architecture in England. It is likely that the design was the inspiration ofSir Joseph Banks, who was the leading promoter of the Navigation and is known to have had a strong interest in Egyptian antiquities. The design of the gateway is likely to be byWilliam Jessop the engineer to the Navigation.[32]
The Bute Ironworks were established by the Marquis of Bute in 1824 nearRhymney in Glamorganshire. It was managed initially by William Forman under the name of the South Wales Mining Company. The original plan was to build 24 furnaces in an Egyptian style.[33] Six of these furnaces were built between 1824 and 1839. They were designed by John Macculloch and the decorative detail of the Bute Works were said to resemble the ruins ofDendera. Initially the economic circumstances of the time adversely effected their profitability. However, after amalgamation with the Rhymney ironworks they started to flourish. A view of the ironworks was probably painted by Penry Williams around 1844 is now in theNational Library of Wales.[34]
Marshall's Mill (also known as Temple Mill) was once a thriving flax mill, constructed as part of John Marshall's flax empire. Designed by James Bonomi, who worked for the Marshall family, the 396-foot-long and 216-foot-wide building was constructed with an ancient-Egyptian facade, as well as some interior decoration. Completed in around 1840, with offices added two years later, its vast single-storey weaving shed was described by some as the "single largest room in the world".[35]
The East Farleigh Waterworks are now converted into offices. Built in 1860, by James Pilbrow, in an Egyptian style. Gault brick in English bond. Rectangular with two storeys. Battered clasping buttress to each corner, and two set close together towards centre of each long side, all running into deep brick plat band under eaves. Rendered coved cornice with deep roll to base and chamfer to top. Low rendered parapet. Truncated projecting brick stack, formerly tall and tapering, filling most of east gable end, with cornice carried round it and bearing the initial "P". Single-storey section in a similar style adjoining north-west corner. Two doorways with rendered coved and splayed cornices flanking base of stack to east.[36][37]
In Scotland 10 lighthouses were built for the Northern Lighthouse in the 1830s and 1840s by Robert Stevenson and his son Alan. At Hynish onTiree in the Inner Hebrides, a barrack block was built for the lighthouse keepers which have massivepylon shaped doorways. These Keepers' cottages were to service theSkerryvore lighthouse on a remote reef that lies off the west coast of Scotland, 12 miles (19 kilometres) south-west of the island ofTiree. At lighthouses such asCromarty, Alan Stevenson designed a massive entrance doorway with battered jambs.[38]
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The idea to use Egyptian Pylons for the supports of a suspension appears first to have been applied byThomas Telford for theMenai Bridge. This was started in 1819 and completed in 1826.
TheClifton Suspension Bridge opening in 1864, used Egyptian-influenced stone towers to support the suspension chains.[39] The bridge was built to a design byWilliam Henry Barlow andJohn Hawkshaw, based on an earlier design of 1831 byIsambard Kingdom Brunel.
Egyptian Revival architecture made a re-appearance in the interwar years between 1919 and 1939 and was used mainly for the decoration of factory buildings and commercial buildings such as cinemas and garages. This revival of interest in the style is attributed to the discovery ofTutankhamun's tomb byHoward Carter in 1922.
Greater London House is a striking example of early 20th-century Egyptian Revival architecture inCamden Town, London, inspired by Tutankhamun's tomb. The building was erected in 1926–28 by theCarreras Tobacco Company owned by the Russian-Jewish inventor and philanthropistBernhard Baron on the communal garden area ofMornington Crescent, to a design by architects M. E. and O. H. Collins and A. G. Porri. It is 550 feet (168 metres) long, and is mainly white, The building's distinctive Egyptian-style ornamentation originally included a solar disc to the Sun-godRa, two gigantic effigies of black cats flanking the entrance and colourful painted details. When the factory was converted into offices in 1961 the Egyptian detailing was lost, but it was restored during a renovation in the late 1990s and replicas of the cats were placed outside the entrance.[40]
The former Duncan's chocolate factory in Beaverhall Road, Powderhall, Edinburgh appears to have been built in the 1920s and is most notable for the frieze of Egyptian deities on its facade. The factory is now an arts centre.[41]
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In the late 1920s and early 1930s a hybrid Art Deco/Egyptian Revival style evolved, which combined Egyptian motifs and features withArt Deco designs. This was particularly popular for new cinemas, which were intended to give an exotic impression to the cinema-goers. A number of cinemas in this style were designed byGeorge Coles, particularly for theOdeon Cinema chain. Typical of Coles' style Carlton Cinema, Islington and the Troxy in Stepney Green and some other Odeon cinemas across the UK. The façade of these building can be in the form of an Egyptian 'pylon' temple and is decorated with Egyptian iconography including lotus flowers and buds. The used white and decorativefaience terracotta tiling on his buildings which was sourced from the Hathern Terracotta works in Leicestershire (nowIbstock plc).[42] The pylon frontage design will also be seen on the Odeon, Altrincham and the Pyramid, Sale.
Examples of these cinemas include:
Designed by architectGeorge Coles in 1930. Typical of Coles' style such as the Troxy in Stepney Green and some other Odeon cinemas across the UK, the façade of the building is in the form of an Egyptian 'pylon' temple and is decorated with Egyptian iconography including lotus flowers and buds. It is faced with brightly-coloured ceramic tiles.
Built in around 1933 to seat 1,940 people, Sale's Pyramid Cinema was one of the last Egyptian-style picture houses to be built in Britain. The building was designed by architect Joseph Gomersall and boasted an Egyptian exterior and interior, including an organ that featured pharaonic heads on either side, together with lotus columns and a winged music stand. Externally, the building relied on a series of columns to give it an Egyptian feel, while floral motifs, Egyptian tomb decorations, were used inside.
A Scottish example of Egyptian Revival cinema is theGovanhill Picture House in Glasgow. Built to the designs of Eric A Sutherland, it featured a unique Egyptian-styled facade, with columns and a moulded scarab above the entranceway. The interior sat 1,200, and although described as having stalls and balcony, the front of the 'balcony' came right down to the rear of the 'stalls' level, with a wooden dividing wall to keep the separate areas apart. The building was sold toABC Cinemas in 1929, and remained open until 1961.
A building of uncertain original use is Lloyd's Bank, Sherrard Street,Melton Mowbray. It may have been used for shops or a garage. Above the bank is a concrete facade with Egyptian motifs.
More recently Egyptian motifs have been used in shopping centre developments such asTrafford Centre, Manchester. In 1991–1992 a block of flats by the architects Coltart Earley were constructed for the Molendinar Housing Association. These are situated at the corner of Gallowgate and Bellgrove Street, Glasgow.
Sited onthe Isis, close to Oxford, Sphinx Hill was built in 1998–99 by to the designs of the architectJohn Outram.[43]The design provides a modern rendering of Egyptian motifs. The house is constructed in blockwork, with precast concrete "beam & pot" floors. The roof is framed in timber and clad in copper sheet. A palette of coloured render was developed with a scraped finish, all incorporating black and white flecks to enliven the texture. Extensive use is also made of black, white and cream precast concrete elements. The windows are aluminium clad timber. A central watercourse runs down towards the river through four "Sphinx Pools", with pairs of sphinx sculptures on either side.
