The Viscount Cardwell | |
|---|---|
 The 1st Viscount Cardwell,c. 1878 | |
| Secretary of State for War | |
| In office 9 December 1868 – 17 February 1874 | |
| Monarch | Victoria |
| Prime Minister | William Ewart Gladstone |
| Preceded by | Sir John Pakington, Bt |
| Succeeded by | Hon. Frederick Stanley |
| Secretary of State for the Colonies | |
| In office 7 April 1864 – 26 June 1866 | |
| Monarch | Victoria |
| Prime Minister | The Viscount Palmerston The Earl Russell |
| Preceded by | The Duke of Newcastle |
| Succeeded by | The Earl of Carnarvon |
| Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster | |
| In office 25 July 1861 – 7 April 1864 | |
| Monarch | Victoria |
| Prime Minister | The Viscount Palmerston |
| Preceded by | Sir George Grey, Bt |
| Succeeded by | The Earl of Clarendon |
| President of the Board of Trade | |
| In office 28 December 1852 – 31 March 1855 | |
| Monarch | Victoria |
| Prime Minister | The Earl of Aberdeen The Viscount Palmerston |
| Preceded by | J. W. Henley |
| Succeeded by | The Lord Stanley of Alderley |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1813-07-24)24 July 1813 |
| Died | 15 February 1886(1886-02-15) (aged 72) Torquay, Devon |
| Nationality | British |
| Political party | Tory Peelite Liberal |
| Spouse | Annie Parker (d. 1887) |
| Alma mater | Balliol College, Oxford |
Edward Cardwell, 1st Viscount Cardwell,PC, , FRS (24 July 1813 – 15 February 1886) was a prominent British politician in thePeelite andLiberal parties during the middle of the 19th century. He is best remembered for his tenure asSecretary of State for War between 1868 and 1874 and, withWilliam Ewart Gladstone's support, the introduction of theCardwell Reforms. The goal was to centralise the power of the War Office, abolish purchase of officers' commissions, and to create reserve forces stationed in Britain by establishing short terms of service for enlisted men.
Cardwell was the son of John Henry Cardwell, ofLiverpool, a merchant, and Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Birley. He was educated atWinchester andBalliol College, Oxford, from where he took a degree in 1835. He wascalled to the bar,Inner Temple, in 1838.[1]
Cardwell was employed in the Colonial Office in the late 1830s, and directly involved in drafting written instructions (sent to Sydney) to CaptainWilliam Hobson RN, as to how to 'treat with the natives' (Maori) of New Zealand;[citation needed] He became a follower and confidant ofSir Robert Peel, thePrime Minister, and held his first office under him asFinancial Secretary to the Treasury between 1845 and 1846.[citation needed]
When Peel split theConservative Party in 1846 over the issue of repealing theCorn Laws, Cardwell followed Peel, and became a member of the Peelite faction. When the Peelites came to power in 1852, Cardwell was sworn of thePrivy Council[2] and madePresident of the Board of Trade byLord Aberdeen, a position he held until 1855.[citation needed]
In 1854 he passed theRailway and Canal Traffic Act 1854 which stopped the cut-throat competition between Railway Companies which was acting to their and the railusers' disadvantage.[citation needed]
During these years, Cardwell moved from seat to seat in Parliament. In 1847, he was elected as MP forLiverpool.[3]
In 1852, he lost elections for Liverpool and forAyrshire, but won a seat atOxford. In 1857, he was defeated for the Oxford seat, but a second election for the seat was held shortly after, which he won (beatingWilliam Makepeace Thackeray).[4]
The Peelite faction disintegrated in the late 1850s and fully integrated with the Whigs. The dissenting factions of the former Tory party and the Whig party combined to found theLiberal Party (UK) and Cardwell officially became a new member of the new Liberal Party in 1859.[citation needed]
Cardwell quickly returned to office by joiningLord Palmerston's cabinet asChief Secretary for Ireland.[1]
Unhappy in that position,[citation needed] he moved two years later to another cabinet post,Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.[5] A second move within the cabinet came in 1864, when Cardwell became theSecretary of State for the Colonies,[6] a position he kept until the Liberals were turned out of office in 1866.
When the Liberals returned to power underWilliam Ewart Gladstone inthe 1868 election, Cardwell reached the peak of his career, as Gladstone'sSecretary of State for War.[7] During his six years in the post, in what became known as "Cardwell reforms", Cardwell reorganised theBritish army, introduced professional standards for officers (including advancement by merit rather thanpurchase), and formed a home reserve force.[8]After Gladstone's defeat inthe 1874 election, Cardwell was raised to the peerage asViscount Cardwell, of Ellerbeck in the County Palatine of Lancaster.[9] His ennoblement ended his active political career.
Liberal prime ministerWilliam Ewart Gladstone paid little attention to military affairs but he was keen on efficiency. In 1870 he pushed through Parliament major changes in Army organisation. Germany's stunning triumph over France proved that the Prussian system of professional soldiers with up-to-date weapons was far superior to the traditional system of gentlemen-soldiers that Britain used.[10] The reforms were not radical—they had been brewing for years and Gladstone seized the moment to enact them. The goal was to centralise the power of the War Office, abolish purchase of officers' commissions, and to create reserve forces stationed in Britain by establishing short terms of service for enlisted men.[11]
Cardwell as Secretary of State for War (1868–1874) designed the reforms that Gladstone supported in the name of efficiency and democracy. In 1868 he abolished flogging, raising the private soldier status to more like an honourable career. In 1870 Cardwell abolished "bounty money" for recruits, discharged known bad characters from the ranks. He pulled 20,000 soldiers out of self-governing colonies like Canada, which learned they had to help defend themselves.
The most radical change, and one that required Gladstone's political muscle, was to abolish the system of officers obtaining commissions and promotions by purchase, rather than by merit. The system meant that the rich landholding families controlled all the middle and senior ranks in the army. Promotion depended on the family's wealth, not the officer's talents, and the middle class was shut out almost completely. British officers were expected to be gentlemen and sportsmen; there was no problem if they were entirely wanting in military knowledge or leadership skills. From the Tory perspective it was essential to keep the officer corps the domain of gentlemen, and not a trade for professional experts. They warned the latter might menace the oligarchy and threaten a military coup; they preferred an inefficient army to an authoritarian state. The rise ofBismarck's new Germany made this anti authoritarian policy too dangerous for a great empire to risk.
The bill, which would have compensated current owners for their cash investments, passed Commons in 1871 but was blocked by the House of Lords. Gladstone then moved to drop the system without any reimbursements, forcing the Lords to backtrack and approve the original bill. Liberals rallied to Gladstone's anti-elitism, pointing to the case ofLord Cardigan (1797–1868), who spent £40,000 for his commission and proved utterly incompetent in the Crimean war, where he led the disastrous "Charge of the Light Brigade" at theBattle of Balaklava in 1854.
Cardwell was not powerful enough to install a general staff system; that had to await the 20th century. He did rearrange the war department. He made the office of Secretary of State for War superior to the Army's commander in Chief; the commander was His Royal HighnessThe Duke of Cambridge, the Queen's first cousin, and an opponent of the reforms. The surveyor-general of the ordnance, and the financial secretary became key department heads reporting to the Secretary. The militia was reformed as well and integrated into the Army. The term of enlistment was reduced to 6 years, so there was more turnover and a larger pool of trained reservists. The territorial system of recruiting for regiments was standardised and adjusted to the current population. Cardwell reduced the Army budget yet increased the strength of the army by 25 battalions, 156 field guns, and abundant stores, while the reserves available for foreign service had been raised tenfold from 3,500 to 36,000 men.[12]
Lord Cardwell married Annie, daughter of Charles Stuart Parker, in 1838. They had no children.[1]
He died inTorquay, Devon, in February 1886, aged 72, and was buried on the western side ofHighgate Cemetery (plot no.14065) in a large vault which now has no headstone and is largely covered by earth. Lady Cardwell died the following year, in February 1887.[1]
The town ofCardwell inQueensland, Australia, was named after Lord Cardwell.[13]
He owned 4,500 acres (1,800 ha).[14]
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Cardwell6216 Named by George Elphinstone Dalrymple (1826-1876), explorer, public servant and politician, in 1864, after Edward Cardwell (1813-1886), later Viscount Cardwell, Secretary of State for the Colonies April 1864 to July 1866
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Member of Parliament forClitheroe 1842 –1847 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Member of Parliament forLiverpool 1847 –1852 With:Sir Thomas Birch, Bt | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Member of Parliament forOxford 1853 –1874 With:James Langston 1853–1857, 1857–1863 Charles Neate 1857, 1863–1868 William Harcourt 1868–1874 | Succeeded by |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Financial Secretary to the Treasury 1845–1846 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | President of the Board of Trade 1852–1855 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Chief Secretary for Ireland 1859–1861 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1861–1864 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Secretary of State for the Colonies 1864–1866 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Secretary of State for War 1868–1874 | Succeeded by |
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