Structure of all facilities and opportunities to acquire education within a country
Theeducational system[1] generally refers to the structure of all institutions and the opportunities for obtainingeducation within a country. It includes all pre-school institutions, starting from family education, and/orearly childhood education, throughkindergarten, primary, secondary, and tertiary schools, thenlyceums,colleges, andfaculties also known asHigher education (University education). This framework also includes institutions of continuous (further) professional and personal education, as well as private educational institutions.
While the education system is usually regulated and organized according to the relevant laws of a country, a country's education system may have unregulated aspects or dimensions. Typically, an education system is designed to provide education for all sections of a country's society and its members. It comprises everything that goes into educating the population.
Educational systems may be structured in either centralized or decentralized formats.[2] Comparative case studies indicate that centralized educational systems, such as that of South Korea, provide more favorable educational outcomes than decentralized systems, such as those in Brazil and South Africa.[3]
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recognises nine levels of education in itsInternational Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) system (from Level 0 (pre-primary education) through Level 8 (doctoral)). UNESCO'sInternational Bureau of Education maintains a database of country-specific education systems and their stages.[4]
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Helmut Fend:Die sozialen und individuellen Funktionen von Bildungssystemen: Enkulturation, Qualifikation, Allokation und Integration. In: Hellekamps, S./Plöger, W./Wittenbruch, W. (Hrsg.):Handbuch der Erziehungswissenschaft. Bd. 3: Schule. Paderborn u. a. 2011, S. 41–53.
Průcha, Jan. (1999) Vzdělávání a školství ve světě. 1. vyd. Praha: Portál, 320 s. ISBN 80-7178-290-4. S. 16
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Sam Kaplan (2006) The Pedagogical State: Education and the Politics of National Culture in Post-1980 Turkiye, Stanford University Press
Clyde Chitty (1999) The education system transformed. Tisbury : Baseline BookOCLC493660401
EURYDICE:European Unit (1988) The Greek education system, Brussels, Published for the Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General [for] Employment, Social Affairs and EducationOCLC19918107
^Wallace, Dorothy (2009). "Parts of the Whole: Approaching Education as a System". Vol. 2.doi:10.5038/1936-4660.2.2.9.
^Bray, Mark (1991). "Centralization Versus Decentralization in Educational Administration: Regional Issues", Educational Policy, 5(4): 371-385. DOI:10.1177/0895904891005004003
^Do Vale, Helder Ferreira (2016). "Educational Reforms and Decentralization in Brazil, South Africa, South Korea and Spain".Lex localis - Journal of Local Self Government, 14(3):593-614. DOI:10.4335/14.3.591-612(2016)
