Theeducation system inSwitzerland is very diverse, because theconstitution of Switzerland delegates the authority for the school system mainly to thecantons. The Swiss constitution sets the foundations, namely that primary school is obligatory for every child and is free in state schools and that the confederation can run or support universities.
The minimum age for primary school is about six years in all cantons butObwalden, where it is five years and three months. After primary schools, the pupils split up according to their abilities and intentions of career paths. Roughly 25% of all students attend lower and upper secondary schools leading, normally after 12 school years in total to the federal recognizedmatura or an academicBaccalaureate which grants access to all universities.[citation needed] The other students split in two or more school-types, depending on the canton, differing in the balance between theoretical and practical education. It is obligatory for all children to attend school for at least 9 years.
The first university in Switzerland was founded in 1460 inBasel, with a faculty of medicine.[1] This place has a long tradition of chemical and medical research in Switzerland. In total, there are12 Universities in Switzerland; ten of them are managed by the cantons, while twofederal institutes of technology,ETH inZürich andEPFL inLausanne, are under the authority of theState Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation.[2] In addition, there are seven regional associations of Universities for Applied Sciences (Fachhochschulen) which require vocational education and a specialBerufsmatura, or aFachmatura (a graduation by aFachmittelschule) to study. Switzerland has a high rate of foreign students intertiary education including one of the highest in the world of doctoral level students.[3]
ManyNobel Prizes have been awarded to Swiss scientists. More recentlyVladimir Prelog,Heinrich Rohrer,Richard Ernst,Edmond Fischer,Rolf Zinkernagel,Didier Queloz,Michel Mayor,Kurt Wüthrich, andJacques Dubochet have received Nobel Prizes in the sciences. In total, 113 Nobel Prize winners stand in relation to Switzerland and theNobel Peace Prize has been awarded nine times to organizations residing in Switzerland.[4][5]Geneva hosts the world's largestparticle physics laboratory, theCERN.[6] Other important research centers are theEmpa andPaul Scherrer Institute which belong to the ETH domain.
The obligatory school system usually includes primary education (Primarschule inGerman,école primaire inFrench,scuola primaria / elementare inItalian andscola primara inRomansh) and secondary education I (Sekundarschule orSekundarstufe I in German,secondaire I in French andscuola secondaria / media in Italian andscola secundar in Romansh). Before that, children generally go toKindergarten, with one or two years is required in most cantons. In the Canton of Ticino, an optional, third year is available for three-year-old children. In some German speaking cantons kindergarten and the first one or two years may be combined into aGrundstufe orBasisstufe where they are all taught together in a single class. In French speaking cantons kindergarten is combined into a four-yearcycle primaire 1 orcycle 1 which is followed by a four-yearcycle primaire 2 orcycle 2 which completes their primary school.[7]
The minimum age for primary school is about six years in all cantons butObwalden, where it is five years and three months. The cantonsThurgau andNidwalden allow five-year-olds to start primary school in exceptional cases. Primary school continues until grade four, five or six, depending on the school/canton. Any child can take part in school if they choose to, but pupils are separated depending on whether they speak French, German or Italian.
At around age 11–12, depending on which canton in Switzerland the child goes to school in, therecould be a screening exam to decide how to separate the students for secondary school. Some cantons have a system of examination in the second semester of the final year of primary school, some cantons have an exam in second semester and continuous evaluation in both first and second semesters. In some cases, parents or legal guardians of the child are also asked for their recommendations (see Indicator C below) along with a self-evaluation done by the child. Parents' recommendation in combination with child's self-evaluation is called the third indicator (Indicator C) for evaluating the student, the first being teacher's evaluation (Indicator A), the second the results of tests (Indicator B) held in first semester. The fourth criterion is the final exam that takes place in the middle of the second semester of the final year primary school (usually held before Easter Break).[8]
At the end of primary school (or at the beginning of secondary school), pupils are separated (see Indicator C for Fribourg under Primary School) according to their capacities and career-intentions in several (often three) sections for a period of 2–3 years (Sekundarschule) in either Pre-higher secondary school section, General section, or Basic section (Basic may be calledRealschule in German orClasse d'exigence de base in French). Students who aspire for an academic career enterMittelschule (also namedGymnasium, orKantonsschule, a public school by the canton/state) to be prepared for further studies and theMatura (normally obtained after 12 or 13 years of school usually at the age of 18 or 19). Students intending to pursue a trade or vocation complete three to four additional years before enteringVocational Educations which are regulated by federal law and are based on a cooperation of private business offering educational job-positions and public schools offering obligatory school-lessons complementary to the on-the-job education. This so-called "dual system" splitting academic and vocational training has its continuation in the higher education system. While the academic training leads to the matura and free admission to universities, successfully completed vocational education gives access to third level of practical education, theHöhere Fachschule (Schweiz). If in addition to the vocational training theBerufsmaturitätsschule is completed theFachhochschule may be visited instead. Rather recently introduced is a third, middle path via theFachmittelschule which leads to a direct access to aFachhochschule after a successful graduation of aFachmatura.[9][10] In some cantons, students with aFachmatura may also get access to universities after a successful additional year. In the science literacy, mathematics and reading assessment ofPISA, 15-year-old students in Switzerland had the 10 highest average score of 81 countries.[11]
In the lower second level, there are several different teaching and school models that may exist. Some cantons define a specific model, while others allow the individual municipalities to determine which model to follow.
| Canton | Gender | Total matura % | Gymnasium matura % | Berufsmatura % | Fachmatura % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Switzerland | Total | 37.5% | 20.1% | 14.7% | 2.7% |
| Female | 42.1% | 23.7% | 14.0% | 4.5% | |
| Male | 33.1% | 16.7% | 15.4% | 1.0% | |
| Zürich | Total | 36.3% | 19.7% | 15.8% | 0.8% |
| Female | 39.7% | 23.4% | 15.0% | 1.3% | |
| Male | 33.1% | 16.2% | 16.6% | 0.4% | |
| Bern | Total | 35.4% | 17.9% | 16.3% | 1.2% |
| Female | 40.2% | 22.6% | 15.6% | 2.1% | |
| Male | 30.7% | 13.5% | 17.0% | 0.3% | |
| Lucerne | Total | 31.1% | 18.6% | 11.0% | 1.5% |
| Female | 35.4% | 21.7% | 11.0% | 2.7% | |
| Male | 26.9% | 15.5% | 11.0% | 0.4% | |
| Uri | Total | 29.7% | 14.7% | 13.1% | 1.9% |
| Female | 30.1% | 12.7% | 13.3% | 4.1% | |
| Male | 30.0% | 17.0% | 13.0% | -% | |
| Schwyz | Total | 32.9% | 17.9% | 13.6% | 1.5% |
| Female | 36.0% | 21.0% | 12.2% | 2.8% | |
| Male | 29.8% | 14.8% | 14.8% | 0.2% | |
| Obwalden | Total | 33.8% | 18.2% | 15.1% | 0.4% |
| Female | 40.7% | 22.0% | 17.8% | 0.8% | |
| Male | 27.3% | 14.4% | 12.9% | -% | |
| Nidwalden | Total | 31.3% | 16.1% | 14.3% | 0.9% |
| Female | 35.3% | 22.4% | 11.1% | 1.8% | |
| Male | 28.1% | 11.0% | 17.1% | -% | |
| Glarus | Total | 27.0% | 11.7% | 13.7% | 1.6% |
| Female | 31.4% | 15.4% | 13.3% | 2.7% | |
| Male | 22.8% | 8.2% | 14.2% | 0.4% | |
| Zug | Total | 42.2% | 21.4% | 17.9% | 2.9% |
| Female | 45.9% | 23.4% | 18.4% | 4.2% | |
| Male | 38.8% | 19.6% | 17.4% | 1.8% | |
| Fribourg | Total | 45.4% | 22.6% | 17.2% | 5.5% |
| Female | 50.4% | 26.9% | 14.5% | 9.0% | |
| Male | 40.4% | 18.7% | 19.7% | 2.1% | |
| Solothurn | Total | 30.7% | 14.7% | 12.3% | 3.8% |
| Female | 34.3% | 15.7% | 12.3% | 6.4% | |
| Male | 27.2% | 13.7% | 12.3% | 1.3% | |
| Basel-Stadt | Total | 48.4% | 32.1% | 10.6% | 5.6% |
| Female | 54.3% | 37.2% | 9.8% | 7.3% | |
| Male | 42.4% | 27.1% | 11.5% | 3.9% | |
| Basel-Landschaft | Total | 46.3% | 23.1% | 17.4% | 5.8% |
| Female | 53.0% | 27.7% | 15.4% | 9.8% | |
| Male | 39.8% | 18.6% | 19.3% | 1.9% | |
| Schaffhausen | Total | 34.4% | 15.4% | 16.1% | 2.9% |
| Female | 40.0% | 19.9% | 15.5% | 4.6% | |
| Male | 29.0% | 11.1% | 16.7% | 1.1% | |
| Appenzell Ausserrhoden | Total | 32.4% | 17.5% | 13.4% | 1.5% |
| Female | 34.4% | 18.4% | 13.3% | 2.7% | |
| Male | 30.8% | 16.7% | 13.6% | 0.5% | |
| Appenzell Innerrhoden | Total | 30.0% | 14.4% | 14.6% | 0.9% |
| Female | 34.8% | 19.2% | 14.7% | 0.9% | |
| Male | 26.0% | 10.4% | 14.6% | 1.0% | |
| St. Gallen | Total | 30.5% | 14.0% | 14.6% | 1.8% |
| Female | 34.0% | 16.3% | 14.1% | 3.6% | |
| Male | 27.2% | 11.9% | 15.1% | 0.2% | |
| Graubünden | Total | 37.8% | 18.6% | 17.0% | 2.2% |
| Female | 41.7% | 20.9% | 16.9% | 3.9% | |
| Male | 34.1% | 16.5% | 17.1% | 0.6% | |
| Aargau | Total | 34.2% | 15.8% | 15.7% | 2.8% |
| Female | 38.9% | 19.7% | 14.4% | 4.8% | |
| Male | 30.0% | 12.3% | 16.9% | 0.8% | |
| Thurgau | Total | 29.8% | 13.2% | 14.7% | 1.9% |
| Female | 34.9% | 16.9% | 14.3% | 3.7% | |
| Male | 25.1% | 9.7% | 15.1% | 0.3% | |
| Ticino | Total | 50.5% | 27.5% | 20.8% | 2.1% |
| Female | 55.6% | 31.1% | 21.2% | 3.2% | |
| Male | 45.6% | 24.1% | 20.4% | 1.1% | |
| Vaud | Total | 36.8% | 24.2% | 9.8% | 2.7% |
| Female | 41.3% | 27.3% | 9.4% | 4.6% | |
| Male | 32.4% | 21.2% | 10.2% | 1.0% | |
| Valais | Total | 37.1% | 16.1% | 14.8% | 6.2% |
| Female | 42.8% | 18.8% | 13.9% | 10.1% | |
| Male | 31.4% | 13.6% | 15.7% | 2.1% | |
| Neuchâtel | Total | 46.3% | 24.4% | 19.5% | 2.4% |
| Female | 52.8% | 29.0% | 20.2% | 3.6% | |
| Male | 40.2% | 20.1% | 18.7% | 1.4% | |
| Geneva | Total | 45.8% | 28.9% | 10.6% | 6.4% |
| Female | 50.6% | 33.1% | 8.6% | 8.9% | |
| Male | 41.2% | 24.9% | 12.5% | 3.9% | |
| Jura | Total | 39.3% | 22.2% | 13.8% | 3.3% |
| Female | 50.9% | 29.0% | 16.5% | 5.4% | |
| Male | 29.8% | 16.8% | 11.6% | 1.4% |
Pupils are allocated to institutionally separate school types, according to their performance levels. The structure is based on the principle of equal capacities among pupils. Generally, each school type has its own adapted curricula, teaching material, teachers and, in some cases, its own range of subjects. In general, there are 2 to 3 school types (4 in a minority of cantons), the names of which vary. In the structure with 2 school types, a distinction is made between the performance-based group at basic level (with the least demanding requirements), and the performance-based group at advanced level. In the structure with 3 school types, there is a performance-based group at basic level, a performance-based group at intermediate level and a performance-based group at advanced level. The requirements of the performance-based group at advanced level are the most demanding and this school type generally prepares pupils for transfer to the matura schools.[13]
The cooperative model is based on core classes with different performance requirements. Each pupil is assigned to a core class according to his or her performance level. The pupils attend lessons in certain subjects in differentiated requirement-based groups (whereby the core classes are mixed).[13]
The integrated model does not use different school types or core classes. Pupils with different performance levels attend the same class and mixing is maintained. In certain subjects, teaching occurs on differentiated requirement-based levels.[13]
As of March 2016, the International Schools Consultancy (ISC)[14] listed Switzerland as having 103 international schools.[15] ISC defines an 'international school' in the following terms "ISC includes an international school if the school delivers a curriculum to any combination of pre-school, primary or secondary students, wholly or partly in English outside an English-speaking country, or if a school in a country where English is one of the official languages, offers an English-medium curriculum other than the country’s national curriculum and is international in its orientation."[15] This definition is used by publications includingThe Economist.[16]
Switzerland was the birthplace of theInternational Baccalaureate in 1968[17] and 50 schools in Switzerland offer one or more of the IB programmes (Primary, Middle Years, Diploma and Career-related Programmes).[18]
Tertiary education depends on the education chosen in secondary education. For students with amatura, university is the most common one. Apprentices who attended a vocational high school will often add a Fachhochschule or a Höhere Fachschule to their curriculum.
There are 14 public and generic universities in Switzerland, 10 of which are maintained at cantonal level and usually offer a range of non-technical subjects. Of the remaining 4 institutions, 2 are run by the Swiss Confederation and are known as "Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology".
Switzerland is well known for its advanced business education system. A number of world-class universities andMBA programmes, such as theInternational Institute for Management Development,HEC Lausanne,University of St. Gallen,Kalaidos FH andUniversity of Zurich belong to that category. All of them are also registered in theFinancial Times ranking. See also thelist of universities in Switzerland.
Switzerland has a high rate of international students. In 2013, 16.9% of the total tertiary enrollment in Switzerland came from outside the country, a rate that is the 10th highest of the 291 countries included in theUNESCO Institute for Statistics. This rate was just higher than Austria (16.8) and just lower than the United Kingdom (17.5). However, due to the much smaller tertiary system in Switzerland their 47,000 foreign tertiary enrollments are dwarfed by much larger countries such as the United States (740,000), the United Kingdom (416,000), France (228,000) and Germany (196,000).[19] Many international students attend Swiss universities for advanced degrees. In 2013 masters programs enrolled about 27% foreign students (fourth highest rate) and doctoral programs were 52% foreign (second behind Luxembourg).[3]
Switzerland also has a high rate of PhD students and inhabitants with doctoral degrees. In 2014 Switzerland had the highest rate of inhabitants (2.98%) with doctoral degrees in the world.[19] In 2010, with 2.5%, Switzerland had the second-highest rate of inhabitants with doctoral degrees in Europe.[20] In 2008, the number of students graduating with a PhD was 3209 (up from 2822 in 2000) of which 45% were foreigners (up from 31% in 2000).[20]
| University | License/ Certificate | Bachelor | Master | Doctorate | Continuing Education | Other | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Basel | 3 | 6,588 | 3,363 | 2,691 | 694 | 82 | 13,421 |
| University of Bern | 1 | 7,869 | 4,424 | 2,647 | 1,566 | 155 | 16,662 |
| University of Fribourg | 125 | 5,729 | 3,000 | 1,325 | 197 | 133 | 10,509 |
| University of Geneva | 237 | 7,831 | 4,561 | 2,503 | 976 | 283 | 16,391 |
| University of Lausanne | 206 | 7,157 | 4,178 | 2,175 | 204 | 183 | 14,103 |
| University of Lucerne | 58 | 1,436 | 954 | 325 | 57 | 15 | 2,845 |
| University of Neuchâtel | 91 | 2,166 | 1,376 | 614 | 37 | 40 | 4,324 |
| University of St. Gallen | 15 | 4,163 | 3,010 | 684 | 593 | 300 | 8,765 |
| University of Zurich | 746 | 13,513 | 5,938 | 5,076 | 700 | 77 | 26,050 |
| University of Lugano | 0 | 1,370 | 1,114 | 275 | 197 | 7 | 2,963 |
| EPF Lausanne | 0 | 4,720 | 2,552 | 2,058 | 195 | 383 | 9,908 |
| ETH Zurich | 229 | 8,704 | 5,270 | 4,021 | 405 | 115 | 18,744 |
| University | Social Sciences | Economics | Law | Physical and Natural Sciences | Medicine and Pharmacy | Engineering and Technical Sciences | Interdisciplinary and other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Basel | 4,098 | 1,463 | 1,285 | 2,349 | 2,936 | 0 | 1,290 |
| University of Bern | 5,965 | 2,387 | 1,960 | 2,276 | 3,419 | 0 | 655 |
| University of Fribourg | 5,400 | 1,334 | 1,728 | 1,407 | 363 | 0 | 277 |
| University of Geneva | 7,924 | 1,496 | 1,957 | 1,963 | 2,497 | 0 | 554 |
| University of Lausanne | 4,911 | 2,831 | 1,938 | 1,868 | 1,968 | 0 | 587 |
| University of Lucerne | 1,295 | 131 | 1,344 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 75 |
| University of Neuchâtel | 2,049 | 420 | 824 | 735 | 122 | 1 | 173 |
| University of St. Gallen | 539 | 7,272 | 840 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 114 |
| University of Zurich | 10,706 | 3,393 | 3,702 | 4,286 | 3,872 | 0 | 91 |
| University of Lugano | 855 | 1,026 | 0 | 281 | 0 | 801 | 0 |
| EPF Lausanne | 0 | 68 | 0 | 3,872 | 0 | 5,804 | 164 |
| ETH Zurich | 205 | 0 | 0 | 6,721 | 469 | 11,175 | 174 |
In 1995 Switzerland took part in theTrends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) assessment.[22] TIMSS is an international assessment of the mathematics and science knowledge of fourth- and eighth-grade students around the world. It was developed by theInternational Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) to allow participating nations to compare students' educational achievement across borders. In 1995, Switzerland was one of forty-one nations that participated in the study. They did not participate in later studies. Among 8th graders, Switzerland ranked 15th overall, 8th in math and 25th in science.[23]
ANational Center for Education Statistics (NCES) study that used the TIMSS assessment among 12th graders found similar results. The Swiss students were in their upper secondary education and were attending either agymnasium, general education, teacher training or advanced vocation training. In math, the Swiss scored a 540 (the average score was 500), and were 3rd out of 21. Their science score was 523, which was 8th out of 21. In physics, they scored 488 (the average was 501) and were tied for 9th place out of 16. The advanced mathematics score was 533 which was 3rd out of 16.[24]
TheWorld Economic Forum'sGlobal Competitiveness Report for 2010-11 ranked Switzerland as first overall. Under the fifth pillar of the report,Higher education and training, the Swiss had a score of 5.79, which is the fourth highest among all the countries surveyed.[25]
While compulsory schooling in Switzerland is between 9 and 11 years long, many of the specifics of the system vary by canton. In most cases, kindergarten lasts 1 to 2 years, primary level lasts 6 years, and the lower secondary level 3 years. In Ticino, there is a third, non-mandatory, kindergarten year, primary lasts 5 years, followed by 4 years of lower secondary. In some German speaking cantons kindergarten and the first one or two years may be combined into aGrundstufe orBasisstufe where they are all taught together in a single class. In the French speaking cantons (FR, GE, JU, NE, VD, VS) kindergarten is combined with primary to create 2 primary levels, each 4 years long.[26] In 17 cantons, it is compulsory to attend pre-school. In almost all cantons, the municipalities are obliged to provide at least one year of pre-school classes.[27]
This table shows the school system for 2017/2018 and how the lower secondary schools are organized:[26]
| Canton | Total Years Required | Years of Kindergartenrequired | Years of Kindergartenoffered | Length of Primary School | Length of mandatory Secondary School | Combined Kindergarten and early Primary Classes (Basisstufe)? | Separate Secondary Schools? | Cooperative Secondary Schools? | Integrated Secondary Schools? | Students attending Compulsory Schools (2014/15)[28] | Students attending non-Compulsory Secondary Schools (2014/15)[28] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Zürich | 11 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 3 | No | Yes | No | No | 154,800 | 62,194 |
 Bern | 11 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 3 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 106,365 | 46,486 |
 Lucerne | 10 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 3 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 42,526 | 21,397 |
 Uri | 10 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 3 | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | 3,951 | 980 |
 Schwyz | 10 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 3 | No | Yes | Yes | No | 16,827 | 4,500 |
 Obwalden | 10 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 3 | No | No | Yes | Yes | 4,016 | 1,156 |
 Nidwalden | 10 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 3 | No | No | Yes | Yes | 4,280 | 1,069 |
 Glarus | 11 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 3 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 4,277 | 1,396 |
 Zug | 10 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 3 | No | No | No | Yes | 13,759 | 4,860 |
 Fribourg | 11 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 3 | No | Yes | No | Yes | 39,818 | 12,789 |
 Solothurn | 11 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 3 | No | Yes | No | No | 27,883 | 8,537 |
 Basel-Stadt | 11 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 3 | No | Yes | No | No | 17,635 | 11,155 |
 Basel-Landschaft | 11 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 3 | No | Yes | No | No | 31,139 | 11,555 |
 Schaffhausen | 11 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 3 | No | No | No | Yes | 8,186 | 2,880 |
 Appenzell Ausserrhoden | 9 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 2 | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | 5,892 | 1,476 |
 Appenzell Innerrhoden | 10 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 3 | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | 1,907 | 151 |
 St. Gallen | 11 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 3 | No | No | No | Yes | 57,482 | 25,396 |
 Graubünden | 9 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 3 | No | Yes | Yes | No | 19,503 | 7,552 |
 Aargau | 11 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 3 | No | Yes | No | No | 73,999 | 24,530 |
 Thurgau | 11 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 3 | Yes | Yes | No | No | 29,991 | 8,448 |
 Ticino | 11 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 4 | No | Yes | No | No | 38,268 | 16,712 |
 Vaud | 11 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 3 | No | Yes | No | No | 94,827 | 37,732 |
 Valais | 11 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 3 | No | Yes | No | No | 36,692 | 14,527 |
 Neuchâtel | 11 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 3 | No | Yes | No | No | 21,185 | 8,937 |
 Geneva | 11 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 3 | No | Yes | No | No | 56,943 | 26,424 |
 Jura | 11 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 3 | No | Yes | No | No | 8,807 | 3,301 |
During the 2008/09 school year there were 1,502,257 students in the entire Swiss educational system. In kindergarten or pre-school, there were 152,919 students (48.6% female). These students were taught by 13,592 teachers (96.0% female) in 4,949 schools, of which 301 were private schools. There were 777,394 students (48.6% female) in the obligatory schools, which include primary and lower secondary schools. These students were taught by 74,501 teachers (66.3% female) in 6,083 schools, of which 614 were private. The upper secondary school system had 337,145 students (46.9% female). They were taught by 13,900 teachers (42.3% female) in 730 schools, of which 240 were private. The tertiary education system had 234,799 students (49.7% female). They were taught by 37,546 teachers (32.8% female) in 367 schools.[29]
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