| Edo Castle 江戸城 | |
|---|---|
| Chiyoda,Tokyo, Japan | |
 Edo Castle with surrounding residential palaces and moats, from a 17th-century screen painting.  Aerial view of the inner grounds of Edo Castle, today the location of Tokyo Imperial Palace | |
| Site information | |
| Type | Flatland |
| Owner | Imperial Household Agency |
| Condition | Mostly ruins, parts reconstructed after World War II. Site today ofTokyo Imperial Palace. |
 | |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1457 |
| Built by | Ōta Dōkan,Tokugawa Ieyasu |
| In use | 1457–present (asTokyo Imperial Palace) |
| Materials | granite stone, earthwork, wood |
| Demolished | Thetenshu (keep) was destroyed by fire in 1657, most of the rest was destroyed by another major fire on 5 May 1873. In use as Tokyo Imperial Palace. |
| Garrison information | |
| Occupants | Tokugawashōguns, Japanese emperors and imperial family since the Meiji era |
Edo Castle (江戸城,Edo-jō) is a flatlandcastle that was built in 1457 byŌta Dōkan inEdo, Toshima District,Musashi Province.[1] In modern times it is part of theTokyo Imperial Palace inChiyoda, Tokyo, and is therefore also known asChiyoda Castle (千代田城,Chiyoda-jō).Tokugawa Ieyasu established theTokugawa shogunate there, and it was the residence of theshōgun and the headquarters of the military government during theEdo period (1603–1867) inJapanese history. After theresignation of theshōgun and theMeiji Restoration, it became theTokyo Imperial Palace. Somemoats, walls andramparts of the castle survive to this day. However, the grounds were more extensive during the Edo period, withTokyo Station and theMarunouchi section of the city lying within the outermost moat. It also encompassedKitanomaru Park, theNippon Budokan Hall and other current landmarks of the surrounding area.[2]
The warrior Edo Shigetsugu built his residence in what is now theHonmaru andNinomaru part of Edo Castle, around the end of theHeian period (794–1185) or beginning of theKamakura period (1185–1333). TheEdo clan left in the 15th century as a result of uprisings in theKantō region, andŌta Dōkan, a retainer of theOgigayatsu Uesugi family, built Edo Castle in 1457.
The castle came under the control of theLater Hōjō clan in 1524 after theSiege of Edo.[3] The castle was vacated in 1590 due to theSiege of Odawara.Tokugawa Ieyasu made Edo Castle his base after he was offered eight eastern provinces byToyotomi Hideyoshi.[1] He later defeatedToyotomi Hideyori, son of Hideyoshi, at theSiege of Osaka in 1615, and emerged as the political leader of Japan. Tokugawa Ieyasu received the title ofSei-i Taishōgun in 1603, and Edo became the center of Tokugawa's administration.
Initially, parts of the area were lying under water. The sea reached the presentNishinomaru area of Edo Castle, andHibiya was a beach.[clarification needed] The landscape was changed for the construction of the castle.[4] Most construction started in 1593 and was completed in 1636 under Ieyasu's grandson,Tokugawa Iemitsu. By this time, Edo had a population of 150,000.[5]
The existingHonmaru,Ninomaru, andSannomaru areas were extended with the addition of theNishinomaru,Nishinomaru-shita,Fukiage, andKitanomaru areas. The perimeter measured 16 km.
Theshōgun required thedaimyōs to supply building materials or finances, a method shogunates used to keep the powers of thedaimyōs in check. Large granite stones were moved from afar; the size and number of the stones depended on the wealth of thedaimyōs. The wealthier ones had to contribute more. Those who did not supply stones were required to contribute labor for such tasks as digging the large moats and flattening hills. The earth that was taken from the moats was used as landfill for sea-reclamation or to level the ground. Thus the construction of Edo Castle laid the foundation for parts of the city where merchants were able to settle.
At least 10,000 men were involved in the first phase of the construction and more than 300,000 in the middle phase.[6] When construction ended, the castle had 38 gates. The ramparts were almost 20 meters (66 ft) high and the outer walls were 12 meters (39 ft) high. Moats forming roughly concentric circles were dug for further protection. Some moats reached as far asIchigaya andYotsuya, and parts of the ramparts survive to this day. This area is bordered by either the sea or the Kanda River, allowing ships access.
Various fires over the centuries damaged or destroyed parts of the castle, Edo and the majority of its buildings being made of timber.
On April 21, 1701, in the Great Pine Corridor (Matsu no Ōrōka) of Edo Castle,Asano Takumi-no-kami drew hisshort sword and attempted to killKira Kōzuke-no-suke. This triggered the events involving theforty-sevenrōnin.
After the capitulation of the shogunate in 1867, the inhabitants andshōgun had to vacate the premises. The castle compound was renamed Tokyo Castle (東京城,Tōkei-jō)[7][user-generated source] in October, 1868, and then renamed Imperial Castle (皇城,Kōjō) in 1869. In the year Meiji 2 (1868), on the 23rd day of the 10th month of theJapanese calendar the emperor moved to Tokyo and Edo castle became an imperial palace.[8]
A fire consumed the old Edo Castle on the night of May 5, 1873. The area around the old keep, which burned in the1657 Meireki fire, became the site of the new Imperial Palace Castle (宮城,Kyūjō), built in 1888. Some Tokugawa-period buildings which were still standing were destroyed to make space for new structures for the imperial government. The imperial palace building itself, however, was constructed inNishinomaru Ward, not in the same location as theshōgun's palace inHonmaru Ward.
The site suffered substantial damage during World War II and in the destruction of Tokyo in 1945.
Today the site is part of theTokyo Imperial Palace. The government declared the area an historic site and has undertaken steps to restore and preserve the remaining structures of Edo Castle.
The plan of Edo Castle was not only large but elaborate. The grounds were divided into variouswards, or citadels. TheHonmaru was in the center, with theNinomaru (second compound),Sannomaru (third compound) extending to the east; theNishinomaru (west compound) flanked byNishinomaru-shita (outer section) andFukiage (firebreak compound); and theKitanomaru (north compound). The different wards were divided by moats and large stone walls, on which variouskeeps, defense houses and towers were built. To the east, beyond theSannomaru was an outer moat, enclosing theOtomachi andDaimyō-Kōji districts.Ishigaki stone walls were constructed around theHonmaru and the eastern side of theNishinomaru. Each ward could be reached via wooden bridges, which were buffered by gates on either side. The circumference is subject to debate, with estimates ranging from 6 to 10 miles.[9]
With the enforcement of thesankin-kōtai system in the 17th century, it became expedient for thedaimyōs to set up residence in Edo close to theshōgun. Surrounding the inner compounds of the castle were the residences ofdaimyōs, most of which were concentrated at the Outer Sakurada Gate to the south-east and in theŌtemachi andDaimyō-Kōji districts east of the castle inside the outer moat. Some residences were also within the inner moats in the outerNishinomaru.
The mansions were large and elaborate, with no expenses spared to construct palaces with Japanese gardens and multiple gates. Each block had four to six of the mansions, which were surrounded by ditches for drainage.[10]Daimyōs with lesser wealth were allowed to set up their houses, calledbanchō, to the north and west of the castle.
To the east and south of the castle were sections that were set aside for merchants, since this area was considered unsuitable for residences. The entertainment districtYoshiwara was also there.
Edo Castle was protected by multiple large and small wooden gates (mon), constructed in-between the gaps of the stone wall. There were36 major gates. Not many are left on the outermoats, because they were a traffic hazard. Since the central quarter is nowTokyo Imperial Palace, some gates on the inner moats are well maintained and used as security check points.
In old days, "Ote-mon" was the main gate and the most heavily armed. There were 3 more gates you would go through after "Ote-mon" to reach theShogun's residence. Today, "Nishinomaru-mon" is the main entrance to the Palace. However, the twin bridge "Nijubashi" in front of it is more famous than the gate itself, thus the Palace Entrance is often publicly referred to as "Nijubashi".
An eye-witness account is given by the French directorFrançois Caron from the Dutch colony atDejima. He described the gates and courts being laid out in such a manner as to confuse an outsider. Caron noted the gates were not placed in a straight line, but were staggered, forcing a person to make a 90 degree turn to pass on to the next gate.[9] This style of construction for the main gates is calledmasugata (meaning "square"). As noted by Caron, the gate consisted of a square-shaped courtyard or enclosure and a two-story gatehouse which is entered via three roofedkōrai-mon. Thewatari-yagura-mon was constructed at adjacent angles to each side within the gate.[11] All major gates had large timbers that framed the main entry point and were constructed to impress and proclaim the might of the shogunate.
Accounts of how many armed men served at Edo Castle vary. The Spanish Governor-General of the PhilippinesRodrigo de Vivero y Velasco gave an eye-witness account in 1608–1609, describing the huge stones that made up the walls and a large number of people at the castle. He claimed to have seen 20,000 servants between the first gate and theshōgun's palace. He passed through two ranks of 1,000 soldiers armed withmuskets, and by the second gate he was escorted by 400 armed men. He passed stables that apparently had room for 200 horses and an armory that stored enough weapons for 100,000 men.[12]
TheHonmaru (本丸; also spelledHommaru) was the central, innermost part of the castle containing thekeep and residence of theshōgun. The stately and luxurious main buildings of theHonmaru, consisting of the outer, central, and inner halls, were said[by whom?] to have covered an area of 33,000 square meters (360,000 sq ft) during the Kan-ei era (1624–1644). Surrounding theHonmaru were curtain walls, with 11 keeps, 15 defense houses and more than 20 gates.
Honmaru was destroyed several times by fire and reconstructed after each fire. The keep and main palace were destroyed in 1657 and 1863, respectively, and not reconstructed. Some remains, such as theFujimi-yagura keep andFujimi-tamon defense house, still exist.
TheHonmaru was surrounded by moats on all sides. To the north separatingHonmaru from theKitanomaru were theInui-bori andHirakawa-bori, to the east separating theNinomaru was theHakuchō-bori, and to the west and south separating theNishinomaru were theHasuike-bori andHamaguri-bori.Most of these still exist, although theHakuchō-bori has partly been filled in since the Meiji era.
Kitahanebashi-mon (北桔橋門; "Northern Drawbridge Gate") is the northern gate to theHonmaru ward, facingKitanomaru ward across Daikan-cho street. It is also constructed as amasu-gate just likeŌte-mon andHirakawa-mon, and has awatari-yagura-mon in a left angle. The bridge in front of the gate, which was once a drawbridge during the Edo period, is now fixed to the ground. The metal clasps used to draw the bridge are still attached to the roof of the gate.
The mainkeep or tower, known as thetenshu-dai (天守台), was in the northern corner of theHonmaru ward.Kitahanebashi-mon is right next to it and was one of the main gateways to this innermost part. The measurements are 41 meters (135 ft) in width from east to west, 45 meters (148 ft) in length from north to south, and 11 meters (36 ft) in height. The castle once had a five-storey keep which was 51 meters (167 ft) in height and was thus the highest castle tower in the whole of Japan, symbolizing the power of theshōgun. The first iteration of the keep and its multiple roofs were constructed in 1607 and ornamented with gold. It was rebuilt in 1623 and again in 1638.[13] The third version of the keep was destroyed in the 1657Fire of Meireki and not reconstructed. The foundations of the keep that survive today were built in preparation for reconstructing the keep, but were never used.[14]
Despite this,jidaigeki movies (such asAbarenbō Shōgun) set in Edo usually depict Edo Castle as having a keep, and substituteHimeji Castle for that purpose.
A non-profit "Rebuilding Edo-jo Association" (NPO江戸城再建) was founded in 2004 with the aim of a historically correct reconstruction of at least the main keep. In March 2013 Naotaka Kotake, head of the group, said that "The capital city needs a symbolic building", and that the group planned to collect donations and signatures on a petition in the hope of having the tower rebuilt. A reconstruction blueprint had been made based on old documents. TheImperial Household Agency had not indicated whether it would support the project.[15][16]
The residential Honmaru Palace (本丸御殿,honmaru-goten) and the gardens of theshōgun and his court were constructed around the castle keep in theHonmaru area. It consisted of a series of low-level buildings, connected by corridors and congregating around various gardens, courtyards or lying detached, similar to the structures that can be seen inNijō Castle in Kyoto today. These structures were used for either residential or governmental purposes such as audiences.
TheHonmaru Palace was one story high, and consisted of three sections:
Various fires destroyed theHonmaru Palace over time and was rebuilt after each fire. In the span from 1844 to 1863,Honmaru experienced three fires. After each fire, theshōgun moved to theNishinomaru residences for the time being until reconstruction was complete. However, in 1853 both theHonmaru andNishinomaru burned down, forcing theshōgun to move into adaimyō residence. The last fire occurred in 1873, after which the palace was not rebuilt by the new imperial government.Behind theHonmaru Palace was the main keep. Besides being the location of the keep and palace, theHonmaru was also the site of the treasury. Three storehouses that bordered on a rampart adjoined the palace on the other side. The entrance was small, made with thick lumber and heavily guarded. Behind the wall was a deep drop to the moat below, making the area secure.
TheFujimi-yagura (富士見櫓; "Mount Fuji-viewingkeep") stands in the south-eastern corner of theHonmaru enceinte and is three storeys high.Fujimi-yagura is one of only three remaining keeps of the inner citadel of Edo Castle, from a total number of originally eleven. The other remaining keeps areFushimi-yagura (next to the upper steel bridge ofNijūbashi) andTatsumi-nijyu-yagura (at the corner ofKikyō-bori moat next toKikyō-mon gate). It is also called the "all-front-sided" keep because all sides look the same from all directions. It is believed that onceMount Fuji could be seen from this keep, hence the name. Since the main keep of Edo Castle was destroyed in 1657 and not reconstructed, theFujimi-yagura took on its role and was an important building after being constructed in 1659 during the Edo period. About 150–160 meters (490–520 ft) north of theFujimi-yagura is the former site of theMatsu no Ōrōka corridor, scene of dramatic events in 1701 that led to theforty-sevenrōnin incident.
TheFujimi-tamon (富士見多聞) defense house is about 120–130 meters (390–430 ft) north from theMatsu no Ōrōka. This defense house sits on top of the large stone walls overlooking to theHasuike-bori (Lotus-growing moat). Weapons and tools were stored here. During the Edo period, double and triple keeps (yagura) were constructed at strategic points on top of the stone wall surrounding theHonmaru. In between each keep, a defense house (calledtamon) was erected for defensive purposes. There were once 15 of these houses in theHonmaru, of which only theFujimi-tamon still exists.
North of theFujimi-tamon is theishimuro (石室; "stone cellar"), on a slope. It is about 20 square meters (220 sq ft). Its precise purpose is unknown, but since it is close to the former inner palace storage area, it is believed to have been used for storage of supplies and documents for the shogunate.
Shiomi-zaka (潮見坂) is a slope running alongside today's Imperial Music Department building towardsNinomaru enceinte. In old times apparently the sea could be seen from here, therefore its name.
At the foot of theShiomi-zaka on the eastern side of theHonmaru lies theNinomaru (二の丸; second enceinte) of Edo Castle. A palace for the heirs of the Tokugawashōguns was constructed in 1639 in the west area (Western Perimeter) and in 1630 it is reported that a garden designed byKobori Enshū, who was the founder of Japanese landscaping, was to its south-east. Several fires destroyed whatever stood here and it was not reconstructed. Aside from theHonmaru palace, theNinomaru was surrounded by 7 keeps, 8 defense houses, approximately 10 gates and other guardhouses. TheTenjin-bori separates a part of theNinomaru to theSannomaru.
Several renovations were carried out over the years until the Meiji era. A completely new garden has been laid out since then around the old pond left from the Edo period. Only theHyakunin-bansho andDōshin-bansho are still standing.
Thedōshin-bansho (同心番所) is a guardhouse. A big guardhouse was within theŌte-mon where today's security is. The passageway proceeding west from the guardhouse becomes narrower within the stone walls on both sides. Thedōshin-bansho is on the right side past this passageway. This is where the samurai guardsmen were posted to watch over the castle grounds.
There is a big stone wall in front of theDōshin-bansho, which is the foundation of theŌte-sanno-mon watari-yagura keep. The long building to the left on the southern side of this foundation is thehyakunin-bansho (百人番所). TheHyakunin-bansho is so called because it housed a hundred guardsmen closely associated with the Tokugawa clan.
The large stone wall in front of theHyakunin-bansho is all that is left of theNaka-no-mon watari-yagura (Inner Gate Keep). This building to the inner-right side of the gate is theŌ-bansho (大番所). As theHonmaru enceinte was said to begin right behind theNaka-no-mon gate, theŌ-bansho probably played a key role in the security of Edo Castle.
TheSuwa-no-Chaya (諏訪の茶屋) is a teahouse that was once in theFukiage garden during the Edo period. After various relocations in the Meiji era, today it is in the modernNinomaru Garden.
Thesannomaru (三の丸; third enceinte) is the easternmost enceinte next to theNinomaru, separated by theTenjin-bori. Ōte-bori is to the north, running then south isKikyō-bori.
A steep slope,Bairin-zaka (梅林坂), runs from easternHonmaru towardHirakawa-mon in front of the today's Archives and Mausolea Department building. It is said[who?] thatŌta Dōkan planted several hundred plum trees in 1478 in dedication toSugawara no Michizane. Dōkan is said to have built the Sanno-Gongendō here, where two shrines were when the Tokugawa clan occupied the site. With the erection of theHonmaru of Edo Castle, the shrine dedicated to Sugawara no Michizane was moved to Kojimachi Hirakawa-chō and later became known asHirakawa Shrine. Sanno Shrine was first moved toMomijiyama of Edo Castle and became its tutelary shrine but was moved again. Today it is known asHie Shrine.
Hirakawa-mon (平川門) is said to have been the main gate to theSannomaru of Edo Castle. It is also said to have been the side gate for maidservants and therefore called theOtsubone-mon. The shape of this gate is in themasugata, similar to theŌte-mon. However awatari-yagura-mon is built to an adjacent left angle within thekōrai-mon, of which it has two. The otherkōrai-mon is to the west of thewatari-yagura-mon which was used as the "gates of the unclean" for the deceased and criminals from within the castle.[11] Outside this gate is a wooden bridge with railings crowned withgiboshi-ornamental tops.
Ōte-mon (大手門; "Great Hand Gate") was the main gate of the castle. During the reign of the second TokugawashōgunHidetada, the castle underwent repairs in the 1620s and the gate is said to have taken its present form at this time, with the help ofDate Masamune, lord of Sendai Castle, andSoma Toshitane, lord of Nakamura Castle.
A fire in Edo destroyed theŌte-mon in January 1657, but was reconstructed in November 1658. It was severely damaged twice, in1703 and1855, by strong earthquakes, and reconstructed to stand until the Meiji era. Several repairs were conducted after the Meiji era, but the damage caused by the September1923 Great Kantō earthquake lead to the dismantling of thewatari-yagura (渡り櫓) and rebuilding of the stone walls on each side of the gate in 1925.
Thewatari-yagura was burnt down completely duringWorld War II on April 30, 1945. Restoration took place from October 1965 through March 1967, to repair thekōrai-mon and its walls, and theŌte-mon was reconstructed.
Thetatsumi-yagura (巽櫓), also known assakurada-yagura (桜田櫓), is a two-story high keep at the easternmost corner of theSannomaru and the only keep still remaining in it.
One of the few gates left of theNinomaru is thekikyō-mon (桔梗門), which is also known as the InnerSakurada-mon, as opposed to the (Outer)Sakurada-mon in the south. The architecture of the tower is a gate and in thekōrai style.
Thenishinomaru (西の丸; western ward) was the location of the palaces and residences of the retiredshōgun and the heir-apparent for a while. The outer part of theNishinomaru to the east (today's Outer Gardens of the Imperial Palace) was the site of various residences ofdaimyōs. TheNishinomaru is bordered by moats to the west such as theDōkan-bori,Sakurada-bori and Gaisen-bori to the south,Kikyō-bori andHamaguri-bori to the north. After each fire in theHonmaru, theshōgun normally moved into theNishinomaru, although it was also destroyed by fire in 1853. On May 5, 1873, theNishinomaru residence burned down. On its site, the imperial palace was built in the Meiji era.
Protecting theNishinomaru from the south is the large OuterSakurada-mon (桜田門). This gate is not to be confused with the InnerSakurada-mon, also known asKikyo-mon betweenNishinomaru andSannomaru.
Two bridges led over the moats. The bridges that were once wooden and arched, were replaced with modern stone and iron cast structures in the Meiji era. The bridges were once buffered by gates on both ends, of which only theNishinomaru-mon has survived, which is the main gate to today's Imperial Palace.
The bridge in the foreground used to be calledNishinomaru Ōte-bashi (西の丸大手橋), while the one in the back was calledNishinomaru Shimojō-bashi (西の丸下乗橋).
After their replacement in the Meiji era, the bridge is now called Imperial Palace Main Gate Stone Bridge (皇居正門石橋,kōkyo seimon ishibashi)) and Imperial Palace Main Gate Iron Bridge (皇居正門鉄橋,kōkyo seimon tekkyō), respectively. The iron bridge is also known asNijūbashi (二重橋; literally "double bridge"), because the original wooden bridge was built on top of an auxiliary bridge due to the deepness of the moat. The stone bridge is also calledMeganebashi (眼鏡橋; literally "Spectacles Bridge") because of its shape.[18] However, both bridges are often mistakenly collectively called Nijūbashi.[19]
Today both bridges are closed to the public except on January 2 and theEmperor's Birthday.
Fushimi-yagura (伏見櫓) is a two-storey keep that still exists at the western corner leading towards the innerNishinomaru, flanked by two galleries (tamon) on each side. It is the only keep that is left in theNishinomaru. It comes originally fromFushimi Castle in Kyoto.
Sakashita-mon (坂下門) originally faced the north, but was changed to face the east in the Meiji era. This tower gate overlooksHamaguri-bori. The assassination ofAndō Nobumasa, a member of theshōgun's Council of Elders, occurred outside this gate.
Momijiyama (紅葉山; "Maple Mountain") is an area in northernNishinomaru. The area had shrines dedicated to formershōguns in which ceremonies were conducted in memory of them and were held regularly.
Tokugawa Ieyasu built a library in 1602 within the Fujimibower of the castle with a number of books he obtained from an old library in Kanazawa. In July 1693, a new library was constructed atMomijiyama (Momijiyama Bunko).
The so-called "Momijiyama Bunkobon" are the books from that library, which are preserved in theNational Archives of Japan today. This group consists chiefly of books published during theSong dynasty, Korean books that were formerly in the possession of the Kanazawa Bunko library, books presented by the Hayashi family as gifts, andfair copies of books compiled by the Tokugawa government.[20][21]
Thefukiage (吹上; "blown clean") is the western area that was made into a firebreak after the great Meireki fire of 1657. TheFukiage is encircled by theDōkan-bori to theNishinomaru to the east, theSakurada-bori to the south, theHanzō-bori to the west, theChidorigafuchi to the northwest and theInui-bori to the north.
TheInui-mon (乾門) was in theNishinomaru area next to today's headquarters of the Imperial Household Agency and calledNishinomaru Ura-mon. It was moved to its present location between theKitanomaru andFukiage garden in the Meiji era. It has its name because it was in the northwestern part of the Imperial Palace grounds.
TheHanzōmon (半蔵門) is a gate in thekōrai style. The old gate was destroyed by fire during World War II. The Wadakura Gate was moved here in its stead. TheHanzō-mon is the only gate to theFukiage area from outside today.
TheKitanomaru (北の丸) is the northern enceinte next to theHonmaru. It was used as a medicinal garden (Ohanabatake) during theshōgun's rule. During the 17th century, the Suruga Dainagon residence was there as well, which was used by collateral branches of the Tokugawa clan. Today this site is the location of the publicKitanomaru Park. Not much is left from the times of the Edo Castle except for two gates,Shimizu-mon and further northTayasu-mon.
Kitanomaru is surrounded by moats. TheInui-bori andHirakawa-bori to the south separate it from theHonmaru andChidorigafuchi to the west.
Many place names in Tokyo derive from Edo Castle.Ōtemachi (大手町; "the town in front of the great gate"),Takebashi (竹橋; "the Bamboo Bridge"),Toranomon (虎ノ門; "the Tiger Gate"),Uchibori Dōri (内堀通り; "Inner Moat Street"),Sotobori Dōri (外堀通り; "Outer Moat Street"), andMarunouchi (丸の内; "Within the enclosure") are examples.
35°41′18″N139°45′16″E / 35.688324°N 139.754389°E /35.688324; 139.754389
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| Kyushua | ||
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