Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム

Jump to content

Edmund Law

Edit links

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

British bishop (1703–1787)

For the British architect, seeEdmund Francis Law.

The Right Reverend Edmund Law
Bishop of Carlisle
Edmund Law, byGeorge Romney, 1781
Church	Church of England
See	Carlisle
In office	1768–1787
Predecessor	Charles Lyttelton
Successor	John Douglas
Personal details
Born	(1703-06-06)6 June 1703 Cartmel,Lancashire, England
Died	14 August 1787(1787-08-14) (aged 84) Dalston,Cumberland, England

Arms of Edmund Law, Bishop of Carlisle:*Argent, on a bend between two cocks gules three mullets of the field*^[1]

Edmund Law (6 June 1703 – 14 August 1787) was a churchman in theChurch of England. He served as Master ofPeterhouse, Cambridge, asKnightbridge Professor of Philosophy in theUniversity of Cambridge from 1764 to 1769, and asbishop of Carlisle from 1768 to 1787.

Life

[edit]

Edmund Law was born in the parish ofCartmel,Grange-over-Sands,Lancashire on 6 June 1703, son of Edmund Law,curate of Staveley-in-Cartmel and master of a small school there from 1693 to 1742, and Patience, daughter of Christopher Langbaine, of Kendal,Westmoreland.^[2] Per Law's friend and biographerWilliam Paley, the Laws descended from a family ofyeomen long settled atAskham inWestmoreland.^[3] The senior Edmund Law seems on his marriage to have settled on his wife's property at Buck Crag, about four miles fromStaveley.^[4] There his only son, Edmund, the future bishop, was born. The boy, educated first at Cartmel school, and afterwards at the free grammar school at Kendal, went toSt. John's College, Cambridge.^[5] He earned his B.A. in 1723. Soon elected fellow ofChrist's College, he proceeded M.A. in 1727. At Cambridge his chief friends wereDaniel Waterland, master ofMagdalene College,John Jortin, andJohn Taylor, the editor ofDemosthenes.^{[citation needed]}

In 1737, Law was presented with the living of Greystoke inCumberland, the gift of which at this time devolved on the university, and soon afterwards he married Mary, daughter of John Christian, of Ewanrigg, Cumberland. Her mother Bridget was daughter of John (a.k.a. Humphrey) Senhouse, of a Cumberland landed gentry family with descent from KingEdward I.^[6]^[7] In 1743, he was madearchdeacon of Carlisle, and in 1746 he left Greystoke forGreat Salkeld, the rectory of which was annexed to the archdeaconry.

Law became Master ofPeterhouse on 12 November 1754,^[8] and at the same time resigned his archdeaconry. In 1760, Law was appointed librarian, or rather proto-bibliothecarius, of the university of Cambridge, an office created in 1721, and first filled by Dr.Conyers Middleton, and in 1764 he was madeKnightbridge professor of moral philosophy.^[9] In 1763, he was presented to the archdeaconry ofStaffordshire and aprebend inLichfield Cathedral by his former pupil,Frederick Cornwallis; he received a prebend inLincoln Cathedral in 1764, and in 1767, a prebendal stall inDurham Cathedral through the influence of theDuke of Newcastle.

Bishop of Carlisle

[edit]

In 1768, Law was recommended by theDuke of Grafton, then chancellor of the university, to thebishopric of Carlisle. His friend and biographer William Paley declares that Law regarded his elevation as a satisfactory proof that decent freedom of inquiry was not discouraged.

Death and legacy

[edit]

Memorial inCarlisle Cathedral byThomas Banks

Law died atRose Castle, inDalston, Cumbria on 14 August 1787, in his eighty-fifth year. He was buried inCarlisle Cathedral, where the inscription on his monument commemorates his zeal alike for Christian truth and Christian liberty, adding "religionem simplicem et incorruptam nisi salva libertate stare non-posse arbitratus." His biographer, who knew him well, describes the bishop as "a man of great softnesse of manners, and of the mildest and most tranquil disposition. His voice was never raised above its ordinary pitch. His countenance seemed never to have been ruffled."

Law's wife predeceased him in 1772, leaving eight sons- includingJohn Law (1745–1810),Bishop of Elphin,Ewan Law (1747–1829), MP forWestbury (1795–1800) andNewtown (1802),Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough (1750–1818),Lord Chief Justice,Thomas Law (1756–1834), investor inWashington, D.C., andGeorge Henry Law (1761–1845),Bishop of Chester andBishop of Bath and Wells- and four daughters, the youngest of whom, Joanna, married SirThomas Rumbold,Governor of Madras.

The bishop's portrait was three times painted by Romney: in 1777 for Sir Thomas Rumbolt; in 1783 for Dr. John Law, then Bishop of Clonfert; and a half-length, without his robes, in 1787 for Edward Law, afterwards Lord Ellenborough.^[10]

Works

[edit]

Law was an ardent disciple ofJohn Locke.

His first literary work was hisEssay on the Origin of Evil, a translation of ArchbishopWilliam King'sDe Origine Mali, which Law illustrated with copious notes in 1731. In 1734, while still at Christ's College, he prepared, withJohn Taylor,Thomas Johnson, and Sandys Hutchinson, an edition ofRobert Estienne'sThesaurus Linguæ Latinæ, and in the same year appeared hisEnquiry into the Ideas of Space and Time, an attack upon à priori proofs of the existence of God, in answer to a work byJohn Jackson entitledThe Existence and Unity of God proved from his Nature and Attributes.

The work by which he is perhaps best known,Considerations on the State of the World with regard to the Theory of Religion, was published by him at Cambridge in 1745. The main idea of the book is that the human race has been, and is, through a process of divine education, gradually and continuously progressing in religion, natural or revealed, at the same rate as it progresses in all other knowledge. In his philosophical opinions he was an ardent disciple ofJohn Locke, in politics he was awhig, and as a priest he represented the mostlatitudinarian position of the day, but hisChristian belief was grounded firmly on the evidence of miracles^[11] TheTheory of Religion went through many editions, being subsequently enlarged withReflections on the Life and Character of Christ, and anAppendix concerning the use of the words Soul and Spirit in the Holy Scripture. Another edition, with Paley's life of the author prefixed, was published by his son,George Henry Law, then bishop of Chester, in 1820. A German translation, made from the fifth enlarged edition, was printed atLeipzig in 1771.

In 1754, Law advocated in his public exercise for the degree of D.D. his favourite doctrine that the soul, which in his view was not naturally immortal, passed into a state of sleep between death and the resurrection. This theory met with much opposition; it was, however, defended by ArchdeaconFrancis Blackburne.^[12]

In 1774, Law, now a bishop, published anonymously an outspoken declaration in favour ofreligious toleration in a pamphlet entitledConsiderations on the Propriety of requiring Subscription to Articles of Faith. It was suggested by a petition presented to parliament in 1772, by ArchdeaconFrancis Blackburne and others for the abolition of subscription, and Law argued that it was unreasonable to impose upon a clergyman in any church more than a promise to comply with its liturgy, rites, and offices, without exacting any profession of such minister's present belief, still less any promise of constant belief, in particular doctrines. The publication was attacked byThomas Randolph of Oxford, and defended byA Friend of Religious Liberty in a tract attributed by some to Paley, and said to have been his first literary production.

In 1777, Law published an edition of theWorks of Locke, in 4 vols., with a preface and a life of the author. This included, anonymously, his 1769 essay 'A Defence of Mr. Locke's Opinion Concerning Personal Identity'. Law also published several sermons. His interleaved Bible, with many manuscript notes, is preserved in the British Museum.

Notes

[edit]

^Burke's General Armory, 1884, p.589
^Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 1, ed. Charles Mosley, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 1307
^The senior Edmund Law was son of Edmund Law, of Cordale, Bampton, Westmorland (d. 1689), and his wife Elizabeth Wright (died 1685)- Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 1, ed. Charles Mosley, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 1307 (per Burke's Peerage, 92nd edition, 1934, p. 893: "Edmond (sic) Law, a Westmorland statesman, owned Cordale, near Haweswater, in the parish of Bampton, which property was sold in 1837").
^Cumb. and Westm. Antiq. Soc. Trans. vii. [new ser.] 108–9
^"Law, Edmund (LW720E)".A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
^Burke's Family Index, ed. Hugh Massingberd, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 1976, p. 139
^The Royal Lineage of our Noble and Gentle Families (1884), Joseph Foster, p.90
^The colleges and halls – Peterhouse | British History Online
^LUARD, Cat. Grad. Cant. p. 623
^Memoirs of G. Romney, by Rev. J. Romney, 1830, pp. 188, 189
^cf. Theory, ed. 1820, p. 65 n.
^Anthony PageJohn Jebb and the Enlightenment origins of British radicalism p68

References

[edit]

W. Paley, A short memoir of the life of Edmund Law (1800)
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: "Law, Edmund".Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.

An essay on the several dispensations of God to mankind in the order in which they lie in the Bible : or, A short system of the religion of nature and scripture ; with a preface shewing the causes of the growth of infidelity (1728)
An enquiry into the ideas of space, time, immensity, and eternity ; as also the self-existence, necessary existence, and unity of the divine nature : in answer to a book lately publish'd by Mr. Jackson, entitled, 'The existence and unity of God proved from His nature and attributes' (1734)
An essay on the origin of evil (1739)
Litigiousness Repugnant to the Laws of Christianity (1743)
Considerations on the state of the world with regard to the theory of religion : in three parts ... Being the substance of some sermons preach'd before the University of Cambridge (1745)
Considerations on the State of the World with Regard to the Theory of Religion: In Three Parts (1745)
Reflections on the Life and Character of Christ: With an Essay on the Nature and End of Death Under the Christian Covenant; . With a summary and appendix on the Gospel Morals (1745)
A Defence of Mr. Locke's Opinion Concerning Personal Identity (1769). Reprinted as Appendix II to Galen StrawsonLocke on Personal Identity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014).
Betrachtungen über die Geschichte der Religion, nebst zwo Abhandlungen von dem Leben und Charakter Christi, und von der Natur und dem Endzwecke des Todes unter dem christlichen Bunde (1771 translation ofConsiderations to German)

Church of England titles
Preceded by Charles Lyttelton	Bishop of Carlisle 1768–1787	Succeeded by John Douglas
Academic offices
Preceded by Edmund Keene	Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge 1754–1787	Succeeded by Francis Barnes

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF GND FAST
National	United States France BnF data Netherlands Greece Israel Belgium
Academics	CiNii
People	Trove Deutsche Biographie
Other	IdRef SNAC Yale LUX

v t e Bishops of Carlisle
Pre-Reformation	Æthelwold Paulinus of Leeds Bernard Hugh of Beaulieu Walter Mauclerk Silvester de Everdon Thomas Vipont Robert de Sancta Agatha Robert de Chauncy William Langton Ralph of Irton John de Halton William Ayremyn John Ross John Kirkby John Horncastle Gilbert Welton Thomas Appleby Robert Reed Thomas Merke William Strickland Roger Whelpdale William Barrow Marmaduke Lumley Nicholas Close William Percy John Kingscote Richard Scroope Edward Story Richard Bell William Senhouse Roger Leyburn John Penny John Kite Robert Aldrich Owen Oglethorpe
Post-Reformation	Richard Barnes John May Henry Robinson Robert Snoden Richard Milbourne Richard Senhouse Francis White Barnaby Potter James Ussher Episcopacy abolished (Commonwealth) Richard Sterne Edward Rainbowe Thomas Smith William Nicolson Samuel Bradford John Waugh Sir George Fleming Richard Osbaldeston Charles Lyttelton Edmund Law John Douglas HonEdward Venables-Vernon Samuel Goodenough HonHugh Percy HonHenry Montagu Villiers HonSamuel Waldegrave Harvey Goodwin John Bardsley John Diggle Henry Williams Thomas Bloomer Cyril Bulley David Halsey Ian Harland Graham Dow James Newcome Rob Saner-Haigh (announced)

Bishops of Carlisle

Pre-Reformation

Post-Reformation

v t e Masters of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Gerard de Hoo Robert de Winwick Robert de Mildenhall Roger de la Goter Ralph de Holbeche William de Whittlesea Richard de Wisbeche Thomas de Wormenhall John de Newton William Cavendish Thomas de Castro-Bernardi John Holbroke Thomas Lane John Warkworth Thomas Denman Henry Hornby William Burgoyne John Edmunds Ralph Aynsworth Andrew Perne Robert Some John Richardson Thomas Turner Leonard Mawe Matthew Wren John Cosin Lazarus Seaman John Cosin Bernard Hale Joseph Beaumont Thomas Richardson John Whalley Edmund Keene Edmund Law Francis Barnes William Hodgson Henry Wilkinson Cookson James Porter Adolphus Ward The Lord Chalmers William Birdwood Harold Temperley Paul Cairn Vellacott Herbert Butterfield John Charles Burkill Grahame Clark Hugh Trevor-Roper Henry Chadwick John Meurig Thomas The Lord Wilson of Tillyorn Adrian Dixon Bridget Kendall

Masters of Peterhouse, Cambridge

v t e Vice-chancellors of the University of Cambridge
15th century	Thomas Ashwell Henry Stockton Nicholas de Swaffham Nicholas Gay William Millington John Roclyffe Thomas Stoyle William Uttyng William Smyth Edmund Conisborough Thomas Stoyle William Towne Thomas Tuppin John Riplingham John Camberton William Rawson William Stockdale John Dolman Henry Rudd John Smith John Smith Henry Babington
16th century	John Fisher Humphrey Fitzwilliam Geoffrey Knight John Smith Richard Burton John Eccleston William Robson William Buckenham Thomas Thompson John Fawne John Eccleston Robert Dowsing Edmund Natares John Watson Edmund Natares Thomas Stackhouse John Edmunds Thomas Green Henry Bullock Edmund Natares John Edmunds William Buckmaster John Watson Simon Haynes John Crayford Francis Mallet George Day William Buckmaster John Edmunds Francis Mallet Richard Standish John Edmunds Richard Standish John Edmunds Sir Thomas Smith John Madew Matthew Parker John Madew William Bill Matthew Parker Walter Haddon John Madew Andrew Perne Edward Hawford Edwin Sandys John Young William Glyn Cuthbert Scott Andrew Perne John Pory Robert Brassey Edmund Cosyn Andrew Perne Henry Harvey Philip Baker Francis Newton Edward Hawford Robert Beaumont John Stokes Robert Beaumont Roger Kelke Richard Longworth John Young John May John Whitgift Roger Kelke Thomas Byng John Whitgift Andrew Perne John Still Roger Goad Richard Howland Thomas Byng John Hatcher Andrew Perne William Fulke John Bell Richard Howland Robert Norgate Humphrey Tindall John Copcot Thomas Legge Thomas Nevile Thomas Preston Robert Some Thomas Legge John Still John Duport Roger Goad John Jegon Robert Some John Jegon
17th century	John Duport William Smith John Cowell Richard Clayton Samuel Harsnett Roger Goad Thomas Jegon John Duport Fogge Newton Barnabas Gooch (or Goche) Valentine Cary Clement Corbet Samuel Harsnett Owen Gwyn John Hills John Richardson William Branthwaite John Gostlin Robert Scott Samuel Ward Leonard Mawe Jerome Beale Thomas Paske John Mansell John Gostlin Henry Smyth Thomas Bainbridge Matthew Wren Henry Butts Thomas Comber Benjamin Lany Richard Love William Beale Henry Smyth Thomas Comber Ralph Brownrigg John Cosin Richard Holdsworth Ralph Brownrigg Thomas Hill John Arrowsmith Anthony Tuckney Thomas Horton Benjamin Whichcote Samuel Bolton Richard Minshull Lazarus Seaman John Lightfoot Theophilus Dillingham John Worthington John Bond William Dillingham Henry Ferne Henry Ferne Edward Rainbowe William Dillingham James Fleetwood Anthony Sparrow Francis Wilford John Howorth James Fleetwood Edmund Boldero James Duport John Breton Robert Mapletoft William Wells John Spencer Edmund Boldero Isaac Barrow Sir Thomas Page Thomas Holbech Francis Turner John Eachard Humphrey Gower Nathaniel Coga John Copleston Henry James Samuel Blyth William Saywell John Peachell John Balderston John Montagu John Covel James Johnson Charles Roderick Gabriel Quadring George Oxenden William Stanley Thomas Browne John Eachard Henry James Sir William Dawes Thomas Green Richard Bentley
18th century	Thomas Richardson Charles Ashton George Bramston Sir John Ellys Bardsey Fisher John Balderston Edward Lany John Covel Charles Roderick Nathaniel Lloyd Gabriel Quadring John Adams Thomas Green Thomas Sherlock Daniel Waterland William Grigg SirThomas Gooch Thomas Crosse Andrew Snape William Savage John Davies Joseph Craven Robert Lambert John Frankland Robert Lambert Matthias Mawson Charles Morgan Roger Long William Towers John Adams John Wilcox William Richardson John Whalley Edward Hubbard Sir Edward Simpson William Sedgwick Robert Smith William George Kenrick Prescot George Rooke Edmund Castle Francis Parris Thomas Chapman Edmund Keene John Wilcox Philip Yonge Hugh Thomas Edmund Law John Sumner John Green Lynford Caryl Sir James Burrough George Sandby Robert Plumptre Peter Godard William Elliston John Barnardiston William Samuel Powell John Smith Sir James Marriott John Hinchliffe William Richardson John Sumner James Brown William Cooke Lynford Caryl Hon. Barton Wallop Richard Farmer John Chevallier Hugh Thomas Robert Plumptre William Colman Lowther Yates John Barker Richard Beadon John Torkington Peter Peckard Joseph Turner Sir James Marriott William Elliston Richard Farmer Francis Barnes William Pearce William Craven Thomas Postlethwaite Isaac Milner William Colman Lowther Yates Philip Douglas Richard Fisher Belward Robert Cory Humphrey Sumner William Lort Mansel William Gretton
19th century	Joseph Proctor Humphrey Sumner Martin Davy John Torkington Joseph Turner William Pearce Francis Barnes Edward Pearson Isaac Milner Philip Douglas Thomas Browne John Davie Robert Cory William Chafy George Thackeray John Kaye James Wood William Webb George Neville William Frere Christopher Wordsworth William French Henry Godfrey John Lamb Thomas Le Blanc Joseph Proctor Christopher Wordsworth Martin Davy Gilbert Ainslie William Chafy George Thackeray John Graham William Webb Joshua King William French George Archdall Gilbert Ainslie Thomas Worsley William Hodgson Ralph Tatham John Graham George Archdall William Whewell William Hodgson Robert Phelps Ralph Tatham Henry Philpott Robert Phelps Henry Wilkinson Cookson James Cartmell George Corrie Richard Okes James Pulling Thomas Geldart Edwin Guest William Whewell Henry Philpott William Henry Bateson Latimer Neville George Phillips Edward Atkinson Henry Wilkinson Cookson James Cartmell William Hepworth Thompson Edward Atkinson John Power Henry Wilkinson Cookson Samuel Phear Edward Atkinson John Power Edward Perowne James Porter Norman Macleod Ferrers Charles Swainson Charles Taylor Charles Edward Searle Henry Montagu Butler John Peile Augustus Austen Leigh Charles Smith Alexander Hill William Chawner
20th century	Adolphus Ward Frederic Chase Edward Beck Ernest Stewart Roberts Arthur James Mason Robert Forsyth Scott Stuart Alexander Donaldson M. R. James Thomas Fitzpatrick Arthur Shipley Peter Giles Edmund Pearce Albert Seward George Weekes Thomas Fitzpatrick Allen Beville Ramsay Will Spens J. F. Cameron Godfrey Wilson Henry Roy Dean Ernest Alfred Benians John Archibald Venn Thomas Hele Henry Thirkill Charles E. Raven Sydney Castle Roberts SirLionel Whitby Henry Willink Brian Downs Edgar Adrian Herbert Butterfield Ivor Jennings John Boys Smith Arthur Armitage Eric Ashby Owen Chadwick William Alexander Deer Jack Linnett Rosemary Murray Alan Cottrell Peter Swinnerton-Dyer Harry Hinsley John Butterfield Richard Adrian, 2nd Baron Adrian Michael McCrum
Full-time	Sir David Williams Sir Alec Broers Dame Alison Richard Sir Leszek Borysiewicz Stephen Toope Deborah Prentice