Cavani began his career playing forDanubio in Montevideo, where he played for two years, before moving to Italian sidePalermo in 2007. In 2010, Cavani signed forNapoli, who signed him on an initial loan deal before buying him for a total fee of €17 million. He helped them win theCoppa Italia in 2012 and established himself as the most dominant striker inSerie A.[4] In mid-2013, Cavani joinedParis Saint-Germain in France for a reported €64 million, at the time the most expensive signing in French football history.[5] With PSG, Cavani won sixLigue 1 titles, fiveCoupes de la Ligue and fourCoupes de France.[6] He also ranks as theclub's second all-time top goalscorer.[7] In 2020, Cavani signed withManchester United, scoring 17 goals in his first season, including a goal in theUEFA Europa League final, before signing forValencia in 2022.
Cavani scored on hisUruguay debut againstColombia in 2008, and went on to earn 136 caps and score 58 international goals, only behind strike partnerLuis Suárez among Uruguayan internationals. He participated in ten major international tournaments: fourFIFA World Cups (2010,2014,2018 and2022), fiveCopas América (2011,2015,2016,2019 and2021), and oneFIFA Confederations Cup (2013). Cavani scored at the 2010 World Cup to help Uruguay to fourth place in the tournament, and in 2011 was part of the Uruguay squad that won a record fifteenth Copa América title. He finished as theCONMEBOL 2018 World Cup qualification top scorer with ten goals.
After his breakthrough at the 2007 South American Youth Championship, several big teams were reportedly interested in signing Cavani, includingJuventus andMilan.[9] On 29 January 2007, however,Palermo chairmanMaurizio Zamparini announced the signing of the promising Uruguayan.[10] The bid was officially confirmed on 31 January[11] for €4.475 million.[12] Cavani made his debut on 11 March 2007 in a home league match againstFiorentina,[13] coming on in the 55th minute with his team 1–0 down and scoring an impressive equaliser only 15 minutes later, a goal reminiscent ofMarco van Basten's strike in the1988 UEFA European Football Championship final.[14] In his second season with theRosanero, Cavani found himself fighting for a first team place withFabrizio Miccoli andAmauri.
After Amauri's departure to Juventus in June 2008, Cavani cemented his place in the starting line-up, forming a striking partnership with Fabrizio Miccoli and scoring a total 14 goals in the2008–09 season, earning the nickname "El Matador" due to his composure in front of goal.[15] He retained his place for the2009–10 season under new bossWalter Zenga, and also under successorDelio Rossi, being instrumental in the team's successful run inSerie A which took Palermo to European qualification and potential qualification to theUEFA Champions League with two games remaining. In April 2010, he signed a new contract with Palermo valid to June 2014.[16]
In July 2010, Cavani signed forNapoli. The transfer, however, was a loan of €5 million plus an option/obligation to buy outright for €12 million,[17][18] which made the total fee €17 million.[19] After debuting for Napoli as a substitute in the previous game, Cavani scored twice in his first start, as Napoli beatElfsborg in theUEFA Europa League 2–0 and qualified for the main tournament. He then started his Serie A tenure with Napoli scoring a controversial goal against Fiorentina after just seven minutes, with replays showing the ball landing on the line. Cavani also scored on his home debut againstBari before adding a late winner againstSampdoria, meaning he had scored in his first four competitive matches with Napoli.
On 26 September, Cavani came on as a late replacement with 30 minutes left in a game againstCesena which Napoli was losing 1–0. After assisting the equalising goal, he went on to score two more, with the scoreline finishing at 4–1. That meant Cavani shared the lead as top scorer in the league alongsideInternazionale'sSamuel Eto'o.[20] Cavani's partnership with fellow forwardsEzequiel Lavezzi andMarek Hamšík led the Italian sporting media to dub them "The Three Tenors" after the famoussinging group of the same name. On 15 December, Cavani netted a 92nd-minute goal againstSteaua București to help his team to a 1–0 win and progress beyond the group stage of theEuropa League. In the first match, which was held on Romanian soil, he had scored an equalising goal in the 97th minute. On 9 January 2011, Cavani scored a hat-trick during a 3–0 win overJuventus, the third goal coming by way of a diving header.[21] On 30 January, Cavani scored another hat-trick, this time in a 4–0 win over Sampdoria.[22] Cavani continued his fine form scoring a brace againstRoma, with Napoli winning 2–0.
On 20 March, Cavani scored another brace againstCagliari in a 2–1 win. This win kept them within three points of leaders Milan with eight games left. On 3 April, Cavani scored yet another hat-trick in a 4–3 comeback win overLazio, having been 2–0 and 3–2 down during the game. He also became the highest league goalscorer in a single season in Napoli's history, netting 25 goals in Serie A.[23] On 8 May, in a 2–1 away loss againstLecce, he received a red card for two bookable offences. He sarcastically applauded the referee after the decision and was handed a two-match ban for the action.[24] As Napoli only had two more games of the season, it meant that his season was over and that he would not be able to regain his top position in the Serie A scoring charts, asAntonio Di Natale had surpassed him with 26 goals. Cavani signed a new five-year contract on 19 May, keeping him at Napoli until 2016.[25]
On 14 September, Cavani scored the opener in Napoli's first game of theirChampions League campaign, a 1–1 away draw atManchester City.[26] Four days later, on 18 September, he scored a hat-trick against Milan in Napoli's 3–1 home win.[27][28] On 22 November, Cavani scored both goals in the match winning brace 2–1 at home against Manchester City in the Champions League, leaving Napoli in pole position to followBayern Munich into the knockout stage.[29] On 26 November, Cavani scored a 94th-minute equaliser againstAtalanta after Napoli went a goal down in the 64th minute through on-loan Napoli strikerGermán Denis. On 21 December, Cavani netted a brace in Napoli's 6–1 thrashing ofGenoa, helping theAzzurri finish 2011 strong and end the first half of the season in sixth place.[30]
On 17 February 2012, Cavani scored two goals against Fiorentina, helping Napoli go in fifth place ahead of Internazionale.[31] On 21 February, Cavani scored the second goal againstChelsea in the Champions League round of 16 first leg inNaples. He also provided the assists for both of Ezequiel Lavezzi's goals that game. Napoli subsequently went on to win this game 3–1.[32] Following Napoli's exit from the Champions League at the hands of Chelsea, Cavani scored two goals againstUdinese in the last ten minutes to earn a much-needed draw to keep Napoli in the hunt for the last Champions League qualifying spot. A few days later, he converted a fantastic counter-attack againstSiena to book Napoli a place in theCoppa Italia final. On 21 April, he celebrated his 200th career league appearance by scoring in a 2–0 win againstNovara.[33] Cavani finished the league season with 23 goals,[34] tied for third on the goal scoring charts with Udinese striker Antonio Di Natale.[35] On 20 May, Cavani scored a penalty against Juventus in the 2012 Coppa Italia final at theStadio Olimpico, Rome, which Napoli won 2–0.[36] Cavani finished the tournament as the top goalscorer, with five goals.[37]
Cavani playing againstAIK in the Europa League in 2012
Cavani's first goal of theSerie A season came on 26 August, netting the final goal of Napoli's 3–0 defeat of former club Palermo.[38] A month later, on 26 September, Cavani scored a mesmerising hat-trick against Lazio to maintain Napoli's undefeated start to the Serie A season in a 3–0 win.[39]
On 8 November, Cavani scored all four goals, including a half-volley from outside the box and a tremendous free kick, as Napoli came back from 2–1 down to defeatDnipro Dnipropetrovsk 4–2 in the group stage of theEuropa League.[40] Cavani scored a late penalty in the 94th minute to secure a 2–1 victory over Swedish sideAIK on 22 November, sending Napoli through to the next round of the Europa League.[41] Cavani was the last player ever to score on theRåsunda Stadium which was the stadium that hosted the1958 FIFA World Cup final.[42] On 6 January 2013, Cavani netted a perfect hat-trick as Napoli thumped Roma 4–1, gaining ground in the race for the league title as champions Juventus fell to a shock win.[43] Cavani finished the season as leading Serie A goalscorer, with 29 goals, six ahead of Udinese striker Antonio Di Natale in second.[44]
Towards the end of the season, reports emerged that Cavani would leave Napoli, with Chelsea, Manchester City,Paris Saint-Germain andReal Madrid all believed to be interested.[45] On 27 May 2013, however, he told that he was not thinking of moving, saying, "Real Madrid, Chelsea and [Manchester] City are interested in me? I just think about Napoli." Nonetheless, he continued, "If an important offer were to come in, I will talk with president [Aurelio] De Laurentiis". He then paid tribute to his time in Italy, saying, "I'm fine in Italy, I have grown as a man there and as a player with the Serie A experience".[46] Cavani was asked about the interest Chelsea and Manchester City took in him, saying, "I don't know if they made an offer for me, I just know that to be coached by someone like [Man City manager]Manuel Pellegrini or [Chelsea manager]José Mourinho would always be a pleasure".[47] On 23 June, Napoli club presidentAurelio De Laurentiis revealed that Cavani's reported £53 million "buyout clause expires" on 10 August 2013.[48]
On 16 July 2013, Cavani joined French champions Paris Saint-Germain on a five-year contract,[49] for a fee believed to be around €64 million,[50] making it the sixthlargest transfer in history, at the time. The reported sum made Cavani the record signing in French football, breakingRadamel Falcao's €60 million move toMonaco earlier in the summer, and saw him link up with former Napoli teammate Ezequiel Lavezzi in Paris.[51]
Cavani debuted for PSG on 9 August, coming on as a 72nd-minute substitute for Lavezzi in a league match againstMontpellier.[52] He started the following game on 18 August and scored his first goal for the club, a late equaliser againstAjaccio.[53]
Cavani scored his first Champions League goal for the club in their European season opener againstOlympiacos on 17 September.[54] He ended thegroup stage with four goals from five matches as PSG qualified with a 100% win record.[54]
On 22 January 2014, Cavani scored his 20th goal of the season in PSG's 2–1Coupe de France defeat at home to Montpellier.[55] On 2 March, after missing a month of the season with a thigh injury, Cavani scored on his return to the team in a 2–0 win overLe Classique rivalsMarseille at theParc des Princes.[56]
On 19 April, he scored both goals for PSG as they beatLyon 2–1 in the2014 Coupe de la Ligue Final.[57] He finished his first season with 25 goals in 43 games across all competitions, including 16 in 30 league games.
Cavani scored a penalty to secure a 3–1 win atLens on 17 October 2014, andcelebrated by shooting an imaginary bow and arrow. Referee Nicolas Rainville booked him for this, and sent him off for dissent after Cavani complained about it. PSG club presidentNasser Al-Khelaifi said toCanal+, "Why did he get the yellow card before? He always celebrates the same way."[58] On 5 November 2014, it took Cavani 56 seconds to score the only goal of the game against Cypriot clubAPOEL, a result which put PSG into theChampions Leagueknock-out stage with two games to spare.[59]
In January 2015, Cavani and Ezequiel Lavezzi were fined and suspended for two matches by PSG managerLaurent Blanc for missing a mid-season training camp in Morocco and the first training session after the winter break.[60] On 11 April, he scored two goals as a second-half substitute for Lavezzi as PSG defeatedBastia 4–0 to win the2015 Coupe de la Ligue Final.[61] On 8 May, he scored a hat-trick in a 6–0 defeat ofGuingamp, which gave PSG a six-point lead inLigue 1 with two matches remaining.[62] With the title retained, PSG sealed a domestic treble on 30 May when Cavani headed the only goal of the game – his 31st in all competitions that season – to defeatAuxerre in the Coupe de France final.[63]
On 13 September 2016, in the opening2016–17 Champions League Group A match againstArsenal at the Parc des Princes, Cavani scored after just 44 seconds had elapsed in the first half by heading inSerge Aurier's cross from the right for PSG's fastest-ever Champions League goal. The match ended in a 1–1 draw.[66] On 16 September, Cavani scored four times (his first ever four-goal haul with PSG) in the first half as PSG trouncedCaen 6–0 away in aLigue 1 match to end PSG's streak of three competitive matches without victory, two of them in Ligue 1.[67][68] On 30 November, he scored a penalty in a 2–0 home win againstAngers to take his Ligue 1 tally to 14 goals in 14 matches,[69] which also saw him become only the fourth player in PSG history to score 100 competitive goals for the club.[70]
Cavani (number 9, standing next toZlatan Ibrahimović, number 10, in March 2015) surpassed his former PSG teammate to become the club's all-time record goalscorer in 2018.
Prior to the 2017–18 season, Cavani was joined at the club by Brazilian forwardNeymar, who moved to PSG in a transaction worth €222 million making himthe world's most expensive player,[72] and 18-year-old French prodigyKylian Mbappé, a loan signing with the club having an option to sign him for €180 million.[73] Cavani, Neymar and Mbappé immediately formed a formidable attacking trio, with Cavani scoring in each of PSG's opening three games of the2017–18 UEFA Champions League group stage, twice in the team's 5–0 win atCeltic, once in the 3–0 win at home toBayern Munich, and once in the 4–0 win atAnderlecht.[74][75][76]
On 22 October, Cavani scored a curling free kick off the crossbar to earn PSG a 2–2 draw inLe Classique away toMarseille.[77] The following month, he scored twice in the return leg against Celtic in a 7–1 win. The result saw PSG break the record for the most goals scored by a club in the group stages of the Champions League, with 24.[78] On 4 November, Cavani's goals in a 5–0 win atAngers made him only the third player to score 100 times in two of Europe's five best leagues, after Ibrahimović andGonzalo Higuaín.[79]
On 25 August 2018, Cavani played his first game of the season after missing PSG's first three games following his injury at the 2018 World Cup. The front three of Cavani, Neymar and Mbappé all scored in a 3–1 league win overAngers at home, with Cavani scoring the opener from Neymar's assist.[82] On 11 November 2018, Cavani scored a hat-trick in a 4–0 win overMonaco.[83] On 18 December, Cavani scored in PSG's 2–1 win overOrléans in the Coupe de La Ligue; this was his 15th goal all-time in the competition, tyingPauleta's record for most goals in the tournament.[84]
In April 2020, PSG were assigned the2019–20 Ligue 1 title after the season was ended prematurely due to the outbreak of theCOVID-19 pandemic; at the time of the League's suspension, PSG were in first place, with a twelve–point lead over second-placed Marseille.[85] On 13 June, PSG's sporting directorLeonardo revealed that Cavani would be leaving the club at the end of theChampions League campaign in August, alongside his teammateThiago Silva.[86] However, it was later revealed that, unlike Silva, Cavani had refused a short-term two-month contract extension that would allow him to see out the rest of the delayed Champions League campaign (includingthe final), theCoupe de la Ligue final and theCoupe de France final, and he left the club upon the expiry of his original contract on 30 June.[87]
On 5 October 2020, Cavani joined Premier League clubManchester United on a one-year deal with an option to extend for a further year.[88][89] He was given the prestigious number 7 shirt.[90] On 24 October, he made his Premier League debut from the bench in a 0–0 draw against Chelsea.[91] On 7 November, Cavani scored his first goal in thePremier League in a 3–1 away win againstEverton.[92] On 29 November, Cavani scored twice, including the winning goal in added time, in a 3–2 comeback win againstSouthampton after coming on as a half time substitute.[93]
On 2 February 2021, he scored the fourth goal in United's Premier League record-equalling9–0 win against Southampton.[94] On 29 April, he scored twice and assisted two more goals in a 6–2 home win over Roma in the first leg of theEuropa League semi-finals;[95] he scored another two in a 3–2 defeat in the return leg, which allowed United to advance to the final 8–5 on aggregate.[96] Across April, Cavani scored five goals and collected three man of the match award from four starts which lead to him winning his first Manchester United player of the month award.[97]
On 10 May, Cavani officially extended his stay for another season.[98] On 18 May, in an eventual 1–1 home draw againstFulham, Cavani scored the first goal atOld Trafford with fans in attendance since the start of theCOVID-19 pandemic, a 40-yard lob.[99] He was later awardedPremier League Goal of the Month for his effort.[100] On 26 May, he scored the equalising goal in a 1–1 draw againstVillarreal in theEuropa League Final; however, Manchester United lost eventually on penalties, despite Cavani netting his spot kick in the shoot-out.[101]
Even though Cavani played his first match of the2021–22 season againstWolverhampton Wanderers in the number 7 shirt, upon the arrival ofCristiano Ronaldo, he agreed to switch to the number 21 shirt, the same number he wears for the Uruguay national team.[102] He scored his first goal of the season, in a 3–0 away win on 30 October againstTottenham Hotspur, assisted by Ronaldo.[103]
On 22 May 2022, interim-managerRalf Rangnick announced that Cavani would be leaving the club when his contract expired at the end of season.[104]
On 29 August 2022,Valencia announced the signing of Cavani with a two-year contract.[105] He made his debut inLa Liga on 17 September by starting in a 3–0 home win overCelta Vigo; he had been under anaesthetic for six hours the day before, having caught his finger in the boot of his car while moving house.[106] On 15 October, he scored his first goals in a 2–2 draw withElche also at theMestalla Stadium.[107]
Cavani scored another two goals on 16 January 2023 in a 4–0 win away toSporting Gijón in the last 16 of theCopa del Rey.[108] These were his last goals for Valencia, ending his spell on 29 July with 28 games and 7 goals.[109]
On 29 July 2023, Cavani joinedBoca Juniors on a free transfer and a deal running until December 2024.[110] Two days later, Boca Juniors presented him at an unveiling ceremony as their new signing.[111] On 9 August, he made his debut for the club in the2023 Copa Libertadores round of 16 match againstNacional; ten days later he scored his first goal in a 3–1 home win over Platense in theCopa de la Liga Profesional.[112] On 6 October he opened a 1–1 draw withPalmeiras in the semi-finals of the Libertadores; in the ensuing penalty shootout he missed Boca's first attempt, though theXeneizes still advanced.[113] He played in the2–1 extra-time loss in the final toFluminense at theMaracanã Stadium.[114]
On 3 March 2024, Cavani ended a goalscoring drought of nearly five months by netting a hat-trick in a 3–2 win overBelgrano de Córdoba in the Copa de la Liga Profesional.[115] In October, he extended his contract until the end of 2026. He toldOlé that he wished to retire at Boca Juniors.[116]
On 6 February 2008, Cavani debuted for theUruguayan senior team in a 2–2 draw againstColombia, scoring from his own area on the counterattack from a corner.[118] The same year on 22 June, in the final match of the group stage of the2010 World Cup, Cavani set-up a goal forLuis Suárez in a 1–0 victory overMexico.[119][120] Uruguay wonGroup A and advanced to theknockout stage.[119][120] On 10 July, he scored againstGermany in the third place match to make the score 1–1; Germany went on to win 3–2.[121]
On 8 October 2010, Cavani scored his first internationalhat-trick in a 7–1 friendly victory againstIndonesia, where Luis Suárez also scored a hat-trick.[122]
Cavani was included in theUruguayan squad at the2011 Copa América in Argentina. He started the first two group games, but a knee injury in the second game againstChile ruled him out until the final. In thefinal, he replacedÁlvaro Pereira after 63 minutes, and was involved in his team's final goal as Uruguay beatParaguay 3–0 won a record 15th title.[123]
2012 Olympics, 2013 Confederations Cup, and 2014 World Cup
At the2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, Cavani equalised in the semi-final against the hosts and eventual championsBrazil, who eventually won 2–1.[125] In the match for third place, he equalised twice againstItaly, his second goal coming from a free kick, taking the game to penalties. Although Cavani scored his spot kick, Uruguay lost; he was named man of the match for his performance.[126]
On 13 November 2013, Cavani scored the last goal in Uruguay's 5–0 away win overJordan in a play-off for the2014 World Cup.[127] In their first group game of the finals, againstCosta Rica inFortaleza, Cavani opened the scoring with a penalty afterDiego Lugano had been pulled down. Uruguay, however, eventually lost 3–1.[128] Uruguay were eliminated by Colombia, following a 2–0 defeat in the round of 16 on 28 June 2014.[129]
With Suárez suspended for the entire tournament, Cavani was an undisputed starter for Uruguay at the2015 Copa América in Chile. In the quarter-finals against the hosts at theEstadio Nacional, Cavani was sent off for two bookings: the first for a foul onArturo Vidal, the second for flicking atGonzalo Jara's face after Jara had poked him in the buttocks. The incident received almost immediate and prominent international coverage from newspapers and the internet, mostly in defence of Cavani. Massive coverage included articles, columns, blogs, memes and cartoons. Press in Australia drew comparisons to what the press referred to as "Hopoate", comparing it to a similar infamous onfield anus-poking incident from rugby.[130][131] Other massive international coverage of the incident came from China,[132] the United Kingdom,[133] France,[134] and the United States.[135] Internet coverage included Goal.com,[136] Business Insider,[137] ESPNFC,[138] Bleacher Report[139]The World Game,[140]The Huffington Post,[141] and Dirty Tackle.[142] TeammateJorge Fucile was later also dismissed, and holders Uruguay were eliminated with a 1–0 defeat.[143] Cavani also took part in theCopa América Centenario the following year, but he once again went scoreless in the competition, as Uruguay were eliminated in the first round.[144][145][146]
In 2018, Uruguay participated in theChina Cup. Cavani led Uruguay to the trophy by scoring the only goal in the final match againstWales.
In his nation's final group game of the2018 FIFA World Cup on 25 June, Cavani scored Uruguay's final goal in a 3–0 win over hostsRussia.[149] Cavani then went on to score both of Uruguay's goals againstPortugal in a 2–1 victory in the Round of 16 on 30 June,[150] though he was withdrawn in the second-half with an apparent hamstring injury.[151][152] Because of his injury, he was ruled out of Uruguay's 2–0 defeat toFrance in the quarter-finals on 6 July.[153]
In March 2019, managerÓscar Tabárez included Cavani in the final 23-man Uruguay squad for the2019 Copa América in Brazil.[154] On 16 June, Cavani scored "an acrobaticbicycle-kick" in a 4–0 win overEcuador in the team's opening group match of the tournament;[155] this was his first goal ever in the Copa América.[156] In the quarter-finals againstPeru on 29 June, he had a goal disallowed by VAR for offside in regulation time; following a 0–0 draw, the match went to a penalty shoot-out. Although Cavani was able to convert his spot-kick, Peru won the shoot-out 5–4, which saw Uruguay eliminated from the competition.[157]
On 30 May 2024, Cavani announced his retirement from the national team. His last match was in Uruguay's 2–0 victory overGhana in thegroup stages of the2022 FIFA World Cup, on 2 December.[158]
A quick, strong, opportunistic and prolific forward with good technique, and a tall, slender frame, Cavani is considered to be one of the greatest strikers of his generation, and has been described as a "modern striker".[159][160][161][162][163] Possessing an excellent first touch, intelligent movement off the ball, and clinical finishing, he is a well-rounded striker,[164][165][166] who is known for his ability to score impressive goals, both with his head and with his feet, and for his tireless work-rate and energy across the pitch, as well as his willingness to track back and help his team defensively; moreover, he is an athletic player, who is also strong in the air, and who has a penchant for scoring from acrobatic goals. He is also an accurateset-piece taker,[167][168][169][170][171] and is generally a competentpenalty taker, even though his record from the spot has been inconsistent at times throughout his career.[172]
In addition to his goalscoring, he is also known for his ability to create space for his teammates.[173][174] However, despite being a prolific player, and having a reputation as one of the best strikers of his generation,[162][166][175][176][177][178] he has been accused at times in the media of missing an excessive number of chances, and has also been criticised on occasion for his performances in important matches.[166][179] Although he primarily plays either as acentre forward or as a mainstriker, he is capable of playing in several offensive positions, and has also been deployed as asupporting striker or as awinger.[169][173][180][181] Writing forThe Guardian in 2018,Jorge Valdano remarked upon "the generous endeavour of Cavani, a striker who covers the entire pitch".[182] Due to his composure in front of goal, Cavani was given the nickname "El Matador" ('The Bullfighter', in Spanish) during his time in Italy.[15][183] Despite his ability, he has struggled with injuries throughout his career.[184][185][186]
Like his idol, Argentine strikerGabriel Batistuta, Cavani often celebrates scoring a goal by pretending to fire an imaginary machine gun; he has also celebrated goals by pretending to shoot a bow and arrow.[8][58][187][188][189]
Cavani was married to Maria Soledad Cabris Yarrús, with whom he has two sons, born in 2011 and 2013.[196] In 2013, Cavani announced that he and his wife were to get a divorce, following a split between the two the year before.[197]
^Di Maggio, Roberto; Rota, Davide (4 June 2015)."Italy – Coppa Italia Top Scorers". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation.Archived from the original on 29 October 2015. Retrieved15 June 2015.
^Di Maggio, Roberto; Kramarsic, Igor; Novello, Alberto (11 June 2015)."Italy – Serie A Top Scorers". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation.Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved2 December 2015.