Edible packaging refers topackaging which isedible andbiodegradable.
Several manufacturers are developing or producingfood packaging that is edible.[2] One example is made based on the seaweed,Eucheuma cottonii.[3][4]
About 50 billion single-use plastic water bottles made ofpolyethylene terephthalate (PET) are produced in the United States each year, and most are discarded.[5] According to the National Association for PET Container Resources, the recycling rate for PET has held steady at 31% since 2013.[6]
Polyesters like PET can be broken down throughhydrolytic degradation: theester linkage is cut by a water molecule. The reaction proceeds differently in acidic or alkaline conditions, but works best at temperatures between 200 and 300 °C. Under environmental conditions the process is undetectably slow.[7]
PET is considered to be essentially non-biodegradable, withplastic bottles estimated to take as long as 450 years to decompose.[8] Because of this, other packaging materials are being sought.
Alginates are the natural product of brown algae and have been used extensively in wound dressing, drug delivery and tissue engineering, as well as food applications.[9][10][11] Sodium alginate is an unbranchedcopolymer of 1,4-linked-β-d-mannuronate (M) and α-l-guluronate (G) sugars.
Sodium alginate (NaAlg) coagulates when exposed to calcium chloride (CaCl2) and formscalcium alginate (CaAlg2) and sodium chloride (NaCl), according to the following reaction:
2NaAlg + CaCl2 → CaAlg2 + 2NaCl
The biocompatibility of alginate gels has been studied extensively and their safety for consumption is well established.[12][13] As naturalpolysaccharides resistant to breakdown by human digestive enzymes, alginates are classified asdietary fiber. Although undigested if eaten, an alginate capsule will gradually decompose as the calcium diffuses out of the gel matrix in the reverse of the reaction above.[14]
CaAlg2 + 2NaCl → 2NaAlg + CaCl2
Because it is a single-strand polymer, alginate can be depolymerized (broken into smaller units) by a variety of chemical reactions. Both acid and alkaline mechanisms can break down the linkages between the mannuronate (M) and guluronate (G) monomers. Free radical oxidation is another way the alginate can be degraded in the environment. Many bacterial species produce an enzyme (alginate lyase) which can break the molecule down into single sugar components, which can act as an energy source for the organism.[15]
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In 2025,researchers team, consisting ofKirtiraj K. Gaikwad and Bhushan P. Meshram from theIndian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee inventedKodo millet-based edible cups as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to traditional plastic cups and bowls to reduceplastic waste.[16] Thissustainable packaging approach utilizesPaspalum scrobiculatum (Kodo millet),guar gum, andhibiscus powder to enhance structural integrity and environmental sustainability. This research, demonstrates howunderutilized crops can be harnessed to developbiodegradable,edible alternatives to conventionalplastic packaging.[17]
The study emphasizes the environmental benefits of usingnatural polymers to produce packaging that can either be consumed or composted, reducing long-termwaste.[18] The combination of guar gum and hibiscus powder improves themechanical strength andmoisture resistance of the cups, making them viable for real-world applications in the food and beverage industry.
This development aligns with thecircular economy model by promoting the use ofrenewable resources and reducing reliance on fossil-fuel-based plastics.[19] Researchers highlight the potential for such innovations to mitigate plastic pollution while offeringsustainable solutions for packaging industries globally.
