.jpg) | |
| Currency | Euro (EUR, €) |
|---|---|
| Calendar year | |
Trade organisations | EU,WTO andOECD |
Country group | |
| Statistics | |
| Population |  5,149,139 (2022 census)[3] |
| GDP | |
| GDP rank | |
GDP growth | |
GDP per capita | |
GDP per capita rank | |
GDP by sector |
|
Population belowpoverty line | |
 27.4low (2023,Eurostat)[9] | |
| |
 77 out of 100 points (2023)[11](11th) | |
Labour force | |
Labour force by occupation |
|
| Unemployment | |
Average gross salary | €4,002 monthly (2023-Q1) |
| €3,086 monthly (2023-Q1) | |
Main industries | |
| External | |
| Exports | |
Export goods |
|
Main export partners |
|
| Imports | |
Import goods |
|
Main import partners |
|
FDI stock | |
 $17 billion (2022 est.)[19] | |
Grossexternal debt | €2.954 trillion (June 2022)[20] |
| −€610 billion (July 2022)[19] | |
| Public finances | |
| $12.905 billion (2023est.)[5] | |
| Revenues | |
| Expenses | |
| Economic aid |
|
All values, unless otherwise stated, are inUS dollars. | |
Theeconomy of the Republic of Ireland is ahighly developedknowledge economy, focused on services inhigh-tech,life sciences,financial services andagribusiness, includingagrifood.Ireland is anopen economy (3rd on theIndex of Economic Freedom),[27] and ranks first for high-valueforeign direct investment (FDI) flows.[28] In the globalGDP per capita tables, Ireland ranks 2nd of 192 in theIMF table and 4th of 187 in theWorld Bank ranking.[29][30]
Social expenditure stood atroughly 13.4% of GDP in 2024.[31][32][33] Following a period of continuous growth at an annual level from 1984 to 2007,[34] thepost-2008 Irish financial crisis severely affected the economy, compounding domestic economic problems related to the collapse of theIrish property bubble. Ireland first experienced a short technical recession from Q2-Q3 2007, followed by a recession from Q1 2008 – Q4 2009.[35]
After a year with stagnant economic activity in 2010, the Irish real GDP rose by 2.2% in 2011 and 0.2% in 2012. This growth was mainly driven by improvements in the export sector. TheEuropean sovereign-debt crisis caused a new Irish recession to start in Q3 2012, which was still ongoing as of Q2 2013.[36] By mid-2013, theEuropean Commission's economic forecast for Ireland predicted its growth rates would return to a positive 1.1% in 2013 and 2.2% in 2014.[37] An inflated 2015 GDP growth of 26.3% (GNP growth of 18.7%) was officially partially ascribed totax inversion practices by multinationals switching domiciles.[38] This growth in GDP, dubbed "leprechaun economics" by American economistPaul Krugman, was shown to be driven byApple Inc.'s restructuring of its Irish subsidiary in January 2015. The distortion of Ireland's economic statistics (includingGNI,GNP andGDP) by the tax practices of some multinationals, led theCentral Bank of Ireland to propose an alternative measure (modified GNI or GNI*)[39] to more accurately reflect the true state of the economy from that year onwards.[40][41]
Foreign-owned multinationals continue to contribute significantly to Ireland's economy, making up 14 of the top 20 Irish firms (by turnover),[42] employing 23% of the private sector labour-force,[43] and paying 80% of the collected corporation tax.[44][45]
Foreign-owned multinationals make up a significant percentage of Ireland's GDP.[44] The "multinational tax schemes" used by some of these multinational firms contribute to a distortion in Ireland's economic statistics; includingGNI,GNP andGDP.[46][47] For example, theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) shows Ireland with average leverage on a gross public debt-to-GDP basis (78.8% in 2016), but with the second highest leverage (after Japan) on a gross public debt-per capita basis ($62,686 in 2016).[48][49][50] This disconnect led to the 2017 development by theCentral Bank of Ireland of Irishmodified GNI (or GNI*)[39] for measuring the Irish economy (2016 GDP is 143% of Irish 2016 GNI*,[40][41] and OECD Irish gross public debt-to-GNI* is 116.5%).[48][51][52] Ireland'sGNI* per capita ranks it similar to Germany. According to an OECD report, productivity growth among foreign owned entities averaged 10.9% for 2017 and was a lower 2.5% for indigenous firms.[53]
The distortion of Irish economic data by US multinational tax schemes was a key contributor to the build-up of leverage in theCeltic Tiger, amplifying both Irish consumer optimism (who borrowed to 190% of disposable income, OECD highest), and global capital markets optimism about Ireland (enabled Irish banks to lend over 180% of deposit base, OECD highest).[54] Global capital markets, who ignored Ireland's private sector credit, and OECD/IMF warnings, when Irish GDP was rising during the Celtic Tiger, took fright in the financial crisis. Their withdrawal precipitated a deep Irish property correction, which led to acrisis in the Irish banking system.[47][55]
A particularly dramatic growth in Ireland's 2015 GDP (from 1% in 2013, to 8% in 2014, to 25% in 2015) was shown to be largely driven by Apple restructuring theirdouble Irish subsidiary, ASI, in January 2015. A follow-up EU Commission report into Ireland's national accounts showed that even before this, 23% of Ireland's GDP was multinational netroyalty payments,[56] implying Irish GDP was inflated to 130% of "true" GDP (before the Apple growth). This led to the Central Bank of Ireland proposing a new replacement metric,modified gross national income (or GNI*), to better represent the "true" Irish economy.[39][57]
Given the importance of US multinationals to Ireland's economy (80% of Irish multinational employment, and 14 of the 20 largest Irish firms[58][59]), the passing of theTax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 is a challenge to Ireland.[60][61] Parts of the USTCJA are targeted at Irishmultinational tax schemes, especially the move to a modern "territorial tax" system,[62][63] the introduction of a lower FDII tax onintellectual property, and the counter-Irish GILTI tax regime.[64][65] Additionally, the EU's proposed Digital Sales Tax[66] and stated desire for aCommon Consolidated Corporate Tax Base,[67] is also seen as an attempt to restrict the use of the Irish multinational tax schemes by US technology firms.[68][69][70]
The stabilisation of the Irish credit bubble required a large transfer of debt from the private sector balance sheet (highest OECD leverage), to the public sector balance sheet (almost unleveraged, pre-crisis), via Irish bank bailouts and public deficit spending.[71][72] The transfer of this debt means that Ireland, in 2017, had one of the highest levels of both public sector indebtedness, and private sector indebtedness, in the EU-28/OECD.[49][50][73][74][75][76]
From the 1920s, Ireland had high trade barriers such as high tariffs, particularly during theEconomic War with Britain in the 1930s, and a policy of import substitution. During the 1950s, 400,000 people emigrated from Ireland.[77] It became increasingly clear that economic nationalism was unsustainable. While other European countries enjoyed fast growth, Ireland suffered economic stagnation.[77] The policy changes were drawn together inEconomic Development, an official paper byT. K. Whitaker published in 1958 that advocatedfree trade, foreign investment, and growth rather than fiscal restraint as the prime objective of economic management.[77]
In the 1970s, the population increased by 15% and national income increased at an annual rate of about 4%. Employment increased by around 1% per year, but the state sector amounted to a large part of that. Public sector employment was a third of the total workforce by 1980. Budget deficits and public debt increased, leading to the crisis in the 1980s.[77] During the 1980s, underlying economic problems became pronounced. Middle income workers were taxed 60% of their marginal income,[78] unemployment had risen to 20%, annual overseas emigration reached over 1% of population, and public deficits reached 15% of GDP.
In 1987,Fianna Fáil reduced public spending, cut taxes, and promoted competition.Ryanair used Ireland's deregulated aviation market and helped European regulators to see benefits of competition in transport markets.Intel invested in 1989 and was followed by a number of technology companies such asMicrosoft andGoogle. A consensus exists among all government parties about the sustained economic growth.[77]
Between 1985 and 2002, private sector jobs increased 59%. The economy shifted from an agriculture to aknowledge economy, focusing on services and high-tech industries. Economic growth averaged 10% from 1995 to 2000, and 7% from 2001 to 2004. Industry, which accounts for 46% of GDP and about 80% of exports, has replaced agriculture as the country's leading sector.
HistorianR. F. Foster argues the cause was a combination of a new sense of initiative and the entry of American corporations such asIntel. He concludes the chief factors were low taxation, pro-business regulatory policies, and a young, tech-savvy workforce. For many multinationals the decision to do business in Ireland was made easier still by generous incentives from theIndustrial Development Authority. In additionEuropean Union membership was helpful, giving the country lucrative access to markets that it had previously reached only through the United Kingdom, and pumping huge subsidies and investment capital into the Irish economy.[79]
The economy benefited from a rise in consumer spending, construction, and business investment. Since 1987, a key part of economic policy has beenSocial Partnership, which is aneo-corporatist set of voluntary 'pay pacts' between the Government, employers and trade unions. The 1995 to 2000 period of high economic growth was called the Celtic Tiger, a reference to thetiger economies of East Asia.[80]
GDP growth continued to be relatively robust, with a rate of about 6% in 2001, over 4% in 2004, and 4.7% in 2005. With high growth came high inflation. Prices inDublin were considerably higher than elsewhere in the country, especially in the property market.[81] However, property prices were falling following theeconomic recession. At the end of July 2008, the annual rate of inflation was at 4.4% (as measured by theCPI) or 3.6% (as measured by theHICP)[82][83] and inflation actually dropped slightly from the previous month.
In terms of GDP per capita, Ireland is ranked as one of the wealthiest countries in the OECD and the EU-27, at 4th in the OECD-28 rankings. In terms ofGNP per capita, a better measure of national income, Ireland ranks below the OECD average, despite significant growth in recent years, at 10th in the OECD-28 rankings. GDP is significantly greater thanGNP (national income) due to the large number of multinational firms based in Ireland.[84] A 2005 study byThe Economist found Ireland to have the bestquality of life in the world.[85]
The positive reports and economic statistics masked several underlying imbalances. The construction sector, which was inherently cyclical in nature, accounted for a significant component of Ireland's GDP. A recent downturn in residential property market sentiment has highlighted the over-exposure of the Irish economy to construction, which now presents a threat to economic growth.[86][87][88]Despite several successive years of economic growth and significant improvements since 2000, Ireland's population is marginally more at risk of poverty than the EU-15 average and 6.8% of the population suffer "consistent poverty".[84][89]
It was the first country in the EU to officially enter a recession related to the Financial crisis 2008, as declared by theCentral Statistics Office.[91] At this point, Ireland now had the second-highest level of household debt in the world (190% of household income).[92] The country's credit rating was downgraded to "AA−" byStandard & Poor's ratings agency in August 2010 due to the cost of supporting the banks, which would weaken the Government's financial flexibility over the medium term.[93] It transpired that the cost of recapitalising the banks was greater than expected at that time, and, in response to the mounting costs, the country's credit rating was again downgraded by Standard & Poor's to "A".[94][95]
Theglobal recession has significantly impacted the Irish economy. Economic growth was 4.7% in 2007, but −1.7% in 2008 and −7.1% in 2009. In mid-2010, Ireland looked like it was about to exit recession following growth of 0.3% in Q4 of 2009 and 2.7% in Q1 of 2010. The government forecast a 0.3% expansion.[96][97][98] However the economy experienced Q2 negative growth of −1.2%,[98] and in the fourth quarter, the GDP shrunk by 1.6%. Overall, the GDP was reduced by 1% in 2010, making it the third consecutive year of negative growth.[99] On the other hand, Ireland recorded the biggest month-on-month rise for industrial production across theeurozone in 2010, with 7.9% growth in September compared to August, followed byEstonia (3.6%) andDenmark (2.7%).[100]
The second problem, unacknowledged by management of Irish banks, the financial regulator and the Irish government,[101] issolvency. The question concerning solvency had arisen due to domestic problems in theIrish property market. Irish financial institutions had substantial exposure to property developers in their loan portfolio.[102] In 2008, property developers had an over-supply of property, with much unsold as demand significantly diminished. The employment growth of the past that attracted many immigrants from Eastern Europe and propped up demand for property was replaced by rising unemployment.[103]
Irish property developersspeculated billions of Euros in overvalued land parcels such as urban brownfield and greenfield sites. They also speculated in agricultural land which, in 2007, had an average value of €23,600 per acre ($32,000 per acre or €60,000 per hectare)[104] which is several multiples above the value of equivalent land in other European countries.[citation needed] Lending to builders and developers has grown to such an extent that it equals 28% of all bank lending, or "the approximate value of all public deposits with retail banks. Effectively, the Irish banking system has taken all its shareholders' equity, with a substantial chunk of its depositors' cash on top, and handed it over to builders and property speculators.....By comparison, just before the Japanese bubble burst in late 1989, construction and property development had grown to a little over 25 per cent of bank lending."[105]
Irish banks correctly identify a systematic risk of triggering an even more severe financial crisis in Ireland if they were to call in the loans as they fall due. The loans are subject to terms and conditions, referred to as "covenants". These covenants are being waived[106] in fear of provoking the (inevitable) bankruptcy of many property developers[107] and banks are thought to be "lending some developers further cash to pay their interest bills, which means that they are not classified as 'bad debts' by the banks".[102] Furthermore, the banks' "impairment" (bad debt) provisions are still at very low levels.[108][109]This does not appear to be consistent with the real negative changes taking place in property market fundamentals.
On 30 September 2008, the Irish Government declared a guarantee that intends to safeguard the Irish banking system. The Irish National guarantee, backed by taxpayer funds, covers "all deposits (retail, commercial, institutional and interbank), covered bonds, senior debt and dated subordinated debt".[110] In exchange for the bailout, the government did not take preferred equity stakes in the banks (which dilute shareholder value) nor did they demand that top banking executives' salaries and bonuses be capped, or that board members be replaced.[111]
Despite the Government guarantees to the banks, their shareholder value continued to decline and on 2009-01-15, the Government[112]nationalisedAnglo Irish Bank, which had a market capitalisation of less than 2% of its peak in 2007. Subsequent to this, further pressure came on the other two large Irish banks, who on 2009-01-19, had share values fall[113] by between 47 and 50% in one day. As of 11 October 2008, leaked reports of possible actions by the government[114] to artificially prop up the property developers have been revealed.
In contrast, on 7 October 2008,Danske Bank wrote off a substantial sum largely due to property-related losses incurred by its Irish subsidiary –National Irish Bank.[115] The 3.18%[116] charge against the loan book of its Irish operations is the first significant write off to take place and is a modest indication of the extent of the more substantial future charges to be incurred by the over-exposed domestic banks. Asset write-downs by the domestically-owned Irish banks are only now slowly beginning to take place[102]
In November 2010, the Irish government published a National Recovery plan, which aimed to restore order to the public finances and to bring its deficit in line with the EU target of 3% of economic output by 2015.[117] The plan envisaged a budget adjustment of €15 billion (€10 billion in public expenditure cuts and €5 billion in taxes) over a four-year period. This was front-loaded in 2011, when measures totalling €6 billion took place. Subsequent budgetary adjustments of €3 billion per year were put in place up to 2015, to reduce the government deficit to less than 3% of GDP.VAT would increase to 23% by 2014. Aproperty tax was re-introduced in 2012. This was initially charged in 2012 as a flat rate on all properties and subsequently charged at a level of 0.18% of the estimated market-value of a property from 2013. Domesticwater charges are to be introduced in 2015.[118][119] Expenditure cuts included reductions in public sector pay levels, reductions in the number of public sector employees through early retirement schemes, reduced social welfare payments and reduced health spending.As a result of increased taxation and decreased government spending theCentral Statistics Office (Ireland) reported that the Irish government deficit had decreased from 32.5% of GDP in 2010 (a level boosted by one-off support payments to the financial sector) to 5.7% of GDP in 2013.[120] In addition Ireland'sunemployment rate fell from a peak of 15.1% in February 2012 to 10.6% in December 2014.[121] The number of people in employment increased by 58,000 (3.1% increase in employment rate) in the year to September 2013. On 27 February 2014 the government launched itsAction Plan for Jobs 2014, which followed similar plans initiated in 2013 and 2012.[122]
The term "Celtic Phoenix" was coined by journalist and satiristPaul Howard,[123] which has been occasionally used by some economic commentators and media outlets to describe the indicators of economic growth in some sectors in Ireland since 2014.[124][125]
In late 2013, Ireland exited anEU/ECB/IMF bailout. The Irish economy began to recover in 2014, growing by 4.8%, making Ireland the fastest growing economy in the European Union.[126] Contributing factors to growth included a recovering construction sector, quantitative easing, a weak euro, and low oil prices.[127][128] This growth helped to reduce national debt to 109% of GDP, and the budget deficit fell to 3.1% in the fourth quarter.[129]
The headline unemployment rate remained steady at 10%, though the youth unemployment rate remained higher than the EU average, at over 20%.[130][131] Emigration had continued to play a significant factor in unemployment statistics, though the emigration rate also began to fall in 2014.[132][133]
Property prices also increased in 2014, growing fastest inDublin. This was due to a housing shortage, especially in the Dublin area. The demand for housing caused some recovery in the Irish construction and property sectors.[134] By early 2015, house price increases nationally began to outpace those in Dublin.Cork saw house prices rise by 7.2%, whileGalway prices rose by 6.8%. Prices inLimerick were 6.7% higher while inWaterford there was a 4.9% increase.[135] The housing crisis resulted in over 20,000 applicants being on the social housing list in theDublin City Council area for the first time.[136] In May 2015, theInsolvency Service of Ireland reported to the Oireachtas Justice Committee that 110,000 mortgages were in arrears, and 37,000 of those are in arrears of over 720 days.[137]
On 14 October 2014, Minister for FinanceMichael Noonan and Minister for Public Expenditure and ReformBrendan Howlin introduced thebudget for 2015, the first in seven years to include tax cuts and spending increases.[138] The budget reversed some of the austerity measures that had been introduced over the previous six years, with increased spending and tax cuts worth just over €1bn.[139][140][141][142]
In April 2015, during a "Spring Economic Statement", Noonan and Howlin outlined the government's plans and projections up to the year 2020.[143][144] This included policy statements on expansionary budgets, deficit management plans and proposed cuts to the Universal Social Charge and other taxes.[145]
In October 2014, German finance minister,Wolfgang Schäuble said that Germany was "jealous" at how the Irish economy had recovered after its bailout. He also said that Ireland had made a significant contribution to the stabilisation of theeuro.[146] While TaoiseachEnda Kenny praised the economic growth, and said that Ireland would seek to avoid returning to a "boom and bust" cycle, he noted that other areas of the economy remained fragile.[147][148][149] TheEuropean Commission also acknowledged the recovery and growth, but warned that any extra government revenue should be used to further reduce the national debt.[150][151]
Some other commentators have suggested that, depending on the Eurozone, world economic outlook as well as other internal and external factors, the growth seen in Ireland in 2014 and early 2015 may not indicate a longer-term pattern for sustainable economic improvement.[152][153][154] Other commentators have noted that recovery figures do not account for emigration, youth unemployment, child poverty, homelessness and other factors.[155]
On 23 June 2016, theUnited Kingdom voted to leave the European Union, which was widely reported as likely having a negative impact on trade between the UK and Ireland, and the Irish economy in general.[156][157] Other commentators, for example the Financial Times, suggested that some London-based financial institutions might move operations toDublin afterBrexit.[158]
In 2016 official CSO figures indicated that the economic recovery had led to 26.3% growth in GDP in 2015 and 18.7% growth in GNP.[161] The figures were widely ridiculed[162][163][164][165][166][167] including by Nobel Prize winning economistPaul Krugman who labelled them "leprechaun economics".[168] The official explanation was that the closure of the "double Irish" scheme at end 2014 (phased out by 2020), led some multinationals to relocate "intangible assets" to Ireland.[169] It was subsequently shown in 2018 that it was due to Apple's January 2015 restructuring of their "double Irish" structure, Apple Sales International ("ASI").[170] While the markets had always taken Irish economic statistics with a degree of caution (given the increasing gap between Irish GNI and Irish GDP/GNP),[47][171] the size of this increase drew attention to the level of distortion US "multinational tax schemes" (like "double Irish") were having on Ireland's statistics. For example, on a "per capita" basis, Ireland is one of the most leveraged economies in the OECD, while on a "% of GDP" basis, it is rapidly de-leveraging.[50][73]
In response to this, theCentral Bank of Ireland created a special steering group, the result of which was a new metric, "Modified gross national income" or "Irish GNI*", for Irish economic analysis.[39] For 2016, Irish GNI* would be 30% below Irish GDP, while Irish Government Net Debt/GNI* would be 106% (vs. Irish Net Debt/GDP of 73%).[40][41] Commentators who had been tracking the widening gap between Irish GNI and Irish GDP/GNP since the growth of the "double Irish" in the mid-2000s (see tables),[171] and the even stronger effect of the "capital allowances for intangible assets" scheme on distorting GNI/GNP/GDP,[51] noted that GNI* still materially over-stated the true Irish economy.[51][172] By 2017, a number of Irish financial commentators bemoaned the inaccuracy of Irish economic GDP/GNP statistics.[52][173]
During the Irish economic crisis, specific Irish tax schemes were loosened to attract foreign capital to re-balance Ireland's debt. Schemes that were low-tax became almost zero-tax ("capital allowances for intangible assets" in 2009). Schemes that were restricted became more available (i.e. "Section 110 SPVs" in 2012). These schemes attracted the foreign capital that led Ireland's post-crisis recovery. It also saw Ireland rise up the league tables of corporate "tax havens"[174][175][176] and be blacklisted by Brazil.[177] A major 2017 study into "offshore financial centers" identified Ireland as a top 5 globalConduit OFC.[178]
This made Ireland the most popular destination for UScorporate tax inversions.[179] When Pfizer and Irish-based Allergan announced the largest corporate tax inversion in history at $160bn (84% of Ireland's 2016 GNI* of €190bn),[180] it forced the Obama administration to block US tax inversions. None have occurred since.[181]
Ireland had also become a base for US technology multinationals. By 2014 (see table), Apple's Irish ASI subsidiary was handling €34bn annually of untaxed profits (20% of Ireland's 2014 GNI*). The EU forced Ireland to close the "double Irish",[182] but it was replaced (Apple's "capital allowances" and Microsoft's "single malt").[183][184]
By 2017,IDA Ireland estimated multinationals (US comprise 80%),[58] contributed €28.3bn in cash to the Irish Exchequer (corporate taxes, wages, and capital spend), and were responsible for an even larger Irish economic impact then could be accurately measured (i.e. new office construction, second order services etc.).[59] The OECD estimated that foreign multinationals provide 80% of domestic value-add and 47% of employment in Irish Manufacturing, and 40% of domestic value-add and 28% of employment in Irish Services.[47] In addition, the OECD estimate that foreign multinationals employ one quarter of the Irish private sector workforce.[43]
However, the US and the EU became more resolute to curb what they saw as excessive tax avoidance by US multinationals in Ireland.[56][185] A 2018 study published via theCenter for International Relations suggested that due to the tax practices of US corporations, Ireland's pattern of trade was more aligned withNAFTA countries than withEU countries.[186][better source needed]
The USTax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 was passed with Ireland directly in mind.[64] The TCJA moves the US from the "worldwide tax" system (which is the reason why US multinationals use Ireland) to a modern "territorial tax" system (which is the reason why non-US multinationals hardly use Ireland[62] - there are no non-US/non-UK foreign firms in Ireland's top 50 firms by turnover, and only one by employees - German retailerLidl[42]).[63] The FDII tax regime gives US-based "intellectual property" ("IP") a low-tax 13.125% rate. The GILTI tax regime places a penalty on foreign-based IP (i.e. like in Ireland) that brings its effective rate above the FDII rate (i.e. incentivizes re-location of IP to the US). Experts believe that the TCJA neutralises Ireland's "multinational tax schemes".[60][61][65]
The EU Commission's impending 2018 "digital tax" is also designed to curb the Irish "multinational tax schemes". By taxingturnover, it acts as an "override" on the Irish "multinational tax schemes".[69][70] It has been described by Seamus Coffey, Chairperson of theIrish Fiscal Advisory Council as "a more serious threat to Ireland thanBrexit".[68]
The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2021 (with IMF staff estimates in 2022–2027). Inflation under 5% is in green.[187]
| Year | GDP (in Bil. US$PPP) | GDP per capita (in US$ PPP) | GDP (in Bil. US$nominal) | GDP per capita (in US$ nominal) | GDP growth (real) | Inflation rate (in Percent) | Unemployment (in Percent) | Government debt (in % of GDP) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980 | 25.3 | 7,390.3 | 21.4 | 6,252.2 | 2.9% | 18.3% | n/a | n/a |
| 1981 | 28.4 | 8,190.6 | 20.4 | 5,886.4 | 2.5% | 20.2% | n/a | n/a |
| 1982 | 30.6 | 8,733.9 | 21.3 | 6,078.1 | 1.5% | 17.2% | n/a | n/a |
| 1983 | 31.6 | 8,948.0 | 20.6 | 5,839.8 | -0.7% | 10.4% | n/a | n/a |
| 1984 | 33.8 | 9,500.2 | 19.9 | 5,591.8 | 3.2% | 8.6% | n/a | n/a |
| 1985 | 35.5 | 9,960.4 | 21.2 | 5,934.5 | 1.9% | 5.5% | 17.7% | n/a |
| 1986 | 36.4 | 10,202.3 | 28.5 | 7,993.2 | 0.4% | 3.0% | 18.1% | n/a |
| 1987 | 38.7 | 10,817.3 | 33.7 | 9,419.5 | 3.6% | 3.2% | 18.8% | n/a |
| 1988 | 41.2 | 11,586.1 | 36.9 | 10,365.3 | 3.0% | 2.2% |  18.4% | n/a |
| 1989 | 45.2 | 12,793.2 | 38.0 | 10,754.6 | 5.6% | 4.0% | 17.9% | n/a |
| 1990 | 50.6 | 14,310.4 | 48.2 | 13,644.8 | 7.7% | 3.4% | 17.2% | n/a |
| 1991 | 53.1 | 14,952.4 | 48.8 | 13,748.2 | 1.6% | 3.1% | 19.0% | n/a |
| 1992 | 56.3 | 15,712.2 | 54.9 | 15,331.9 | 3.6% | 3.2% | 16.3% | n/a |
| 1993 | 58.9 | 16,366.5 | 51.4 | 14,262.8 | 2.3% | 1.4% | 16.7% | n/a |
| 1994 | 63.7 | 17,643.1 | 55.8 | 15,455.4 | 5.9% | 2.4% | 15.1% | n/a |
| 1995 | 71.3 | 19,656.6 | 69.3 | 19,086.8 | 9.6% | 2.5% | 14.1% | 78.5% |
| 1996 | 79.2 | 21,687.0 | 75.9 | 20,781.4 | 9.1% | 2.2% | 11.8% | 69.8% |
| 1997 | 89.3 | 24,177.2 | 83.0 | 22,468.6 | 10.7% | 1.3% | 9.9% | 61.6% |
| 1998 | 98.2 | 26,314.1 | 90.3 | 24,202.5 | 8.8% | 2.1% | 7.6% | 51.4% |
| 1999 | 110.1 | 29,164.8 | 99.0 | 26,233.7 | 10.5% | 2.4% | 5.9% | 46.6% |
| 2000 | 123.1 | 32,161.6 | 100.3 | 26,186.3 | 9.4% | 5.3% | 4.4% | 36.4% |
| 2001 | 132.6 | 34,095.8 | 109.3 | 28,120.1 | 5.3% | 4.0% | 4.2% | 33.6% |
| 2002 | 142.6 | 36,043.1 | 128.5 | 32,482.1 | 5.9% | 4.7% | 4.7% | 30.9% |
| 2003 | 149.8 | 37,249.8 | 164.6 | 40,940.1 | 3.0% | 4.0% | 4.9% | 29.8% |
| 2004 | 164.3 | 40,064.2 | 194.3 | 47,389.3 | 6.8% | 2.3% | 4.8% | 28.1% |
| 2005 | 179.1 | 42,650.8 | 212.0 | 50,476.5 | 5.7% | 2.2% | 4.6% | 26.1% |
| 2006 | 193.9 | 44,867.9 | 232.2 | 53,738.8 | 5.0% | 2.7% | 4.8% | 23.6% |
| 2007 | 209.7 | 47,173.0 | 270.1 | 60,770.1 | 5.3% | 2.9% | 5.0% | 23.9% |
| 2008 | 204.1 | 45,200.0 | 275.4 | 60,990.0 | -4.5% | 3.1% | 6.8% | 42.5% |
| 2009 | 195.0 | 42,875.5 | 236.2 | 51,943.5 | -5.1% | -1.7% | 12.6% | 61.8% |
| 2010 | 200.6 | 43,918.7 | 222.1 | 48,620.6 | 1.7% | -1.6% | 14.6% | 86.2% |
| 2011 | 206.5 | 45,040.6 | 239.0 | 52,122.1 | 0.8% | 1.2% | 15.4% | 110.5% |
| 2012 | 213.4 | 46,335.2 | 225.8 | 49,029.3 | 0.0% | 1.9% | 15.5% | 119.6% |
| 2013 | 221.2 | 47,773.4 | 238.3 | 51,472.1 | 1.1% | 0.5% | 13.8% | 120.0% |
| 2014 | 238.2 | 51,032.0 | 259.2 | 55,542.0 | 8.6% | 0.3% | 11.9% | 104.3% |
| 2015 | 324.9 | 68,918.0 | 291.8 | 61,902.7 | 24.4% | -0.1% | 9.9% | 76.7% |
| 2016 | 340.2 | 71,290.9 | 299.0 | 62,668.1 | 2.0% | -0.2% | 8.4% | 74.3% |
| 2017 | 376.4 | 78,002.3 | 336.3 | 69,685.3 | 9.0% | 0.3% | 6.8% | 67.6% |
| 2018 | 418.2 | 85,607.1 | 385.9 | 78,988.6 | 8.5% | 0.7% | 5.8% | 63.0% |
| 2019 | 448.9 | 90,696.9 | 399.4 | 80,690.2 | 5.4% | 0.9% | 5.0% | 57.2% |
| 2020 | 482.4 | 96,618.9 | 425.5 | 85,225.1 | 6.2% | -0.5% | 5.8% | 58.4% |
| 2021 | 570.7 | 113,267.8 | 504.5 | 100,129.5 | 13.6% | 2.4% | 6.3% | 55.3% |
| 2022 | 666.3 | 131,034.1 | 519.8 | 102,217.4 | 9.0% | 8.4% | 4.7% | 47.0% |
| 2023 | 717.7 | 139,844.2 | 549.1 | 106,997.4 | 4.0% | 6.5% | 4.8% | 42.8% |
| 2024 | 762.1 | 147,149.5 | 594.2 | 114,728.2 | 4.0% | 3.0% | 4.8% | 39.2% |
| 2025 | 799.8 | 153,018.7 | 630.8 | 120,692.7 | 3.0% | 2.0% | 4.8% | 36.5% |
| 2026 | 839.5 | 159,163.6 | 670.7 | 127,144.3 | 3.0% | 2.0% | 4.8% | 34.0% |
| 2027 | 881.6 | 165,603.8 | 712.0 | 133,760.4 | 3.0% | 2.0% | 4.8% | 31.3% |
In 2022, the sector with the highest number of companies registered in Ireland was services, with 145,217 companies, followed by finance, insurance, and real estate and retail trade with 60,561 and 45,541 companies respectively.[188]
There are 1,200 directly employed in leasing, with Irish lessors managing more than €100 billion in assets. This means that Ireland manages nearly 22% of the fleet of aircraft worldwide and a 40% share of Global fleet of leased aircraft. Ireland has 14 of the top 15 lessors by fleet size.[189][190]
The drinks industry employs approximately 92,000 people and contributes 2 billion euro annually to the Irish economy[191] making it one of the biggest sectors. It supports jobs in agriculture, distilling and brewing. It is subdivided into 5 areas; beer (employing 1,800 people directly and 35,000 indirectly),[192] cider (supporting 5,000 jobs),[193] spirits (supporting 14,700 jobs),[194] whiskey (employing 748 people with turnover of 400 million euro)[195]and wine (employing 1,100 directly).[196][independent source needed]
The multinational engineering sector employs over 18,500 people and contributes approximately 4.2 billion euro annually.[197] This includes approximately 180 companies in areas such of industrial products and services, aerospace, automotive and clean tech.[citation needed]
Bord Gáis is responsible for the supply and distribution of natural gas, which was first brought ashore in 1976 from theKinsale Head gas field. Electrical generation from peat consumption, as a percent of total electrical generation, was reduced from 18.8% to 6.1%, between 1990 and 2004.[198] A 2006 forecast by Sustainable Energy Ireland predicts that oil will no longer be used for electrical generation but natural gas will be dominant at 71.3% of the total share, coal at 9.2%, and renewable energy at 8.2% of the market.[198] New or potential sources include theCorrib gas field and theShannon Liquefied Natural Gas terminal.[199]
Ireland is one of a group of countries that are likely[citation needed] to benefit geopolitically from a global transition to renewable energy. It is ranked number 12 among 156 countries in the index of geopolitical gains and losses afterenergy transition (the "GeGaLo Index").[200]
Exports play an important role in Ireland's economic growth. The country is one of the largest exporters of pharmaceuticals, medical devices and software-related goods and services in the world.[201]
A series of significant discoveries of base metal deposits have been made, including the giant ore deposit atTara Mine. Zinc-lead ores are also currently mined from two other underground operations inLisheen andGalmoy. Ireland now ranks as the seventh largest producer of zinc concentrates in the world, and the twelfth largest producer of lead concentrates. The combined output from these mines make Ireland the largest zinc producer in Europe and the second largest producer of lead.[202]
In itsGlobalization Index 2010 published in January 2011Ernst and Young with theEconomist Intelligence Unit ranked Ireland second after Hong Kong. The index ranks 60 countries according to their degree of globalisation relative to their GDP.[203] While the Irish economy had significant debt problems in 2011, exporting remained a success.
The financial services sector employs approximately 35,000 people and contributes 2 billion euro in taxes annually to the economy.[204] Ireland is the seventh largest provider of wholesale financial services in Europe.[204] A number of these firms are located at theInternational Financial Services Centre (IFSC) in Dublin.
The Information and communications technology (ICT) sector employs over 37,000 people and generates 35 billion annually. The top ten ICT companies are located in Ireland, with over 200 companies in total.[205][clarification needed] A number of these ICT companies are based in Dublin at developments like theSilicon Docks. This includes Google, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Amazon, eBay, PayPal and Microsoft; several of which have their EMEA / Europe & Middle East headquarters in Ireland. Others operate their European headquarters fromCork, including Apple, EMC and Johnson Controls.
The Medical technology (MedTech) sector employs nearly 25,000 people and generates 9.4 billion Euro annually, with over one hundred companies in the country.[206][independent source needed]
The pharmaceutical sector employs approximately 50,000 people and is responsible for 55 billion euro of exports.[207][independent source needed] A number of these companies are based inCounty Cork, atLittle Island andRingaskiddy.
The software sector employs approximately 24,000 people and contributes 16 billion Euro to the economy. Ireland is the world's second largest exporter of software.[citation needed] The top 10 global technology firms have operations in Ireland including Apple, Google, Facebook and Microsoft. Ireland is home to over 900 software companies.[208][independent source needed]
Theprimary sector of the economy (including agriculture, forestry, mining and fishing) constitutes about 5% of Irish GDP, and 8% of Irish employment.[citation needed] One of Ireland's main agricultural resources is its large fertile pastures, particularly in the midland and southern regions.
According toTeagasc, the Irish agri-food sector generated 7% of gross value added (€13.9 billion) during 2016, and accounted for 8.5% of national employment and 9.8% of Ireland's merchandise exports.[209] This included cattle, beef, and dairy product exports. Ireland's agri-food exports include several high-value dairy brands,[210] and are led by a number of Irish companies includingKerry Group,Glanbia,Greencore andOrnua.[211]
By the late nineteenth century, the island was mostly deforested. In 2005, after years of national afforestation programmes, about 9% of Ireland has become forested.[212] It is still one of the least forested countries in the EU and heavily relies on imported wood.[213] Its coastline – once abundant in fish, particularlycod – has suffered overfishing and since 1995 the fisheries industry has focused more onaquaculture. Freshwater salmon and trout stocks in Ireland's waterways have also been depleted but are being better managed.[214] Ireland is a major exporter of zinc to the EU and mining also produces significant quantities of lead and alumina.[215]
Beyond this, the country has significant deposits ofgypsum,limestone, and smaller quantities of copper, silver, gold,barite, anddolomite.[216] Peat extraction has historically been important, especially from midland bogs, however more efficient fuels and environmental protection of bogs has reduced peat's importance to the economy.[217] Natural gas extraction occurs in the Kinsale Gas Field and the Corrib Gas Field in the southern and western counties,[218] where there is 19.82 bn cubic metres of proven reserves.[216]
In 2017, agriculture was estimated to contribute approximately 1% of GDP.[5]
During 2019, Ireland produced (in addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products), 1.4 million tons ofbarley, 595 thousand tons ofwheat, 382 thousand tons ofpotato, and 193 thousand tons ofoats.[219] In the same year, Ireland produced 8.2 billion liters ofcow's milk (making it the 20th largest producer in the world), 304 thousand tons ofpork, 141 thousand tons ofchicken meat, and 66 thousand tons oflamb meat.[220]
The construction sector in Ireland has been severely affected by theIrish property bubble and the2008-2013 Irish banking crisis and as a result contributes less to the economy than during the period 2002–2007.
While there are over 60 credit institutions incorporated in Ireland,[221] the banking system is dominated by theAIB Bank,Bank of Ireland andUlster Bank.[222] There is a largeCredit Union movement within the country which offers an alternative to the banks. TheIrish Stock Exchange is inDublin, however, due to its small size, manyfirms also maintain listings on either theLondon Stock Exchange or theNASDAQ. That being said, the Irish Stock Exchange has a leading position as a listing domicile for cross-border funds. By accessing the Irish Stock Exchange, investment companies can market their shares to a wider range of investors (underMiFID although this will change somewhat with the introduction of theAIFM Directive. Service providers abound for the cross-border funds business and Ireland has been recently rated with a DAW Index score of 4 in 2012. Similarly, the insurance industry in Ireland is a leader in both retail markets and corporate customers in the EU, in large part due to theInternational Financial Services Centre.[223]
As of December 2007, Ireland's net unemployment benefits for long-term unemployed people across four family types (single people,lone parents, single-income couples with and without children) was the third highest of the OECD countries (jointly withIceland) afterDenmark andSwitzerland.[224]Jobseeker's Allowance orJobseeker's Benefit for a single person in Ireland is €208 per week, as of January 2022.
As of 2018, state provided (contributory)old age pensions had a maximum weekly rate of €248.30 for a singlepensioner aged between 66 and 80. The maximum weekly rate for the state pension (non-contributory) was €237 for a single pensioner aged between 66 and 80.[225]
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The percentage of the population at risk ofrelative poverty was 21% in 2004 – one of the highest rates in the European Union.[226] Ireland's inequality of income distribution score on theGini coefficient scale was 30.4 in 2000, slightly below the OECD average of 31.[227] Sustained increases in the value of residential property during the 1990s and up to late 2006 was a key factor in the increase in personal wealth in Ireland, with Ireland ranking second only to Japan in personal wealth in 2006.[228]
From 1975 to 2005, tax revenues fluctuated at around 30% of GDP (see graph right).
Before the introduction of theeuro notes andcoins in January 2002, Ireland used theIrish pound. In January 1999 Ireland was one of eleven European Union member states which launched the European Single Currency, theeuro. Euro banknotes are issued in €5, €10, €20, €50, €100, €200 and €500 denominations and share the common design used across Europe, however like other countries in the eurozone, Ireland has its own unique design on one face of euro coins.[229] The government decided on a single national design for all Irish coin denominations, which show a Celticharp, a traditional symbol of Ireland, decorated with the year of issue and the wordÉire which means "Ireland" in the Irish language.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)The [Kerrygold] butter and dairy label, with its signature gold wrapping, exceeded €1 billion in revenues last year, confirming its status as one of the state's most successful food exports
Ireland's food-processing behemoths have been driving the export boom [including] big players like Kerry, Glanbia, Greencore and Ornua
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