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 TheGreater São Paulo has the largest gross metropolitan product in South America. | |
| Statistics | |
|---|---|
| Population | 434 million[1][2] |
| GDP | |
| GDP rank | |
GDP growth | 2.7% (2025 est.)[3] |
GDP per capita | |
GDP per capita rank | |
Millionaires (US$) | 915,000 (2022)[4] |
| Public finances | |
| 75.1% of GDP (2023 est.)[5] | |
| Most numbers are from theInternational Monetary Fund.IMF South America Datasets All values, unless otherwise stated, are inUS dollars. | |
| World economy |
|---|
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Theeconomy of South America comprises approximately 434 million people living in the 12 sovereign states and three dependent territories ofSouth America, which encompasses 6 percent of the world's population. In 2025, South America ranks fourth in terms of nominal GDP by continent, behind Europe and after Africa and Oceania.[3]
South America has two major trade blocks:Mercosur and theAndean Community. Brazil is the largest economy in South America in terms of Nominal GDP, it has a vast and diverse economic landscape encompassing agriculture, manufacturing, services, and natural resources. Due to Brazil's major economy, it has a large influence over its neighbors, and even globally. Argentina which is South America's second largest economy, boasts a rich history of industrialization and a well-developed agricultural sector. Despite economic challenges and very high inflation, Argentina uses its abundant natural resources and skilled workforce to drive economic growth and innovation. Together, Brazil and Argentina serve as economic powerhouses and as such, are major influences to surrounding countries. Uruguay stands out as it boasts the highest GDP per capita in the region. Renowned for its stable political environment, strong social welfare system, and diversified economy, Uruguay has consistently ranked among the top nations in terms of human development and standard of living. Uruguay has a large agriculture sector and has made previous strategic investments in technology and innovation, Uruguay's economy thrives on both domestic consumption and international trade. Guyana ranks second which is attributed to its oil and gas sector.[6]
From the 1930s to the 1980s, countries in South America usedimport substitution, an economic policy that replaces foreign businesses as well as imports with domestic production. This was a policy made to increase domestic manufacturing. Furthermore, national spending on arms soared during periods of military rule. Increasingly, South American countries began to borrow from foreign private banks and international lending institutions, such as the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank, to fund existing programs while also trying to expand their economic productivity through investments. However, this policy created adebt crisis in South America.[7]
The continent has fallen further behind North America over the past two centuries. This can be explained by South America's high concentration on primary commodities as well as the state of the educational system and institutional structure, some of which are still related to its colonial past, others to recent political developments.[8]
From the 1990s on, countries in South America switched over to thefree-market economy system. Now, major economic activities includeagriculture,industry,forestry, andmining.
In 2016, four countries, which includeBrazil,Ecuador,Argentina, andVenezuela, experienced a decline in output. Other countries in the region were observing a slowdown ingrowth rates.[9] Brazil saw this decline in output due to increasingunemployment levels, worsening financial conditions, andpolitical issues, which, in turn, led to a decrease inprivate domestic consumption andinvestment.[9] Argentina also experienced arecession in private consumption and investment; however, it was because of the removal ofpublic servicesubsidies due to a short-term rise ininflation. In contrast,Peru differed from other countries in the region, demonstrating an increase in growth rates thanks tocopper production.
In 2017, the economy started to recover for the first time since 2014. The main contributor to economic growth is private consumption.[10] Increasedretail trade andindustrial production in Brazil have led to an expansion of its economy by 1% in 2017. Higherpublic investments and private consumption have resulted in the growth of the economy of Argentina compared to its recession in 2016.
In 2017,inflation rates were observed to be on a downward trend in most of the major economies. The reasons are priorexchange rate appreciations and food pricedeflation. Some countries are even expected to lower their target bands in 2019.[10]
In 2018, South America's economy showed mixed results due to political instability, fluctuating commodity prices, and structural challenges. Brazil experienced modest recovery but faced investor uncertainty amid elections. Argentina struggled with high inflation and recession, securing a $57 billion IMF bailout. Venezuela's economy collapsed further under hyperinflation and declining oil production. In contrast, Chile, Peru, and Colombia maintained stable growth, driven by mining exports and infrastructure investment. Dependency on commodities and political corruption remained key vulnerabilities. The region's GDP growth averaged 0.6%, reflecting uneven economic performance.[11]
| Country | GDP (nominal) $bn 2025 [12] | GDP (PPP) $bn 2025 [12][13] | GDP per capita $,000 2025 [12] | Merchandise exports $bn 2022 [14] | Human Development Index 2021 [15] | % with less than $2.15 per day 2021 [16] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | 683 | 1,240 | 27 | 103 | 0.84 | 1 |
| Bolivia | 56 | 125 | 10 | 15 | 0.69 | 2 |
| Brazil | 2,130 | 4,100 | 20 | 380 | 0.75 | 6 |
| Chile | 344 | 600 | 30 | 107 | 0.86 | 0.7 |
| Colombia | 427 | 1,000 | 19 | 72 | 0.75 | 7 |
| Ecuador | 125 | 243 | 13 | 36 | 0.74 | 3 |
| Falkland Islands[17] | 0.2 | 71 | ||||
| French Guiana[18] | 5 | 20 | ||||
| Guyana | 25 | 49 | 61 | 5 | 0.71 | |
| Paraguay | 45 | 117 | 16 | 15 | 0.72 | 1.3 |
| Peru | 303 | 550 | 16 | 71 | 0.76 | 3 |
| Suriname | 4.5 | 11 | 18 | 3 | 0.73 | |
| Uruguay | 79 | 103 | 29 | 23 | 0.81 | 0.1 |
| Venezuela | 108 | 21 | 8 | 23 | 0.69 | |
| Total | 4,100 | 8,200 | 19 | 850 |
Economy of:
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Throughout history, since thecolonial period, the export of natural resources has been a key factor for South America's economy. With a land that can be divided into fourclimatic regions (tropical,temperate,arid andcold),South America is a diverse land rich in natural resources. It has a wide variety of agricultural products, mineral wealth, plentiful freshwater and rich fisheries.
As one of the most important contributors of the world's agricultural market,South America accounts for approximately 10% of the global agricultural product export.[19] The differentclimatic regions are home for diverse types ofcrops. In the tropical climatic regions, two of the most importantcash crops arecoffee andcacao.[20] South America dominates the global market incoffee production, having Brazil as the world's largest exporter of coffee. A report from the Council of Brazilian Coffee Exporters showed that the coffee industry earned US$5.4 billion in 2016, with the exports of different coffee varieties exceeding 34 million 60 kg bags. This accounts to 6.4% of Brazil's total annualagrobusiness exports of US$84.9. The report showed that by December 2016, the Brazilian coffee industry generated US$557 million in revenue by exporting 3.07 million bags ofcoffee.[21] Additionally, in 2016soybeans, grown in South America'stemperate climates, had an export value of US$19B forBrazil, representing 10.4% of the total exports,[22] and one of US$3.23B forArgentina, representing 5.7% of the country's total exports.[23] Moreover, thesoybean meal exportation represent 17.5% of Argentina's total exports, with an export value of $9.96B.[23]
Other exports from thetropical regions, such as theAmazon rainforest (contained withinBrazil,Peru,Colombia,Ecuador,BoliviaFrench Guiana andSuriname), includecashews andBrazil nuts, globally regarded as delicacies,[24] as well as sugar (sugarcane),avocados,bananas,pineapples,oranges,grapefruits, andmangoes. Thesugarcane cultivation has been the backbone of the economy since early colonial times, and Ecuador is the world's largest banana exporter (Banana Production in Ecuador)
In thetemperate regions,maize (corn) is produced and it is the second most exported product in Argentinas.[23] Additionally in cold climatic regions such as the Andes, there is a high production of crops such as quinoa, increasingly valued internationally, as well as the grazing of llamas, vicuñas and alpacas. These animals are bred for their wool and it is exported globally as a high-quality textile.[20]
The four countries with the strongest agriculture areBrazil,Argentina,Chile andColombia. Currently:
Brazil is the world's largest exporter ofchicken meat: 3.77 million tons in 2019.[27][28] The country is the holder of the second largest herd of cattle in the world, 22.2% of the world herd. The country was the second-largest producer of beef in 2019, responsible for 15.4% of global production.[29] It was also the 3rd largest world producer of milk in 2018. This year, the country produced 35.1 billion liters.[30] In 2019, Brazil was the 4th largest pork producer in the world, with almost 4 million tons.[31]
In 2018,Argentina was the 4th largest producer ofbeef in the world, with a production of 3 million tons (behind only USA, Brazil and China).Uruguay is also a major meat producer. In 2018, it produced 589 thousand tons of beef.[32]
Inchicken meat production, Argentina ranks among the 15 largest producers in the world, and Peru and Colombia are among the 20 biggest producers. Inbeef production, Colombia is one of the 20 largest producers in the world. Inhoney production, Argentina ranks among the 5 largest producers in the world, and Brazil among the 15 largest. In terms of production ofcow's milk, Argentina ranks among the 20 largest producers in the world.[33]
TheWorld Bank annually lists the top manufacturing countries by total manufacturing value. According to the 2019 list,Brazil has the thirteenth most valuable industry in the world (US$173.6 billion),Venezuela the thirtieth largest (US$58.2 billion, however, it depends on oil to obtain this value),Argentina the 31st largest (US$57.7 billion),Colombia the 46th largest (US$35.4 billion),Peru the 50th largest (US$28.7 billion) andChile the 51st largest (US$28.3 billion).[34]
80% of the manufacturing of theLatin America region falls on Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.[35]
Brazil has the third-largest manufacturing sector in the Americas. Accounting for 28.5 percent of GDP, Brazil's industries range from automobiles, steel, and petrochemicals to computers,aircraft (Embraer), food, pharmaceutical, footwear, metallurgy and consumer durables. In thefood industry, in 2019, Brazil was the second largest exporter of processed foods in the world.[36][37][38] In 2016, the country was the 2nd largest producer ofpulp in the world and the 8th producer ofpaper.[39][40][41] In thefootwear industry, in 2019, Brazil ranked 4th among world producers.[42][43][44][45] In 2019, the country was the 8th producer ofvehicles and the 9th producer ofsteel in the world.[46][47][48] In 2018, thechemical industry of Brazil was the 8th in the world.[49][50][51] Intextile industry, Brazil, although it was among the 5 largest world producers in 2013, is very little integrated in world trade.[52] In the aviation sector, Brazil hasEmbraer, the third largest aircraft manufacturer in the world, behindBoeing andAirbus.
In 2019, Argentina was the 31st world producer ofsteel, the 28th producer ofvehicles, the 22nd world producer ofbeer, the 4th world producer ofsoybean oil and the 3rd world producer ofsunflower oil, among other industrial products.[53][54][55][56]
Mining is one of the most important economic sectors in South America, especially for Chile, Peru and Bolivia, whose economies are highly dependent on this sector. The continent has large productions ofgold (mainly in Peru, Brazil and Argentina);[57]silver (mainly in Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina);[58]copper (mainly in Chile, Peru and Brazil);[59]iron ore (Brazil, Peru and Chile);[60]zinc (Peru, Bolivia and Brazil);[61]molybdenum (Chile and Peru);[62]lithium (Chile, Argentina and Brazil);[63]lead (Peru and Bolivia);[64]bauxite (Brazil);[65]tin (Peru, Bolivia and Brazil);[66]manganese (Brazil);[67]antimony (Bolivia and Ecuador);[68]nickel (Brazil);[69]niobium (Brazil);[70]rhenium (Chile);[71]iodine (Chile),[72] among others.
Brazil stands out in the extraction ofiron ore (where it is the 2nd largest producer and exporter in the world – iron ore is usually one of the 3 export products that generate the greatest value in the country's trade balance),copper,gold,bauxite (one of the 5 largest producers in the world),manganese (one of the 5 largest producers in the world),tin (one of the largest producers in the world),niobium (concentrates 98% of reserves known to the world) andnickel. In terms of gemstones, Brazil is the world's largest producer ofamethyst,topaz,agate and one of the main producers oftourmaline,emerald,aquamarine,garnet andopal.[73][74][75][76][77][78]
Chile contributes about a third of the worldcopper production.[79] In addition to copper, Chile was, in 2019, the world's largest producer ofiodine[80] andrhenium,[81] the second largest producer oflithium[82] andmolybdenum,[62] the sixth largest producer ofsilver,[83] the seventh largest producer ofsalt,[84] the eighth largest producer ofpotash,[85] the thirteenth producer ofsulfur[86] and the thirteenth producer ofiron ore[87] in the world.
In 2019,Peru was the 2nd largest world producer ofcopper[88] andsilver,[83] 8th largest world producer ofgold,[89] 3rd largest world producer oflead,[64] 2nd largest world producer ofzinc,[90] 4th largest world producer oftin,[91] 5th largest world producer ofboron[92] and 4th largest world producer ofmolybdenum.[62]
In 2019,Bolivia was the 8th largest world producer ofsilver;[83] 4th largest world producer ofboron;[92] 5th largest world producer ofantimony;[93] 5th largest world producer oftin;[91] 6th largest world producer oftungsten;[94] 7th largest producer ofzinc,[95] and the 8th largest producer oflead.[64][96][97]
In 2019,Argentina was the 4th largest world producer oflithium,[82] the 9th largest world producer ofsilver,[83] the 17th largest world producer ofgold[89] and the 7th largest world producer ofboron.[92]
Colombia is the world's largest producer ofemeralds.[98] In the production ofgold, among 2006 and 2017, the country produced 15 tons per year until 2007, when its production increased significantly, breaking a record of 66.1 tons extracted in 2012. In 2017, it extracted 52.2 tons. The country is among the 25 largest gold producers in the world.[99] In the production ofsilver, in 2017 the country extracted 15,5 tons.[100][101][97]
In the production ofoil, Brazil was the 10th largest oil producer in the world in 2019, with 2.8 million barrels / day. Venezuela was the 21st largest, with 877 thousand barrels / day, Colombia in 22nd with 886 thousand barrels / day, Ecuador in 28th with 531 thousand barrels / day and Argentina 29th with 507 thousand barrels / day. As Venezuela and Ecuador consume little oil and export most of their production, they are part ofOPEC. Venezuela had a big drop in production after 2015 (where it produced 2.5 million barrels / day), falling in 2016 to 2.2 million, in 2017 to 2 million, in 2018 to 1.4 million and in 2019 to 877 thousand, due to lack of investments.[102]
In the production ofnatural gas, in 2018, Argentina produced 1524 bcf (billion cubic feet), Venezuela 946, Brazil 877, Bolivia 617, Peru 451, Colombia 379.[103]
In the beginning of 2020, in the production ofoil andnatural gas, Brazil exceeded 4 millionbarrels of oil equivalent per day, for the first time. In January this year, 3.168 million barrels of oil per day and 138.753 million cubic meters of natural gas were extracted.[104]
Tourism in South America is still little evolved: in Europe, for example, countries obtain annual tourist values such as U $73.7 billion (Spain), or U $67.3 billion (France). While Europe received 710 million tourists in 2018, Asia 347 million and North America 142.2 million, South America received only 37 million, Central America 10.8 million and the Caribbean 25.7 million.[105]
| Selected Caribbean and Latin American countries | Internl. tourist arrivals 2019[106] (x1000) | Internl. tourism receipts 2019[106] (million USD) | Receipts per arrival 2019 (col 2)/(col 1) (USD) | Arrivals per capita per 1000 pop. (estimated) 2007[107][108] | Receipts per capita 2005[109] USD | Revenues as % of exports goods and services[110] 2003 | Tourism revenues as % GDP[111][110] 2012 | % Direct & indirect employment in tourism[111][110] 2012 | World Ranking Tourism Compet.[112] TTCI 2024 | Index value TTCI[112] 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Argentina | 7,399 | 5,241 | 708 | 115 | 57 | 7.4 | 10.5 | 9.9 | 49 | 4.10 |
 Brazil | 6,353 | 5,995 | 944 | 26 | 18 | 3.2 | 8.9 | 8.1 | 26 | 4.41 |
 Chile | 4,518 | 2,302 | 510 | 151 | 73 | 5.3 | 8.4 | 8.0 | 31 | 4.33 |
 Colombia | 4,169 | 5,682 | 1,363 | 26 | 25 | 6.6 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 40 | 4.08 |
 Costa Rica | 3,139 | 3,988 | 1,270 | 442 | 343 | 17.5 | 12.5 | 11.7 | 51 | 4.08 |
 Cuba | 4,263 | 2,596 | 609 | 188 | 169 | n/d | n/d | n/d | n/d | n/d |
 Dominican Republic | 6,446 | 7,472 | 1,159 | 408 | 353 | 36.2 | 14.7 | 13.6 | 64 | 3.88 |
 Jamaica | 2,681 | 3,639 | 1,357 | 628 | 530 | 49.2 | 25.7 | 23.8 | 84 | 3.59 |
 Mexico | 45,024 | 24,573 | 546 | 201 | 103 | 5.7 | 12.4 | 13.7 | 38 | 4.26 |
 Panama | 1,753 | 4,520 | 2,578 | 330 | 211 | 10.6 | 10.1 | 9.6 | 63 | 3.90 |
 Peru | 4,372 | 3,738 | 855 | 65 | 41 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 7.8 | 62 | 3.90 |
 Uruguay | 3,056 | 2,255 | 738 | 525 | 145 | 14.2 | 10.2 | 9.7 | 71 | 3.79 |
Please note that the number of tourists does not always reflect the monetary amount the country gets from tourism. Some countries carry out higher levels of tourism, obtaining more benefits.
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Transport in South America is basically carried out using theroad mode, the most developed in the region. There is also a considerable infrastructure ofports andairports. Therailway andfluvial sector, although it has potential, is usually treated in a secondary way.
Brazil has more than 1.7 million km ofroads, of which 215,000 km are paved, and about 14,000 km aredivided highways. The two most important highways in the country areBR-101 andBR-116.[113] Argentina has more than 600,000 km of roads, of which about 70,000 km are paved, and about 2,500 km are divided highways. The three most important highways in the country areRoute 9,Route 7 andRoute 14.[113] Colombia has about 210,000 km of roads, and about 2,300 km are divided highways.[114] Chile has about 82,000 km of roads, 20,000 km of which are paved, and about 2,000 km are divided highways. The most important highway in the country is theRoute 5 (Pan-American Highway)[115] These 4 countries are the ones with the best road infrastructure and with the largest number of double-lane highways.
Due to theAndes Mountains,Amazon River andAmazon Forest, there have always been difficulties in implementing transcontinental or bioceanic highways. Practically the only route that existed was the one that connected Brazil to Buenos Aires, in Argentina and later to Santiago, in Chile. However, in recent years, with the combined effort of countries, new routes have started to emerge, such as Brazil-Peru (Interoceanic Highway), and a new highway between Brazil, Paraguay, northern Argentina and northern Chile (Bioceanic Corridor).
There are more than 2,000 airports in Brazil. The country has the second largest number of airports in the world, behind only the United States.São Paulo International Airport, located in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, is the largest and busiest in the country – the airport connects São Paulo to practically all major cities around the world. Brazil has 44 international airports, such as those inRio de Janeiro,Brasília,Belo Horizonte,Porto Alegre,Florianópolis,Cuiabá,Salvador,Recife,Fortaleza,Belém andManaus, among others. Argentina has important international airports such asBuenos Aires,Cordoba,Bariloche,Mendoza,Salta,Puerto Iguazú,Neuquén andUsuhaia, among others. Chile has important international airports such asSantiago,Antofagasta,Puerto Montt,Punta Arenas andIquique, among others. Colombia has important international airports such asBogotá,Medellín,Cartagena,Cali andBarranquilla, among others. Other important airports are those in the capitals of Uruguay (Montevideo), Paraguay (Asunción), Peru (Lima), Bolivia (La Paz) and Ecuador (Quito). The 10 busiest airports in South America in 2017 were: São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Lima (Peru), Brasília (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires-Aeroparque (Argentina), Buenos Aires-Ezeiza (Argentina), and Minas Gerais (Brazil).[116]
Aboutports, Brazil has some of the busiest ports in South America, such asPort of Santos,Port of Rio de Janeiro,Port of Paranaguá,Port of Itajaí,Port of Rio Grande,Port of São Francisco do Sul andSuape Port. Argentina has ports such asPort of Buenos Aires andPort of Rosario. Chile has important ports inValparaíso,Caldera,Mejillones,Antofagasta,Iquique,Arica andPuerto Montt. Colombia has important ports such asBuenaventura,Cartagena Container Terminal andPuerto Bolivar. Peru has important ports inCallao,Ilo andMatarani. The 15 busiest ports in South America are: Port of Santos (Brazil), Port of Bahia de Cartagena (Colombia), Callao (Peru), Guayaquil (Ecuador), Buenos Aires (Argentina), San Antonio (Chile), Buenaventura (Colombia), Itajaí (Brazil), Valparaíso (Chile), Montevideo (Uruguay), Paranaguá (Brazil), Rio Grande (Brazil), São Francisco do Sul (Brazil), Manaus (Brazil) and Coronel (Chile).[117]
The Brazilianrailway network has an extension of about 30,000 kilometers. It's basically used for transporting ores.[118] The Argentine rail network, with 47,000 km of tracks, was one of the largest in the world and continues to be the most extensive in Latin America. It came to have about 100,000 km of rails, but the lifting of tracks and the emphasis placed on motor transport gradually reduced it. It has four different trails and international connections with Paraguay, Bolivia, Chile, Brazil and Uruguay. Chile has almost 7,000 km of railways, with connections to Argentina, Bolivia and Peru. Colombia has only about 3,500 km of railways.[119]
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Among the main Brazilianwaterways, two stand out:Hidrovia Tietê-Paraná (which has a length of 2,400 km, 1,600 on the Paraná River and 800 km on the Tietê River, draining agricultural production from the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and part of Rondônia, Tocantins and Minas Gerais) andHidrovia do Solimões-Amazonas (it has two sections: Solimões, which extends from Tabatinga to Manaus, with approximately 1600 km, and Amazonas, which extends from Manaus to Belém, with 1650 km. Almost entirely passenger transport from the Amazon plain is done by this waterway, in addition to practically all cargo transportation that is directed to the major regional centers of Belém and Manaus). In Brazil, this transport is still underutilized: the most important waterway stretches, from an economic point of view, are found in the Southeast and South of the country. Its full use still depends on the construction of locks, major dredging works and, mainly, of ports that allow intermodal integration. InArgentina, the waterway network is made up of the La Plata, Paraná, Paraguay and Uruguay rivers. The main river ports areZárate andCampana. The port of Buenos Aires is historically the first in individual importance, but the area known as Up-River, which stretches along 67 km of the Santa Fé portion of the Paraná River, brings together 17 ports that concentrate 50% of the total exports of the country.
The Brazilian government has undertaken an ambitious program to reduce dependence on imported petroleum. Imports previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's oil needs but Brazil became self-sufficient in oil in 2006–2007. Brazil was the 10th largest oil producer in the world in 2019, with 2.8 million barrels / day. Production manages to supply the country's demand.[102] In the beginning of 2020, in the production ofoil andnatural gas, the country exceeded 4 million barrels of oil equivalent per day, for the first time. In January this year, 3.168 million barrels of oil per day and 138.753 million cubic meters of natural gas were extracted.[104]
Brazil is one of the main world producers ofhydroelectric power. In 2019, Brazil had 217 hydroelectric plants in operation, with an installed capacity of 98,581 MW, 60.16% of the country's energy generation.[120] In the total generation of electricity, in 2019 Brazil reached 170,000 megawatts of installed capacity, more than 75% from renewable sources (the majority, hydroelectric).[121][122]
In 2013, theSoutheast Region used about 50% of the load of the National Integrated System (SIN), being the main energy consuming region in the country. The region's installed electricity generation capacity totaled almost 42,500 MW, which represented about a third of Brazil's generation capacity. Thehydroelectric generation represented 58% of the region's installed capacity, with the remaining 42% corresponding basically to thethermoelectric generation. São Paulo accounted for 40% of this capacity; Minas Gerais by about 25%; Rio de Janeiro by 13.3%; and Espírito Santo accounted for the rest. TheSouth Region owns theItaipu Dam, which was the largest hydroelectric plant in the world for several years, until the inauguration ofThree Gorges Dam in China. It remains the second largest operatinghydroelectric in the world. Brazil is the co-owner of the Itaipu Plant withParaguay: the dam is located on theParaná River, located on the border between countries. It has an installed generation capacity of 14GW for 20 generating units of 700MW each.North Region has large hydroelectric plants, such asBelo Monte Dam andTucuruí Dam, which produce much of the national energy. Brazil's hydroelectric potential has not yet been fully exploited, so the country still has the capacity to build several renewable energy plants in its territory.[123][124]
As of July 2022,[ref] according to ONS, total installed capacity ofwind power was 22 GW, with averagecapacity factor of 58%.[125][126] While the world average wind production capacity factors is 24.7%, there are areas in Northern Brazil, specially in Bahia State, where some wind farms record with average capacity factors over 60%;[127][9] the average capacity factor in theNortheast Region is 45% in the coast and 49% in the interior.[128] In 2019, wind energy represented 9% of the energy generated in the country.[129] In 2019, it was estimated that the country had an estimated wind power generation potential of around 522 GW (this, only onshore), enough energy to meet three times the country's current demand.[130][131] In 2021 Brazil was the 7th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (21 GW),[132][133] and the 4th largest producer of wind energy in the world (72 TWh), behind only China, USA and Germany.[134]
Nuclear energy accounts for about 4% of Brazil's electricity.[135] The nuclear power generation monopoly is owned byEletronuclear (Eletrobrás Eletronuclear S/A), a wholly owned subsidiary ofEletrobrás. Nuclear energy is produced bytwo reactors atAngra. It is located at the Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto (CNAAA) on the Praia de Itaorna inAngra dos Reis,Rio de Janeiro. It consists of twopressurized water reactors, Angra I, with capacity of 657 MW, connected to the power grid in 1982, and Angra II, with capacity of 1,350 MW, connected in 2000. A third reactor, Angra III, with a projected output of 1,350 MW, is planned to be finished.[136]
As of October 2022,[ref] according to ONS, total installed capacity ofphotovoltaic solar was 21 GW, with averagecapacity factor of 23%.[137] Some of the mostirradiated Brazilian States are MG ("Minas Gerais"), BA ("Bahia") and GO (Goiás), which have indeed worldirradiation level records.[138][9][139] In 2019, solar power represented 1,27% of the energy generated in the country.[129] In 2021, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (13 GW),[140] and the 11th largest producer of solar energy in the world (16.8 TWh).[141]
In 2020, Brazil was the 2nd largest country in the world in the production of energy throughbiomass (energy production from solid biofuels and renewable waste), with 15,2 GW installed.[142]
After Brazil,Colombia is the country in South America that most stands out in energy production. In 2020, the country was the 20th largest petroleum producer in the world, and in 2015 it was the 19th largest exporter. In natural gas, the country was, in 2015, the 40th largest producer in the world. Colombia's biggest highlight is in coal, where the country was, in 2018, the world's 12th largest producer and the 5th largest exporter. In renewable energies, in 2020, the country ranked 45th in the world in terms of installed wind energy (0.5 GW), 76th in the world in terms of installed solar energy (0.1 GW) and 20th in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (12.6 GW).Venezuela, which was one of the world's largest oil producers (about 2.5 million barrels/day in 2015) and one of the largest exporters, due to its political problems, has had its production drastically reduced in recent years: in 2016, it dropped to 2.2 million, in 2017 to 2 million, in 2018 to 1.4 million and in 2019 to 877 thousand, reaching only 300,000 barrels/day at a given point. The country also stands out in hydroelectricity, where it was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed capacity in 2020 (16,5 GW).Argentina was, in 2017, the 18th largest producer in the world, and the largest producer in Latin America, of natural gas, in addition to being the 28th largest oil producer; although the country has the Vaca Muerta field, which holds close to 16 billion barrels of technically recoverable shale oil, and is the second largest shale natural gas deposit in the world, the country lacks the capacity to exploit the deposit: it is necessary capital, technology and knowledge that can only come from offshore energy companies, who view Argentina and its erratic economic policies with considerable suspicion, not wanting to invest in the country. In renewable energies, in 2020, the country ranked 27th in the world in terms of installed wind energy (2.6 GW), 42nd in the world in terms of installed solar energy (0.7 GW) and 21st in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (11.3 GW). The country has great future potential for the production of wind energy in the Patagonia region.Chile, although currently not a major energy producer, has great future potential for solar energy production in the Atacama Desert region.Paraguay stands out today in hydroelectric production thanks to the Itaipu Power Plant.Bolivia stands out in the production of natural gas, where it was the 31st largest in the world in 2015.Ecuador, because it consumes little energy, is part of OPEC and was the 27th largest oil producer in the world in 2020, being the 22nd largest exporter in 2014.[143][144][145][146][132]