| EcoRI | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| Symbol | EcoRI | ||||||||
| Pfam | PF02963 | ||||||||
| InterPro | IPR004221 | ||||||||
| SCOP2 | 1na6 /SCOPe /SUPFAM | ||||||||
| CDD | 79lll | ||||||||
| |||||||||
EcoRI (pronounced "eco R one") is arestriction endonucleaseenzyme isolated from speciesE. coli. It is a restriction enzyme that cleaves DNA double helices into fragments at specific sites, and is also a part of therestriction modification system.[1] TheEco part of the enzyme's name originates from the species from which it was isolated – "E" denotes generic name, "Escherichia", and "co" denotes species name, "coli" – while the R represents the particular strain, in this case RY13, and the I denotes that it was the first enzyme isolated from this strain.[citation needed]
Inmolecular biology it is used as arestriction enzyme. EcoRI creates 4 nucleotidesticky ends with5' end overhangs of AATT. The nucleic acid recognition sequence where the enzyme cuts is G↓AATTC, which has apalindromic complementary sequence of CTTAA↓G.[2] Other restriction enzymes, depending on their cut sites, can also leave 3' overhangs or blunt ends with no overhangs.
EcoRI is an example of type II restriction enzymes which now has more the 300 enzymes with more than 200 different sequence-specificities, which has transformed molecular biology andmedicine.[3]
EcoRI, discovered in 1970, was isolated by PhD student Robert Yoshimori who investigated clinicalE. coli isolates that contained restriction systems presented on itsplasmids.[3] The purified isolates became known as EcoRI that is used to cleave G’AATTC.[2]
EcoRI contains the PD..D/EXK motif within its active site like manyrestriction endonucleases.
The enzyme is ahomodimer of a 31 kilodalton subunit consisting of one globular domain of the α/β architecture. Each subunit contains a loop which sticks out from the globular domain and wraps around the DNA when bound.[4][5]
EcoRI has been cocrystallized with the sequence it normally cuts. This crystal was used to solve the structure of the complex (1QPS). The solved crystal structure shows that the subunits of the enzymehomodimer interact with the DNA symmetrically.[4] In the complex, twoα-helices from each subunit come together to form a four-helix bundle.[6] On the interacting helices are residues Glu144 and Arg145, which interact together, forming a crosstalk ring that is believed to allow the enzyme's two active sites to communicate.[7]
Restriction enzymes are used in a wide variety of molecular genetics techniques includingcloning, DNA screening and deleting sections of DNAin vitro. Restriction enzymes, like EcoRI, that generatesticky ends of DNA are often used to cut DNA prior toligation, as sticky ends make theligation reaction more efficient.[8] One example of this use is inrecombinant DNA production, when joining donor and vector DNA.[9] EcoRI can exhibit non-site-specific cutting, known asstar activity, depending on the conditions present in the reaction. Conditions that can induce star activity when using EcoRI include low salt concentration, high glycerol concentration, excessive amounts of enzyme present in the reaction, high pH and contamination with certain organic solvents.[10]
