| Eastern Range | |
|---|---|
 Emblem of the Eastern Test Range | |
| Active | 1949–present |
| Country |  United States |
| Branch | United States Space Force |
| Part ofa series on the |
| United States space program |
|---|
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National security space |
TheEastern Range (ER) is an American rocket range (Spaceport) that supportsmissile androcket launches from the two majorlaunch heads located atCape Canaveral Space Force Station and theKennedy Space Center (KSC),Florida.[1]: 5 [2] The range has also supportedAriane launches from theGuiana Space Centre as well as launches from theWallops Flight Facility and other lead ranges.[1]: 7 The range also uses instrumentation operated byNASA at Wallops and KSC.[1]: 12
The range can support launches between 37° and 114°azimuth.[3] The headquarters of the range is now the45th Space Wing atPatrick Space Force Base.[1]: 1
The history of the Eastern Range began on 18 October 1940, with the activation of theBanana River Naval Air Station which supported antisubmarine sea-patrol planes duringWorld War II. The station was deactivated and put into a caretaker status on 1 September 1947.[1]: 5 [4]
Launches of captured GermanV-2 rockets had been ongoing since the end of World War II atWhite Sands Proving Grounds inNew Mexico, but it became clear that a much longer range away from heavily populated areas would be needed.[5] TheJoint Research and Development Board established the Committee on the Long Range Proving Ground in October 1946 to study locations for such a range, with three potential sites emerging: along the northern coast ofWashington state with a range along theAleutian Islands;El Centro, California, with a range along theBaja California Peninsula; andBanana River Naval Air Station with a launch site atCape Canaveral and a range over theBahamas and into theAtlantic Ocean.[4][5] The Washington site was quickly discarded due to difficulties with support due to cold weather and remoteness.[4] El Centro was put forth as the primary choice (due to being close to missile manufacturers) with the Cape as second choice.[4][5] However, the El Centro site had to be abandoned after a wayward V-2 missile fromWhite Sands crashed into a cemetery inJuarez,Mexico, leading to then Mexican PresidentMiguel Alemán Valdés refusing to allow missiles to overfly Baja.[4][5]
TheU.S. Navy transferred the Banana River Naval Air Station to theU.S. Air Force on 1 September 1948,[4] and it remained on standby status. On 11 May 1949,President Truman signed Public Law 60 which established theJoint Long Range Proving Ground Base.[4][5][6] On 10 June 1949, the Banana River Naval Air Station was redesignated the Joint Long Range Proving Ground Base and Advance Headquarters, Joint Long Range Proving Ground and the Air Force Division, Joint Long Range Proving Ground was established.[4][5][6] On 16 May 1950 and 17 May 1950, range and base dropped the "Joint" in their names due to aDoD decision earlier in the year to put the range exclusively under U. S. Air Force jurisdiction.[4][6] On 24 July 1950, Bumper #8 became the first missile to launch from the Cape Canaveral.[5][6]
The Long Range Proving Ground Base was renamedPatrick Air Force Base on 1 August 1950, in honor of Major GeneralMason M. Patrick and the following year, on 30 June 1951, the Joint Long Range Proving Ground Division became theAir Force Missile Test Center and the Joint Long Range Proving Ground became theFlorida Missile Test Range (FMTR).[4][5][6] These would not be the only name changes for the range or the agency that controlled it. The Florida Missile Test Range was renamed the Atlantic Missile Range (AMR)[4][5][6] in 1958 and the Eastern Test Range in 1964;[7] the Air Force Missile Test Center was redesignated theAir Force Eastern Test Range (AFETR) in 1964,[4][6][7] then control of the range was transferred to Detachment 1 of the Space and Missile Test Center located atVandenberg Air Force Base when AFETR was deactivated on 1 February 1977, which put both the Eastern and Western ranges under the same leadership.[4][7] On 1 October 1979, control of the range passed to the newly activatedEastern Space and Missile Center (ESMC).[4][7] The ESMC was transferred fromAir Force Systems Command toAir Force Space Command on 10 October 1990; finally, on 12 November 1991, the45th Space Wing was activated and assumed operational control for the range from ESMC;[4][7] on the same day the Eastern Test Range became the Eastern Range.[1]: 5 The transition on the west coast occurred one week later on 19 November 1991, when the Western Space and Missile Center became the30th Space Wing and theWestern Test Range became theWestern Range.[8][9]
In 2014,Raytheon Technologies won a contract to operate the Western and Eastern Ranges for the next 10 years through their subsidiaryRange Generation Next.[10]
In February 2017,SpaceX'sCRS-10 launch was the "first operational use"[11] of theAutonomous Flight Safety System (AFSS) on "either ofAir Force Space Command's Eastern orWestern Ranges".[12] The following SpaceX flight,EchoStar 23 in March 2017, was the last SpaceX launch utilizing the historic system of ground radars, tracking computers, and personnel in launch bunkers that had been used for over sixty years for all launches from the Eastern Range.[13] For all future SpaceX launches, AFSS has replaced "the ground-based mission flight control personnel and equipment with on-board Positioning, Navigation and Timing sources and decision logic. The benefits of AFSS include increased public safety, reduced reliance on range infrastructure, reduced range spacelift cost, increased schedule predictability and availability, operational flexibility, and launch slot flexibility".[12][14]
In 2017, the Eastern Range suffered two hurricanes which caused extensive damage and only allowed 19 launches that year.[15]
By 2017, the Eastern Range had upgraded their legacy operational processes and equipment to be able to support a much faster cadence of rocket launches for SpaceX AFTS-controlled rocket launches, but they did not use the capability when an opportunity arose to increase range launch cadence in October 2018. The first planned use of the more rapid cadence was in August 2019.[16]
As of 2019[update], the range said that it could "support up to 48 launches per year from Florida" with an "eventual goal [to] get to a capability to launch two different rockets within 24 hours".[16]
By year:
In early 2018, the plan was to get to 48 launches a year[14] by about 2023.[15]
The range starts at the launch pads atCape Canaveral Space Force Station andJohn F. Kennedy Space Center and extends eastward over theAtlantic Ocean to90° East longitude[17]: 10 in theIndian Ocean, where it meets theWestern Range.[1]: 5 [17]: 10
The range consists of a chain of shore and sea-based tracking sites. "By January 1960, the Eastern Range included 13 major stations, approximately 91 outlying sites, a fleet of ships and three marine support stations. By September 1963, the Eastern Range extended around thetip of South Africa to the island ofMahé, Seychelles in theIndian Ocean".[18] Much of the sea-based tracking and many of the land based stations have been replaced by space based tracking, including the presentTracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS).
Ground stations associated with the range are located at:
Major decommissioned[when?] stations associated with the range are located at:[19][20]
TheMissile Impact Location System (MILS) was established in the then Atlantic Missile Range (AMR) from 1958 through 1960. The system was developed byAmerican Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), with itsBell Laboratories research andWestern Electric manufacturing elements and was to an extent based on the company's technology and experience developing and deploying the U.S. Navy's then classifiedSound Surveillance System (SOSUS). The company and Navy assets that had installed the first phase of SOSUS, starting in 1951, were engaged on MILS installation and activation.[21][22][23]
Atlantic MILS target arrays, intended to precisely locate nose cone splashdown and then nose cone location on the bottom, were located down range fromCape Canaveral about 1,300 km (810 mi) atGrand Turk Island, 2,400 km (1,500 mi) atAntigua and 8,100 km (5,000 mi) atAscension Island.[24] The range managed the fixed transponders for Sonobuoy MILS (SMILS), exclusively used by theUnited States Navy Strategic Systems Project Office supporting the Navy'sfleet ballistic missile programs. Much of that system's exact details were classified.[25]
As recently as July 2007,NASA spacecraft such asDawn have depended upon the availability of airborne and sea-based tracking assets associated with the East Range to monitor launch and ascent.[26][needs update]
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