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| Easter Sunday Raid on Ceylon | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of thePacific Theatre ofWorld War II | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Japan | |||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 7 aircraft[1] | 26 aircraft | ||||||
TheEaster Sunday Raid was an air attack onColombo,Ceylon during theIndian Ocean raid bycarrier-based aircraft of theImperial Japanese Navy on 5 April 1942. The Japanese objective was to destroy the Ceylon-based BritishEastern Fleet in harbour. The British preemptively dispersed shipping from the harbours before the attacks due to advance warning from intelligence in March 1942, andair reconnaissance during the raid.
The attacking Japanese aircraft were met by fighters of theRoyal Air Force's (RAF)222 Group, commanded byAir Vice-MarshalJohn D'Albiac, and theRoyal Navy'sFleet Air Arm (FAA), andanti-aircraft artillery. Port facilities were damaged, and ships both in harbour and – having dispersed – on the ocean were sunk or damaged. The bulk of theBritish Eastern Fleet was not found and survived.
The raid demonstrated Ceylon's vulnerability; British forces were not prepared to face further Japanese carrier raids. The Eastern Fleet relocated its main base toEast Africa, from which it regularly deployed carrier task forces into the central and eastern Indian Oceans.
Upon Japan's entry into the Second World War, the air defences on Ceylon consisted of only four obsolescent three-inchanti-aircraft guns at Trincomalee. The sole RAF squadron was273 Squadron based atChina Bay near Trincomalee; it flew fourVickers Vildebeest and fourFairey Sealstorpedo bombers.[1] With theloss of Singapore in February 1942, British planners identified the island as essential to the defence ofIndia and Alliedlines of communication through theIndian Ocean.[3] The threat of Japanese carrier-borne air attack was recognized from the examples ofPearl Harbor in December 1941 andDarwin in February 1942.[1]
Ceylon's air defences were reinforced in early 1942. EightHawker Hurricane fighters arrived on 23 February; they flew in fromKarachi where they had been assembled from crates delivered byCefn-Y-Bryn. 60 Hurricanes arrived on 6 and 7 March; they were ferried byHMS Indomitable[4] from the Middle East for30 and261 Squadrons RAF;[5] a Hurricane from 30 Squadron was lost in a crash at sea on 4 April. On 5 April, there were 37 or 38 serviceable Hurricanes near Colombo.[4] By 4 April, there were803 and806 Naval Air Squadrons (NAS) from the FAA,[6] and 44Fairey Fulmars. The number of anti-aircraft guns increased to 144 by 4 April.[7]
222 Group also receivedConsolidated PBY Catalina flying boats, which spotted and shadowed the Japanese fleet during the raid. The only air reinforcement to Ceylon in the two months after 7 December 1941 consisted of the first Catalina.[1] By 4 April, there were seven operational aircraft;[7] four RAF, twoRoyal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), and one Dutch. Two RAF and three Dutch were unserviceable, with at least some being overhauled atBangalore. Two more RCAF aircraft arrived on 6 and 7 April after the raid started.[4] Squadrons operating Catalinas included205 Squadron RAF and413 Squadron RCAF.[8]
Other air reinforcements included maritime and naval strike aircraft.[7]
The airbases atRatmalana, near Colombo, and China Bay were expanded. Another was established at theColombo Racecourse to relieve congestion at Ratmalana.[5] The Catalinas operated fromKoggala and the adjacentlagoon, near the southern tip of the island.[9] The Japanese were unaware of the bases at the Colombo Racecourse[6] and Koggala.[9]
Colombo and Trincomalee each received a radar station.[7]
The Colombo radar station unit wasAMES 254. Its personnel arrived on 18 March and its equipment on 22 March. The station became operational at theRoyal Colombo Golf Club – about 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Ratmalana – on 25 March, and was connected by telephone to the No. 20 Operations Room on 28 March.[10]
The station at Trincomalee was established by AMES 272.[10]
The initial IJN order authorizing the raid ("Operation C") was issued on 9 March 1942. By 16 March, the plan was to depart fromStaring Bay,Celebes, on 26 March for an attack on Colombo ("C day") on 5 April;[11] these dates were honoured in the actual execution.[12]
The core of the Japanese force, commanded by AdmiralChūichi Nagumo, was five aircraft carriers;Akagi,Shōkaku andZuikaku in Carrier Division 5, andSōryū andHiryū in Carrier Division 2.[13]
Japanese preparations were detected by Allied intelligence. The British defensive plan was based on assessments from theFar East Combined Bureau (FECB), which expected a "C day" of 1 April.[11] As a result, British forces at Ceylon went on alert a few days too early. The Eastern Fleet, led byVice Admiral SirJames Somerville, sortied on 30 March and deployed in a patrol area 100 miles (160 km) south of the island. Land-based aerial reconnaissance concentrating on the southeast. The deployments accurately reflected the direction that the Japanese would approach.[14]
With no sightings of the Japanese, the Eastern Fleet retired late on 2 April towardAddu Atoll to refuel atPort T, about 600 miles (970 km) southwest of Ceylon.[14] Ships were detached to resume previous commitments; the heavy cruisersHMS Cornwall andHMS Dorsetshire were sent to Colombo, andHMS Hermes to Trincomalee.[15] Ceylon air defences stood down, but long range Catalina patrols continued.[16]
The Japanese cancelled a planned reconnaissance of Colombo harbour on 4 April by cruiser floatplanes.[17]
Before dawn on 4 April, Catalina QL-A of 413 Squadron RCAF, piloted bySquadron LeaderLeonard Birchall, took off from Koggala to patrol the southernmost patrol sector. Later that day, the crew decided to repeat an assigned leg that took them to the southern-most point of their patrol; the repetition was conducted for navigational purposes.[18] At 16:00, at the southern-most point of the repeated leg, QL-A spotted the Japanese fleet on the southern horizon about 360 mi (310 nmi; 580 km) south-east of Ceylon.[19][8][14] The flying boat was attacked by at least 12Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighters as it closed to get an accurate sighting. The radio was destroyed mid-transmission[19] so that the sighting, but not the size of the fleet, was reported.[14] Within seven minutes, QL-A was forced to make anemergency landing on the ocean.Strafing Zeroes sank the flying boat and killed two crew members in the water. Only six of the nine crew, including Birchall, survived to be captured by the Japanese destroyer Isokaze.[19] The prisoners claimed to have taken off from Colombo instead of Koggala,[9] and this was reported to the fleet flagshipAkagi late on 4 April;[20] Koggala was not struck during the raid.[9] The prisoners also denied making any reports; this was undermined when the Japanese intercepted a signal from Colombo asking QL-A to repeat its report, indicating that surprise was lost.[19]
Catalina FV-R from 205 Squadron RAF, piloted byFlight Lieutenant "Jock" Graham, took off at 17:45 and took over shadowing the Japanese fleet. FV-R made reports at 22:37, and on 5 April at 00:45 and 06:15. The last reported Japanese ships 110 miles (180 km) and 195 degrees fromDondra Head, the southern tip of Ceylon. The Catalina was shot down by Japanese fighters about 90 minutes after making the final report, with the loss of the entire crew.[8]
Within an hour of QL-A's report, D’Albiac met with his subordinates to discuss an anticipated Japanese strike after dawn. 222 Group issued Operation Order No. 43 before midnight to warn subordinate units, and units went on alert at 04:00 on 5 April.[8][21] Per Operation Order No. 43, 803 NAS launched a six Fulmars from Ratmalana early on 5 April to conduct a line patrol fromBentota, 35 mi (56 km) south of Colombo on the west coast, toPottuvri on the east coast.[22] Ships were ordered to disperse from the harbours at Colombo and Trincomalee.Cornwall andDorsetshire left Colombo late on 4 April to rejoin the Eastern Fleet,[23] part of which had started sailing back to Ceylon from Port T after the QL-A report.[15]
At 05:45 on 5 April, Catalina BN-L of 240 Squadron RAF, piloted by Flight Lieutenant Bradshaw, took off to shadow the Japanese fleet.[21]
The Japanese carriers began flying off 91 bombers and 36 fighters for the strike on Colombo[24] shortly after 06:00 on 5 April.[25]
Shortly after 06:40, Catalina BN-L spotted four Japanese aircraft flying north but misidentified them as Hurricanes and made no report. The flying boat was seen by the Japanese;Hiryu received a report of the encounter at 06:45.[21] The strike group approached Colombo from the sea to the south-east;[7][21] this course prevented detection by coast watchers and the 803 NAS line patrol.[22] AMES 254 and its radar also failed to detect or report the inbound strike.[26]
British fighter pilots waited for ascramble order that, due to the lack of early warning, never came. Instead they were forced to take off under fire, instead of starting the engagement pre-positioned in the air.[27]
At 07:30, an advance force of nine Zero fighters fromHiryu flew over the Colombo Racecourse airbase and were spotted from the ground. The 14 Hurricanes of 258 Squadron RAF took off in good order by 07:35 and climbed toward the harbour. The airbase avoided attack.[6]
At 07:40, 38Aichi D3A "Val" bombers fromShokaku andZuikaku were spotted from Ratmalana. 14 fromZuikaku attacked the airbase at 07:45 as Hurricanes from 30 Squadron RAF were taking off in ones and twos. 21 Hurricanes took off (four were still on the ground when the first bombs fell) and another – the commanding officer's – was disabled attempting to take-off. Six Fulmars from 803 and 806 NAS also took off from Ratmalana. These British fighters were fully occupied defending the airbase, and were aided by heavy cloud cover. The first Hurricanes airborne attacked the bombers before any bombs were dropped. Five Vals and a Zero were destroyed, and up to six more Vals were damaged. In exchange, eight Hurricanes and three Fulmars were shot down. The airbase suffered little damage.[6]
19 Vals fromShokaku attacked the harbour around 07:50; they ultimately sank thearmed merchant cruiserHMS Hector and damaged the submarinedepot shipLucia. They were set upon by 258 Squadron RAF shortly afterwards,[9] which decided to concentrate on bombers rather than the covering Zeros.[6] One Val was shot down, and damaged another, in exchange for eight Hurricanes destroyed and two badly damaged.[9]
TheShokaku Vals fully occupied 258 Squadron RAF, allowing the remaining bombers to attack the harbour and port unimpeded by British fighters.[9] Five Vals fromZuikaku damaged the British tankerSan Cirilo. 53Nakajima B5N "Kate" torpedo bombers, acting as level bombers, sank the old destroyerHMS Tenedos, damaged the merchant shipBenledi, and hit port facilities.[9]
In addition, the Norwegian tankerSoli was sunk and the British freighterClan Murdoch was damaged.[20]
The Japanese strike was recovered by their carriers from 09:45 to 10:30.[13]
Carrier Division 5 reserve strike force was armed with high explosive bombs for a second strike on Colombo. This was cancelled when Japanese scout aircraft discoveredDorsetshire andCornwall at 10:00 on 5 April. Carrier Division 5 reserve strike force was ordered to attack the British cruisers, but rearming with torpedoes encountered delays, and the cruisers were sunk by Carrier Division 2 instead.[28]
30 Squadron RAF had seven serviceable aircraft by nightfall. Eight Hurricanes had been shot down, and several damaged. Five pilots were killed and two wounded.[6]
258 Squadron RAF suffered eight Hurricanes shot down and two badly damaged, as well as five pilots killed and two wounded.[9]
803 and 806 NAS suffered four Fulmars shot down and three pilots killed.[6]
SixFairey Swordfish from788 Naval Air Squadron were also shot down; they were transferring from China Bay to Colombo for a strike on the Japanese fleet and arrived during the attack.[6]
According to AMES 254's logs, its radar was operational during the battle and it did not detect the incoming strike.[10] Official post-war technical histories attributed the failure to technical limitations of the radar,[10] and operator error caused by fatigue due to "unequally divided watch-keeping roster."[29]
The short time that AMES 254 had been in Colombo may not have been sufficient to train operators to identify false radar echoes produced by local conditions; real echoes may have been mistaken for false echoes[10] Additionally, the radar antenna projected "lobes" in which objects might be detected, with gaps between lobes or lobes overlapping. The height of an object heavily affected detection range. The trajectory of the incoming Japanese aircraft may have inadvertently taken advantage in gaps between lobes.[29]
AMES 254 may simply not have had enough time to process the radar data, especially if operator fatigue was a factor.[29] The terrain around the radar limited maximum range to 60 mi (97 km). The distance travelled by Japanese aircraft between the edge of that radius to Ratmalana was 54 mi (87 km), and could be covered by a Zero at cruise speed in about 17 minutes. During the battle it took five minutes for the Hurricanes to take off and another six to climb to interception altitude. This left only six minutes for AMES 254 to report to No. 20 Operations Room and for orders to be issued to pilots.[10]
Birchall was awarded theDistinguished Flying Cross for the sighting made by Catalina QL-A on 4 April,[30] and was called the "Saviour of Ceylon" by Canadian media. He was aprisoner of war for the remainder of the war.[31]
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