| East River | |
|---|---|
 East River (foreground) and theheadquarters of the United Nations inManhattan (background) seen fromRoosevelt Island in December 2006 | |
 Aerial map of New York City with the East River shown in red | |
 | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| Municipality | New York City |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Long Island Sound |
| • coordinates | 40°48′00″N73°47′06″W / 40.800°N 73.785°W /40.800; -73.785 |
| Mouth | Upper New York Bay |
• coordinates | 40°42′00″N74°00′18″W / 40.700°N 74.005°W /40.700; -74.005 |
| Length | 16 mi (26 km) |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Newtown Creek,Flushing River |
| • right | Westchester Creek,Bronx River, Bronx Kill,Harlem River |
TheEast River is a saltwatertidal estuary orstrait inNew York City. The waterway, which is not a river despite its name, connectsUpper New York Bay on its south end toLong Island Sound on its north end. It separatesLong Island, with the boroughs ofBrooklyn andQueens, fromManhattan Island, and fromthe Bronx on the North American mainland.[1]
Because of its connection to Long Island Sound, the East River was once also known as theSound River.[2] Thetidal strait changes its direction of flow regularly, and is subject to strong fluctuations in its current, which are accentuated by its narrowness and variety of depths. The waterway is navigable for its entire length of 16 miles (26 km), and was historically the center of maritime activities in the city.[1][3]
Technically adrowned valley, like the other waterways around New York City,[4] the strait was formed approximately 11,000 years ago at the end of theWisconsin glaciation.[5] The distinct change in the shape of the strait between the lower and upper portions is evidence of this glacial activity. The upper portion (fromLong Island Sound to Hell Gate), running largely perpendicular to the glacial motion, is wide, meandering, and has deep narrow bays on both banks, scoured out by the glacier's movement. The lower portion (from Hell Gate toNew York Bay) runs north–south, parallel to the glacial motion. It is much narrower, with straight banks. The bays that exist, as well as those that used to exist before being filled in by human activity, are largely wide and shallow.
The section known as "Hell Gate" – from theDutch nameHellegat meaning either "bright strait" or "clear opening", given to the entire river in 1614 by explorerAdriaen Block when he passed through it in his shipTyger[3][6] – is a narrow, turbulent, and particularly treacherous stretch of the river. Tides from the Long Island Sound, New York Harbor and theHarlem River meet there, making it difficult to navigate, especially because of the number of rocky islets which once dotted it, with names such as "Frying Pan", "Pot, Bread and Cheese", "Hen and Chicken", "Heel Top"; "Flood"; and "Gridiron", roughly 12 islets and reefs in all,[7] all of which led to a number of shipwrecks, includingHMSHussar, a Britishfrigate that sank in 1780 while supposedly carrying gold and silver intended to pay British troops. The stretch has since been cleared of rocks and widened.[6]Washington Irving wrote of Hell Gate that the current sounded "like a bull bellowing for more drink" at half tide, while at full tide it slept "as soundly as an alderman after dinner". He said it was like "a peaceable fellow enough when he has no liquor at all, or when he has a skinful, but who, when half-seas over, plays the very devil."[3] The tidal regime is complex, with the two major tides – from the Long Island Sound and from the Atlantic Ocean – separated by about two hours; and this is without consideration of the tidal influence of the Harlem River, all of which creates a "dangerous cataract", as one ship's captain put it.[8]
The river is navigable for its entire length of 16 miles (26 km). In 1939 it was reported that the stretch fromThe Battery to the formerBrooklyn Navy Yard nearWallabout Bay, a run of about 1,000 yards (910 m), was 40 feet (12 m) deep, the long section from there, running to the west of Roosevelt Island, through Hell Gate and toThrog's Neck was at least 35 feet (11 m) deep, and then eastward from there the river was, at mean low tide, 168 feet (51 m) deep.[3]
The broadness of the river's channel south of Roosevelt Island is caused by the dipping of the hardyFordham gneiss underlying the island under the less strongInwood marble which lies under the river bed.[9] Why the river turns to the east as it approaches the three lower Manhattan bridges is geologically unknown.[10]
Roosevelt Island, a long (2-mile (3.2 km)) and narrow (800 feet (240 m)) landmass, lies in the stretch of the river between Manhattan Island and the borough ofQueens, roughly from the latitude of Manhattan's East 46th to 86th Streets. The abrupt termination of the island on its north end is due to an extension of the125th Street Fault.[9] Politically, the island's 147 acres (0.59 km2) constitute part of the borough of Manhattan. It is connected to Queens by theRoosevelt Island Bridge, to Manhattan by theRoosevelt Island Tramway, and to both boroughs by asubway station served by theF train. TheQueensboro Bridge also runs across Roosevelt Island, and an elevator allowing both pedestrian and vehicular access to the island was added to the bridge in 1930, but elevator service was discontinued in 1955 following the opening of the Roosevelt Island Bridge, and the elevator was demolished in 1970. The island, which was formerly known as Blackwell's Island and Welfare Island before being renamed in honor of US PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt, historically served as the site of apenitentiary and a number of hospitals; today, it is dominated by residential neighborhoods consisting of large apartment buildings and parkland (much of which is dotted with the ruins of older structures).
The largest land mass in the River south of Roosevelt Island isU Thant Island, an artificial islet created during the construction of theSteinway Tunnel (which currently serves thesubway's 7 and <7> lines). Officially named Belmont Island after one of the tunnel's financiers, the landmass owes its popular name (afterBurmese diplomatU Thant, formerSecretary-General of the United Nations) to the efforts of a group associated with the guruSri Chinmoy that held mediation meetings on the island in the 1970s. Today, the island is owned by New York State and serves as a migratory bird sanctuary that is closed to visitors.
Proceeding north and east from Roosevelt Island, the River's principal islands include Manhattan'sMill Rock, an 8.6-acre (3.5 ha) island located about 1000 feet from Manhattan's East 96th Street; Manhattan's 520-acreRandalls and Wards Islands, two formerly separate islands joined by landfill that are home to a large public park, a number of public institutions, and the supports for theTriborough and theHell Gate Bridges; the Bronx'sRikers Island, once under 100 acres (0.40 km2) but now over 400 acres (1.6 km2)[11] following extensive landfill expansion after the island's 1884 purchase by the city as a prison farm[12] and still home to New York City's massive and controversial primary jail complex; andNorth and South Brother Islands, both of which also constitute part of the Bronx.[1]
TheBronx River,[13]: 63 Pugsley Creek, andWestchester Creek drain into the northern bank of the East River in the northern section of the strait.[13]: 70–71 TheFlushing River, historically known as Flushing Creek, empties into the strait's southern bank nearLaGuardia Airport viaFlushing Bay.[13]: 98 Further west, Luyster Creek drains into the East River inAstoria, Queens.[13]: 94
North ofRandalls Island, it is joined by theBronx Kill. Along the east of Wards Island, at approximately the strait's midpoint, it narrows into a channel calledHell Gate, which is spanned by both theRobert F. Kennedy Bridge (formerly the Triborough), and theHell Gate Bridge.[13]: 84 On the south side of Wards Island, it is joined by theHarlem River.
Newtown Creek on Long Island, which itself contained several tributaries, drains into the East River and forms part of the boundary between Queens and Brooklyn.[13]: 175 Bushwick Inlet[13]: 193 andWallabout Bay on Long Island also drain into the strait on the Long Island side.[13]: 197 TheGowanus Canal was built fromGowanus Creek, which emptied into the river.[13]: 185
Historically, there were other small streams which emptied into the river, though these and their associated wetlands have been filled in and built over. These small streams included the Harlem Creek, one of the most significant tributaries originating in Manhattan.[14] Other streams that emptied into the East River included theSawkill in Manhattan,[13]: 32 Mill Brook in the Bronx,[13]: 84 andSunswick Creek in Queens.[13]: 96
Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the land north of the East River was occupied by theSiwanoys, one of many groups ofAlgonquin-speakingLenapes in the area. Those of the Lenapes who lived in the northern part of Manhattan Island in a campsite known asKonaande Kongh used a landing at around the current location of East 119th street to paddle into the river incanoes fashioned from tree trunks in order to fish.[15]
Dutch settlement of what becameNew Amsterdam began in 1623.[16] Some of the earliest of the small settlements in the area were along the west bank of the East River on sites that had previously been Native American settlements. As with the Native Americans, the river was central to their lives for transportation for trading and for fishing.[17] They gathered marsh grass to feed their cattle, and the East River's tides helped to power mills which ground grain to flour. By 1642 there was a ferry running on the river between Manhattan Island and what is now Brooklyn, and the first pier on the river was built in 1647 at Pearl and Broad Streets. After the British took over the colony in 1664, which was renamed "New York", the development of the waterfront continued, and ashipbuilding industry grew up once New York started exporting flour. By the end of the 17th century, the Great Dock, located atCorlear's Hook on the East River, had been built.[16]
Historically, the lower portion of the strait, which separates Manhattan from Brooklyn, was one of the busiest and most important channels in the world, particularly during the first three centuries of New York City's history. Because the water along the lower Manhattan shoreline was too shallow for large boats to tie up and unload their goods, from 1686 on – after the signing of theDongan Charter, which allowed intertidal land to be owned and sold – the shoreline was "wharfed out" to the high-water mark by constructing retaining walls that were filled in with every conceivable kind of landfill: excrement, dead animals, ships deliberately sunk in place, ship ballast, and muck dredged from the bottom of the river. On the new land were built warehouses and other structures necessary for the burgeoning sea trade. Many of the "water-lot" grants went to the rich and powerful families of the merchant class, although some went to tradesmen. By 1700, the Manhattan bank of the river had been "wharfed-out" up to aroundWhitehall Street, narrowing the strait of the river.[18]
After the signing of the Montgomerie Charter in the late 1720s, another 127 acres of land along the Manhattan shore of the East River was authorized to be filled-in, this time to a point 400 feet beyond the low-water mark; the parts that had already been expanded to the low water mark – much of which had been devastated by a coastal storm in the early 1720s and anor'easter in 1723 – were also expanded, narrowing the channel even further. What had been quiet beach land was to become new streets and buildings, and the core of the city's sea-borne trade. This infilling went as far north asCorlear's Hook. In addition, the city was given control of the western shore of the river fromWallabout Bay south.[19]
Expansion of the waterfront halted during theAmerican Revolution, in which the East River played an important role early in the conflict. On August 28, 1776, while British and Hessian troops rested after besting the Americans at theBattle of Long Island, GeneralGeorge Washington was rounding up all the boats on the east shore of the river, in what is now Brooklyn, and used them to successfully move his troops across the river – under cover of night, rain, and fog – to Manhattan island, before the British could press their advantage. Thus, though the battle was a victory for the British, the failure ofSir William Howe to destroy the Continental Army when he had the opportunity allowed the Americans to continue fighting. Without the stealthy withdrawal across the East River, the American Revolution might have ended much earlier.[20]
Wallabout Bay on the River was the site of most of theBritish prison ships – most notoriouslyHMS Jersey – where thousands of Americanprisoners of war were held in terrible conditions. These prisoners had come into the hands of the British after the fall of New York City on September 15, 1776, after the American loss at the Battle of Long Island and the loss ofFort Washington on November 16. Prisoners began to be housed on the broken-down warships and transports in December; about 24 ships were used in total, but generally only 5 or 6 at a time. Almost twice as many Americans died from neglect in these ships than did from all the battles in the war: as many as 12,000 soldiers, sailors and civilians. The bodies were thrown overboard or were buried in shallow graves on the riverbanks, but their bones – some of which were collected when they washed ashore – were later relocated and are now inside thePrison Ship Martyrs' Monument in nearbyFort Greene Park. The existence of the ships and the conditions the men were held in was widely known at the time through letters, diaries and memoirs, and was a factor not only in the attitude of Americans toward the British, but in the negotiations to formally end the war.[21]
After the war, East River waterfront development continued once more. New York State legislation, which in 1807 had authorized what would become theCommissioners Plan of 1811, authorized the creation of new land out to 400 feet from the low water mark into the river, and with the advent of gridded streets along the new waterline – Joseph Mangin had laid out such a grid in 1803 in hisA Plan and Regulation of the City of New York, which was rejected by the city, but established the concept – the coastline become regularized at the same time that the strait became even narrower.[22]
One result of the narrowing of the East River along the shoreline of Manhattan and, later, Brooklyn – which continued until the mid-19th century when the state put a stop to it – was an increase in the speed of its current.Buttermilk Channel, the strait that dividesGovernors Island fromRed Hook in Brooklyn, and which is located directly south of the "mouth" of the East River, was in the early 17th century a fordable waterway across which cattle could be driven. Further investigation by Colonel Jonathan Williams determined that the channel was by 1776 three fathoms deep (18 feet (5.5 m)), five fathoms deep (30 feet (9.1 m)) in the same spot by 1798, and when surveyed by Williams in 1807 had deepened to 7 fathoms (42 feet (13 m)) at low tide. What had been almost a bridge between two landforms that were once connected had become a fully navigable channel, thanks to the constriction of the East River and the increased flow it caused. Soon, the current in the East River had become so strong that larger ships had to use auxiliary steam power in order to turn.[23] The continued narrowing of the channel on both side may have been the reasoning behind the suggestion of one New York State Senator, who wanted to fill in the East River and annex Brooklyn, with the cost of doing so being covered by selling the newly made land.[24] Others proposed a dam at Roosevelt Island (then Blackwell's Island) to create a wet basin for shipping.[25]
Filling in part of the river was also proposed in 1867 by engineer James E. Serrell, later a city surveyor, but with emphasis on solving the problem of Hell Gate. Serrell proposed filling in Hell Gate and building a "New East River" through Queens with an extension toWestchester County.[25][26][27] Serrell's plan – which he publicized with maps, essay and lectures as well as presentations to the city, state and federal governments – would have filled in the river from 14th Street to 125th Street. The New East River through Queens would be about three times the average width of the existing one at an even 3,600 feet (1,100 m) throughout, and would run as straight as an arrow for five miles (8.0 km). The new land, and the portions of Queens which would become part of Manhattan, adding 2,500 acres (1,000 ha), would be covered with an extension of the existing street grid of Manhattan.[28]
Variations on Serrell's plan would be floated over the years. A pseudonymous "Terra Firma" brought up filling in the East River again in theEvening Post andScientific American in 1904, andThomas Alva Edison took it up in 1906. Then Thomas Kennard Thompson, a bridge and railway engineer, proposed in 1913 to fill in the river from Hell Gate to the tip of Manhattan and, as Serrell had suggested, make a new canalized East River, only this time fromFlushing Bay toJamaica Bay. He would also expand Brooklyn into the Upper Harbor, put up a dam from Brooklyn toStaten Island, and make extensive landfill in the Lower Bay. At around the same time, in the 1920s, John A. Harriss, New York City's chief traffic engineer, who had developed the first traffic signals in the city, also had plans for the river. Harriss wanted to dam the East River at Hell Gate and the Williamsburg Bridge, then remove the water, put a roof over it on stilts, and build boulevards and pedestrian lanes on the roof along with "majestic structures", with transportation services below. The East River's course would, once again, be shifted to run through Queens, and this time Brooklyn as well, to channel it to the Harbor.[29]
Periodically, merchants and other interested parties would try to get something done about the difficulty of navigating through Hell Gate. In 1832, the New York State legislature was presented with a petition for a canal to be built through nearby Hallet's Point, thus avoiding Hell Gate altogether. Instead, the legislature responded by providing ships with pilots trained to navigate the shoals for the next 15 years.[30]
In 1849, a French engineer whose specialty was underwater blasting,Benjamin Maillefert, had cleared some of the rocks which, along with the mix of tides, made the Hell Gate stretch of the river so dangerous to navigate. Ebenezer Meriam had organized a subscription to pay Maillefert $6,000 to, for instance, reduce "Pot Rock" to provide 24 feet (7.3 m) of depth at low-mean water. While ships continued to run aground (in the 1850s about 2% of ships did so) and petitions continued to call for action, the federal government undertook surveys of the area which ended in 1851 with a detailed and accurate map.[30] By then Maillefert had cleared the rock "Baldheaded Billy", and it was reported that Pot Rock had been reduced to 20.5 feet (6.2 m), which encouraged theUnited States Congress to appropriate $20,000 for further clearing of the strait. However, a more accurate survey showed that the depth of Pot Rock was actually a little more than 18 feet (5.5 m), and eventually Congress withdrew its funding.[31]
With the main shipping channels through The Narrows into the harbor silting up with sand due tolittoral drift, thus providing ships with less depth, and a new generation of larger ships coming online – epitomized byIsambard Kingdom Brunel'sSSGreat Eastern, popularly known as "Leviathan" – New York began to be concerned that it would start to lose its status as a great port if a "back door" entrance into the harbor was not created.[32] In the 1850s the depth continued to lessen – the harbor commission said in 1850 that the mean water low was 24 feet (7.3 m) and the extreme water low was 23 feet (7.0 m) – while the draft required by the new ships continued to increase, meaning it was only safe for them to enter the harbor at high tide.[33]
The U.S. Congress, realizing that the problem needed to be addressed, appropriated $20,000 for theArmy Corps of Engineers to continue Maillefert's work.[34] In 1851, theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers, "under Lt. Bartlett of the Army Corps of Engineers",[35] began to do the job, in an operation which was to span 70 years.[36] The appropriated money was soon spent without appreciable change in the hazards of navigating the strait. An advisory council recommended in 1856 that the strait be cleared of all obstacles, but nothing was done, and theCivil War soon broke out.[33]
_pg944_FLOOD_ROCK_EXPLOSION_AT_HELL_GATE_IN_OCTOBER%2c_1885._RAND_DRILL_COMPANY%2527S_DRILLS_AND_EXPLOSIVES.jpg)
In the late 1860s, after the Civil War, Congress realized the military importance of having easily navigable waterways, and charged the Army Corps of Engineers with clearing Hell Gate. Newton estimated that the operation would cost about half as much as the annual losses in shipping. The 2021 book by Thomas Barthel titledOpening the East River: John Newton and the Blasting of Hell Gate traces Newton's work on this project from 1866 to 1885. On September 24, 1876, the Corps used 50,000 pounds (23,000 kg) of explosives to blast the rocks, which was followed by further blasting.[37] The process was started by excavating under Hallets reef fromAstoria.Cornish miners, assisted by steam drills, dug galleries under the reef, which were then interconnected. They later drilled holes for explosives. A patent was issued for the detonating device. After the explosion, the rock debris wasdredged and dropped into a deep part of the river. This was not repeated at the later Flood Rock explosion.
On October 10, 1885, the Corps carried out the largest explosion in this process, annihilating Flood Rock with 300,000 pounds (140,000 kg) of explosives.[38] The blast was felt as far away asPrinceton, New Jersey (50 miles).[38] It sent ageyser of water 250 feet (76 m) in the air.[39] The blast has been described as "the largest planned explosion before testing began for the atomic bomb",[39] although the detonation at theBattle of Messines in 1917 was larger. Some of the rubble from the detonation was used in 1890 to fill the gap between Great Mill Rock and Little Mill Rock, merging the two islands into a single island,Mill Rock.[38]
At the same time that Hell Gate was being cleared, theHarlem River Ship Canal was being planned. When it was completed in 1895, the "back door" to New York's center of ship-borne trade in the docks and warehouses of the East River was open from two directions, through the cleared East River, and from theHudson River through theHarlem River to the East River.[40] Ironically, though, while both forks of the northern shipping entrance to the city were now open, modern dredging techniques had cut through the sandbars of the Atlantic Ocean entrance, allowing new, even larger ships to use that traditional passage into New York's docks.[41]
At the beginning of the 19th century, the East River was the center of New York's shipping industry, but by the end of the century, much of it had moved to the Hudson River, leaving the East River wharves and slips to begin a long process of decay, until the area was finally rehabilitated in the mid-1960s, and theSouth Street Seaport Museum was opened in 1967.[42]
By 1870, the condition of the Port of New York along both the East and Hudson Rivers had so deteriorated that the New York State legislature created the Department of Docks to renovate the port and keep New York competitive with other ports on the American East Coast. The Department of Docks was given the task of creating the master plan for the waterfront, and GeneralGeorge B. McClellan was engaged to head the project. McClellan held public hearings and invited plans to be submitted, ultimately receiving 70 of them, although in the end he and his successors put his own plan into effect. That plan called for the building of a seawall around Manhattan island fromWest 61st Street on the Hudson, aroundThe Battery, and up toEast 51st Street on the East River. The area behind the masonry wall (mostly concrete but in some parts granite blocks) would be filled in with landfill, and wide streets would be laid down on the new land. In this way, a new edge for the island (or at least the part of it used as a commercial port) would be created.[43]
The department had surveyed 13,700 feet (4,200 m) of shoreline by 1878, as well as documenting the currents and tides. By 1900, 75 miles (121 km) had been surveyed and core samples had been taken to inform the builders of how deep the bedrock was. The work was completed just asWorld War I began, allowing the Port of New York to be a major point of embarkation for troops and materiel.[43]
The new seawall helps protect Manhattan island from storm surges, although it is only 5 feet (1.5 m) above the mean sea level, so that particularly dangerous storms, such as thenor'easter of 1992 andHurricane Sandy in 2012, which hit the city in a way to create surges which are much higher, can still do significant damage. (The Hurricane of September 3, 1821, created the biggest storm surge on record in New York City: a rise of 13 feet (4.0 m) in one hour at the Battery, flooding all of lower Manhattan up toCanal Street.) Still, the new seawall begun in 1871 gave the island a firmer edge, improved the quality of the port, and continues to protect Manhattan from normal storm surges.[43]
TheBrooklyn Bridge, completed in 1883, was the first bridge to span the East River, connecting the cities of New York andBrooklyn, and all but replacing the frequent ferry service between them, which did not return until the late 20th century. The bridge offeredcable car service across the span. The Brooklyn Bridge was followed by theWilliamsburg Bridge (1903), theQueensboro Bridge (1909), theManhattan Bridge (1912) and theHell Gate Railroad Bridge (1916). Later would come theTriborough Bridge (1936), theBronx-Whitestone Bridge (1939), theThrogs Neck Bridge (1961) and theRikers Island Bridge (1966). In addition, numerous rail tunnels pass under the East River – most of them part of theNew York City Subway system – as does theBrooklyn-Battery Tunnel and theQueens-Midtown Tunnel. (SeeCrossings below for details.) Also under the river is Water Tunnel #1 of theNew York City water supply system, built in 1917 to extend the Manhattan portion of the tunnel to Brooklyn, and via City Tunnel #2 (1936) to Queens; these boroughs became part of New York City after the city's consolidation in 1898.[44][45] City Tunnel #3 will also run under the river, under the northern tip of Roosevelt Island, and is expected to not be completed until at least 2026;[46][47] the Manhattan portion of the tunnel went into service in 2013.[45]
PhilanthropistJohn D. Rockefeller founded what is nowRockefeller University in 1901, between63rd and64th Streets on the river side ofYork Avenue, overlooking the river. The university is a research university for doctoral and post-doctoral scholars, primarily in the fields of medicine and biological science. North of it is one of the major medical centers in the city,NewYork Presbyterian / Weill Cornell Medical Center, which is associated with the medical schools of bothColumbia University andCornell University. Although it can trace its history back to 1771, the center on York Avenue, much of which overlooks the river, was built in 1932.[48]
The East River was the site of one of the greatest disasters in the history of New York City when, in June 1904, thePSGeneral Slocum sank near North Brother Island due to a fire. It was carrying 1,400 German-Americans to a picnic site on Long Island for an annual outing. There were only321 survivors of the disaster, one of the worst losses of life in the city's long history, and a devastating blow to theLittle Germany neighborhood on theLower East Side. The captain of the ship and the managers of the company that owned it were indicted, but only the captain was convicted; he spent3+1⁄2 years of his 10-year sentence atSing Sing Prison before being released by a federal parole board, and then pardoned by PresidentWilliam Howard Taft.[49][50]
Beginning in 1934, and then again from 1948 to 1966, the Manhattan shore of the river became the location for the limited-accessEast River Drive, which was later renamed afterFranklin Delano Roosevelt, and is universally known by New Yorkers as the "FDR Drive". The road is sometimes at grade, sometimes runs under locations such as the site of theHeadquarters of the United Nations andCarl Schurz Park andGracie Mansion – the mayor's official residence, and is at time double-decked, because Hell Gate provides no room for more landfill.[9] It begins atBattery Park, runs past the Brooklyn, Manhattan, Williamsburg and Queensboro Bridges, and the Ward's Island Footbridge, and terminates just before the Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Bridge when it connects to theHarlem River Drive. Between most of the FDR Drive and the River is theEast River Greenway, part of theManhattan Waterfront Greenway. The East River Greenway was primarily built in connection with the building of the FDR Drive, although some portions were built as recently as 2002, and other sections are still incomplete.[51][52][53]
In 1963,Con Edison built theRavenswood Generating Station on theLong Island City shore of the river, on land some of which was once stone quarries which provided granite and marble slabs for Manhattan's buildings. The plant has since been owned byKeySpan.National Grid andTransCanada, the result of deregulation of the electrical power industry. The station, which can generate about 20% of the electrical needs of New York City – approximately 2,500 megawatts – receives some of its fuel by oil barge.[54]
North of the power plant can be foundSocrates Sculpture Park, an illegal dumpsite and abandoned landfill that in 1986 was turned into an outdoor museum, exhibition space for artists, and public park by sculptorMark di Suvero and local activists. The area also contains Rainey Park, which honors Thomas C. Rainey, who attempted for 40 years to get a bridge built in that location from Manhattan to Queens. TheQueensboro Bridge was eventually built south of this location.[54]
In 2011,NY Waterway started operating its East River Ferry line.[55] The route was a 7-stop East River service that runs in a loop betweenEast 34th Street andHunters Point, making two intermediate stops in Brooklyn and three in Queens. The ferry, an alternative to the New York City Subway, cost $4 per one-way ticket.[55] It was instantly popular: from June to November 2011, the ferry saw 350,000 riders, over 250% of the initial ridership forecast of 134,000 riders.[56] In December 2016, in preparation for the start ofNYC Ferry service the next year,Hornblower Cruises purchased the rights to operate the East River Ferry.[57][58] NYC Ferry started service on May 1, 2017, with the East River Ferry as part of the system.[59][60]
In February 2012 the federal government announced an agreement withVerdant Power to install 30tidal turbines in the channel of the East River. The turbines were projected to begin operations in 2015 and are supposed to produce 1.05 megawatts of power.[61] The strength of the current foiled an earlier effort in 2007 to tap the river fortidal power.[62]
On May 7, 2017, the catastrophic failure of aCon Edison substation in Brooklyn caused a spill into the river of over 5,000 US gallons (18,927 L; 4,163 imp gal) ofdielectric fluid, a synthetic mineral oil used to cool electrical equipment and prevent electrical discharges. (Seebelow.)
At the end of 2022, gold miner John Reeves claimed that up to 50 tons of ice age artifacts bound for theAmerican Museum of Natural History, including mammoth remains, had been dumped into the East River near 65th Street. Although the museum denied that any fossils had been dumped into the river, Reeves's allegations prompted commercial divers to search the river for evidence of mammoth bones.[63][64]
Throughout most of the history of New York City, andNew Amsterdam before it, the East River has been the receptacle for the city's garbage and sewage. "Night men" who collected "night soil" from outdoor privies would dump their loads into the river, and even after the construction of theCroton Aqueduct (1842) and then theNew Croton Aqueduct (1890) gave rise toindoor plumbing, the waste that was flushed away into thesewers, where it mixed with ground runoff, ran directly into the river, untreated. The sewers terminated at the slips where ships docked, until the waste began to build up, preventing dockage, after which the outfalls were moved to the end of the piers. The "landfill" which created new land along the shoreline when the river was "wharfed out" by the sale of "water lots" was largely garbage such as bones, offal, and even whole dead animals, along with excrement – human and animal.[65][66] The result was that by the 1850s, if not before, the East River, like the other waterways around the city, was undergoing the process ofeutrophication where the increase innitrogen from excrement and other sources led to a decrease in freeoxygen, which in turn led to an increase inphytoplankton such asalgae and a decrease in other life forms, breaking the area's established food chain. The East River became very polluted, and its animal life decreased drastically.[67]
In an earlier time, one person had described the transparency of the water: "I remember the time, gentlemen, when you could go in twelve feet of water and you could see the pebbles on the bottom of this river." As the water got more polluted, it darkened, underwater vegetation (such asphotosynthesizing seagrass) began dying, and as theseagrass beds declined, the many associated species of their ecosystems declined as well, contributing to the decline of the river. Also harmful was the general destruction of the once plentifuloyster beds in the waters around the city,[notes 1] and the over-fishing ofmenhaden, ormossbunker, a small silvery fish which had been used since the time of the Native Americans for fertilizing crops – however it took 8,000 of these schooling fish to fertilize a single acre, so mechanized fishing using thepurse seine was developed, and eventually the menhaden population collapsed. Menhaden feed on phytoplankton, helping to keep them in check, and are also a vital step in the food chain, asbluefish,striped bass and other fish species which do not eat phytoplankton feed on the menhaden. The oyster is another filter feeder: oysters purify 10 to 100 gallons a day, while each menhaden filters four gallons in a minute, and their schools were immense: one report had a farmer collecting 20 oxcarts worth of menhaden using simple fishing nets deployed from the shore. The combination of more sewage, due to the availability of more potable water – New York's water consumptionper capita was twice that of Europe – indoor plumbing, the destruction of filter feeders, and the collapse of the food chain, damaged the ecosystem of the waters around New York, including the East River, almost beyond repair.[68]
Because of these changes to the ecosystem, by 1909, the level of dissolved-oxygen in the lower part of the river had declined to less than 65%, where 55% of saturation is the point at which the amount of fish and the number of their species begins to be affected.[69] Only 17 years later, by 1926, the level of dissolved oxygen in the river had fallen to 13%, below the point at which most fish species can survive.[70]
Due to heavypollution, the East River is dangerous to people who fall in or attempt to swim in it, although as of mid-2007 the water was cleaner than it had been in decades.[71] As of 2010[update], theNew York City Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) categorizes the East River as Use Classification I, meaning it is safe for secondary contact activities such as boating and fishing.[72] According to the marine sciences section of the DEP, the channel is swift, with water moving as fast as four knots, just as it does in theHudson River on the other side of Manhattan. That speed can push casual swimmers out to sea. A few people drown in the waters around New York City each year.[71]
As of 2013[update], it was reported that the level of bacteria in the river was below federal guidelines for swimming on most days, although the readings may vary significantly, so that the outflow fromNewtown Creek or theGowanus Canal can be tens or hundreds of times higher than recommended, according toRiverkeeper, a non-profit environmentalist advocacy group. The counts are also higher along the shores of the strait than they are in the middle of its flow. Nevertheless, the "Brooklyn Bridge Swim" is an annual event where swimmers cross the channel fromBrooklyn Bridge Park to Manhattan.[73]
Thanks to reductions in pollution, cleanups, the restriction of development, and other environmental controls, the East River along Manhattan is one of the areas of New York's waterways – including theHudson-Raritan Estuary and both shores ofLong Island – which have shown signs of the return of biodiversity.[74] On the other hand, the river is also under attack from hardy, competitive, alien species, such as theEuropean green crab, which is considered to be one of the world's ten worst invasive species, and is present in the river.[75]
On May 7, 2017, the catastrophic failure ofCon Edison's Farragut Substation at 89 John Street inDumbo, Brooklyn, caused a spill ofdielectric fluid – an insoluble synthetic mineral oil, considered non-toxic by New York state, used to cool electrical equipment and prevent electrical discharges – into the East River from a 37,000-US-gallon (140,060 L; 30,809 imp gal) tank. TheNational Response Center received a report of the spill at 1:30pm that day, although the public did not learn of the spill for two days, and then only fromtweets fromNYC Ferry. A "safety zone" was established, extending from a line drawn between Dupont Street inGreenpoint, Brooklyn, toEast 25th Street inKips Bay, Manhattan, south toButtermilk Channel. Recreational and human-powered vehicles such askayaks andpaddleboards were banned from the zone while the oil was being cleaned up, and the speed of commercial vehicles restricted so as not to spread the oil in their wakes, causing delays in NYC Ferry service. The clean-up efforts were being undertaken by Con Edison personnel and private environmental contractors, theU.S. Coast Guard, and theNew York State Department of Environmental Conservation, with the assistance ofNYC Emergency Management.[76][77][78][79][80]
The loss of the sub-station caused a voltage dip in the power provided by Con Ed to theMetropolitan Transportation Authority'sNew York City Subway system, which disruptedits signals.[81]
The Coast Guard estimated that 5,200 US gallons (19,684 L; 4,330 imp gal) of oil spilled into the water, with the remainder soaking into the soil at the substation. In the past the Coast Guard has on average been able to recover about 10% of oil spilled, however the complex tides in the river make the recovery much more difficult, with the turbulent water caused by the river's change of tides pushing contaminated water over the containment booms, where it is then carried out to sea and cannot be recovered. By Friday May 12, officials from Con Edison reported that almost 600 US gallons (2,271 L; 500 imp gal) had been taken out of the water.[82][78][83]
Environmental damage to wildlife is expected to be less than if the spill was of petroleum-based oil, but the oil can still block the sunlight necessary for the river's fish and other organisms to live. Nesting birds are also in possible danger from the oil contaminating their nests and potentially poisoning the birds or their eggs. Water from the East River was reported to have tested positive for low levels ofPCB, a knowncarcinogen.[82][78][83][79]
Putting the spill into perspective, John Lipscomb, the vice president of advocacy forRiverkeepers said that the chronic release after heavy rains of overflow from city's wastewater treatment system was "a bigger problem for the harbor than this accident."[79] The state Department of Environmental Conservation is investigating the spill.[83] It was later reported that according to DEC data which dates back to 1978, the substation involved had spilled 179 times previously, more than any other Con Ed facility. The spills have included 8,400 gallons of dielectric oil,hydraulic oil, andantifreeze which leaked at various times into the soil around the substation, the sewers, and the East River.[84]
On June 22, Con Edison used non-toxic green dye and divers in the river to find the source of the leak. As a result, a 4-inch (10 cm) hole was plugged. The utility continued to believe that the bulk of the spill went into the ground around the substation, and excavated and removed several hundred cubic yards of soil from the area. They estimated that about 5,200 US gallons (19,684 L; 4,330 imp gal) went into the river, of which 520 US gallons (1,968 L; 433 imp gal) were recovered. Con Edison said that it installed a new transformer, and intended to add new barrier around the facility to help guard against future spills propagating into the river.[85]
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https://www.nan.usace.army.mil/Portals/37/docs/history/hellgate.pdf.Informational notes
Citations
It is the biggest public works project in New York City's history: a $6 billion water tunnel that has claimed 24 lives, endured under six mayors and survived three city fiscal crises, along with the falling and rising fortunes of the metropolis above it. ...
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