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| East Pomeranian | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Diaspora of German expellees in the Americas;formerlyProvince of Pomerania |
Native speakers | Native: ≅ 300.000 |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Brazil (11 municipalities) |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | nds forLow German |
| ISO 639-3 | nds forLow German |
| Glottolog | east2293 |
East Pomeranian (Ostpommersch) orFarther Pomeranian (Hinterpommersch) is anEast Low German dialect moribund inEurope, which used to be spoken in the region ofFarther Pomerania when it was part of the GermanProvince of Pomerania, untilWorld War II, and today is part ofPoland. Currently, the language survives mainly inBrazil, where it is spoken by descendants of German immigrants of the 19th century and where it was given its own orthography by the linguist Ismael Tressmann. It has co-official status in 11 Brazilian municipalities and has been recognized as a historical and cultural heritage of the Brazilian state ofEspírito Santo. East Pomeranian is also spoken in centralWisconsin and parts ofIowa, in theUnited States.
Nowadays, spoken East Pomeranian in Brazil has mostly been influenced byPortuguese language andHunsrik, a German dialect derived from theHunsrückisch native to Brazil. It excludes the dialect spoken in the United States, known as Wisconsin Pomeranian, which was influenced by theEnglish language.
The varieties of East Pomeranian are: Westhinterpommersch, Osthinterpommersch, Bublitzisch aroundBobolice and Pommerellisch;[citation needed]Further the east, German dialects transitioned to Low Prussian-East Pomeranian and Vistula Delta German spoken in and aroundDanzig/Gdansk.[1][better source needed]
Verbs
Conjugation patterns of Brazilian Pomeranian[18]
| verbs | breeka, to break" | häwa, "to have" | wila, "to want/ to become" | måka, "to male" | bruuka, "to need" | raupa, "to call/ to shout" | srijga "to scream" | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | breeka | häwa | wila | måka | bruuka | raupa | srijga | |||
| Participle | Past | brooka | hat | wud | måkt | bruukt | roopa | sreega | ||
| Indicative | Present | Singular | 1st person | breek | häw | wil | måk | bruuk | raup | srijg |
| 2nd person | breekst | häst | wist | mökst | bruukst | raupst | srigst | |||
| 3rd person | breekt | hät | wil | mök | bruukt | raupt | srijgt | |||
| Plural | breeka | häwa | wila | måka | bruuka | raupa | srijga | |||
| Past | Singular | 1st person | braik | haar | wu | maik | brüükt | raip | sreig | |
| 2nd person | braikst | haast | wust | maikst | brüükst | raipst | sreigst | |||
| 3rd Person | braik | haar | wu | maik | brüükt | raip | sreigt | |||
| Plural | braika | haara | wula | maika | brüüka | raipa | sreiga | |||
Source:[19]
| Front | Central | Back | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | |||||||
| short | long | short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | ɪ | iˑ | ʏ | yˑ | ʊ | uˑ | ||
| Mid | ə | |||||||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɛːɛˑ | œ | (ɐ) | ɔɔˑ | |||
| Open | aː | ɑ | ||||||
| Ending point | ||
|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | |
| Near-close | ui̯ | |
| Mid | ei̯oi̯ø:i̯ | ou̯ |
| Open | ɑi̯ | ɑu̯ |
| Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar/ Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Plosive | Fortis | p | t | k | (ʔ) | ||
| Lenis | b | d | ɡ | ||||
| Affricate | Fortis | (ts) | (tʃ) | ||||
| Lenis | (dʒ) | ||||||
| Fricative | Fortis | f | s | ʃ | (ç) (ʝ) | (x) (ɣ) | h (ɦ) |
| Lenis | v | z | (ʒ) | ||||
| Approximant | (β) | l | (ʎ)j | (w) | |||
| Rhotic | r | ||||||
