East Asia, especiallyChinese civilization, is regarded as one of the earliestcradles of civilization. Other ancient civilizations in East Asia that still exist as independent countries in the present day include theJapanese,Korean, andMongolian civilizations. Various other civilizations existed as independent polities in East Asia in the past but have since been absorbed into neighbouring civilizations in the present day, such asTibet,Manchuria, andRyukyu (Okinawa), among many others. Taiwan has a relatively younghistory in the region after theprehistoric era; originally, it was a major site ofAustronesian civilisation prior to colonisation by European colonial powers and China from the 17th century onward. For thousands of years, China was the leading civilization in the region, exerting influence on its neighbours.[5][6][7] Historically, societies in East Asia have fallen within theChinese sphere of influence, and East Asian vocabularies and scripts are often derived fromClassical Chinese andChinese script. TheChinese calendar serves as the root from which many other East Asian calendars are derived.
China was the first region settled in East Asia and was undoubtedly the core of East Asian civilization from where other parts of East Asia were formed. The various other regions in East Asia were selective in the Chinese influences they adopted into their local customs. HistorianPing-ti Ho referred to China as the cradle of Eastern civilization, in parallel with thecradle of Middle Eastern civilization along theFertile Crescent encompassingMesopotamia andAncient Egypt[15] as well as thecradle of Western civilization encompassingAncient Greece.
Chinese civilization emerged early, and prefigured other East Asian civilisations. Throughout history, imperial China would exert cultural, economic, technological, and political influence on its neighbours.[16][17][18] Succeeding Chinese dynasties exerted enormous influence across East Asia culturally, economically, politically and militarily for over two millennia.[18][19][20] Thetributary system of China shaped much of East Asia's history for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural influence over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.[21][22][17] Imperial China's cultural preeminence not only led the country to become East Asia's first literate nation in the entire region, it also supplied Japan and Korea with Chinese loanwords and linguistic influences rooted in their writing systems.[23]
UnderEmperor Wu of Han, theHan dynasty made China the regional powerhouse in East Asia, projecting much of its imperial influence onto its neighbours.[18][24] Han China hosted the largest unified population in East Asia, the most literate and urbanised as well as being the most economically developed, as well as the most technologically and culturally advanced civilization in the region at the time.[25][26] Cultural and religious interaction between the Chinese and other regional East Asian dynasties and kingdoms occurred. China's impact and influence on Korea began with the Han dynasty'snortheastern expansion in 108 BC when the Han Chinese conquered the northern part of the Korean peninsula and established a province calledLelang. Chinese influences were transmitted and soon took root in Korea through the inclusion of the Chinese writing system, monetary system, rice culture, philosophical schools of thought, and Confucian political institutions.[27] Jomon society in ancient Japan incorporated wet-rice cultivation and metallurgy through its contact with Korea. Starting in the fourth century AD, Japan adoptedChinese characters, which remain integral to theJapanese writing system. Utilizing the Chinese writing system allowed the Japanese to conduct their daily activities, maintain historical records and give form to various ideas, thoughts, and philosophies.
Map showing the boundary of the 13th-centuryMongol Empire compared to today'sMongols
During theTang dynasty, China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread toJapan andKorea.[28] The establishment of the medieval Tang dynasty rekindled the impetus of Chinese expansionism across the geopolitical confines of East Asia. Similar to itsHan predecessor, Tang China reasserted itself as the center of East Asian geopolitical influence during the early medieval period which spearheaded and marked anothergolden age in Chinese history. During the Tang dynasty, China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread to Japan and Korea.[28][29] In addition, Tang China also managed to maintain control over northern Vietnam andnorthern Korea.[30]
As full-fledged medieval East Asian states were established, Korea by the fourth century AD and Japan by the seventh century AD, Japan and Korea actively began to incorporate Chinese influences such asConfucianism, the use ofChinese characters,architecture, state institutions,political philosophies, religion, urban planning, and variousscientific and technological methods into their culture and society through direct contacts with Tang China and succeeding Chinese dynasties.[28][29][31] Drawing inspiration from the Tang political system, PrinceNaka no oe launched theTaika Reform in 645 AD where he radically transformed Japan's political bureaucracy into a more centralised bureaucratic empire.[32] The Japanese also adopted Mahayana Buddhism, Chinese style architecture, and the imperial court's rituals and ceremonies, including the orchestral music and state dances had Tang influences. Written Chinese gained prestige and aspects of Tang culture such aspoetry,calligraphy, andlandscape painting became widespread.[32] During theNara period, Japan began to aggressively import Chinese culture and styles of government which included Confucian protocol that served as a foundation for Japanese culture as well as political and social philosophy.[33][34] The Japanese also created laws adopted from the Chinese legal system that was used to govern in addition to thekimono, which was inspired from Chinesehanfu during the eighth century.
For many centuries, most notably from the 7th to the 14th centuries, China stood as East Asia's most advanced civilization and foremost military and economic power, exerting its influence as the transmission of advanced Chinese cultural practices and ways of thinking greatly shaped the region up until the nineteenth century.[35][36][37] From third century through the eighteenth century, diplomatic and trade relations between China and other East Asian countries and the steppe kingdoms was governed through a tributary system.[38]: 13–14 Under this system, the Chinese emperor received tribute from other rulers and in return received political benefits (like recognition or non-aggression agreements) or physical gifts, like porcelain and silks.[38]: 14 Through this system, the Chinese emperor conferred legitimacy on other rulers.[38]: 14
As East Asia's connections with Europe and the Western world strengthened during the late nineteenth century, China's power began to decline.[16][39] By the mid-nineteenth century, the weakeningQing dynasty became fraught with political corruption, obstacles and stagnation that was incapable of rejuvenating itself as a world power in contrast to the industrializing Imperial European colonial powers and a rapidly modernizing Japan.[40][41] The United States CommodoreMatthew C. Perry wouldopen Japan to Western influence, and the country would expand in earnest after the 1860s.[42][43][44] Around the same time, theMeiji Restoration in Japan sparked rapid societal transformation from an isolated feudal state into East Asia's first industrialised nation.[45][43] The modern and militarily powerful Japan would galvanise its position in the Orient as East Asia's greatest power with a global mission poised to advance to lead the entire world.[45][46] By the early 1900s, theEmpire of Japan succeeded in asserting itself as East Asia's most dominant geopolitical force.[46]
With its newly found international status, Japan would begin to challenge the European colonial powers and inextricably took on a more active role within the East Asian geopolitical order and world affairs at large.[47] Flexing its nascent political and military might, Japan soundly defeated the stagnant Qing dynasty during theFirst Sino-Japanese War as well as defeating Russia in theRusso-Japanese War in 1905; the first major military victory in the modern era of an East Asian power over a European one.[48][49][50][42]
During World War I, European military presence in East Asia decreased.[51]: 34 Japan viewed this as an opportunity to increase its power in China and shortly after the war began, occupiedGermany's concessions inShandong.[51]: 34 In December 1914, Japan made itsTwenty-One Demands to China.[51]: 34 TheRepublic of China underYuan Shikai conceded to most of the demands in 1915, and subsequent treaties and agreements further increased Japan's semi-colonial power in China.[51]: 34
Japan hegemony was the heart of an empire that would includeTaiwan andKorea.[45] During World War II, Japanese expansionism with its imperialist aspirations through theGreater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere would incorporate Korea, Taiwan, much of eastern China and Manchuria, Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia under its control establishing itself as a maritime colonial power in East Asia.[52]
After a century of exploitation by the European and Japanese colonialists, post-colonial East Asia saw thedefeat andoccupation of Japan by the victorious Allies. The end of World War II did not result in east Asian countries obtaining independence or national unification.[38]: 4 Independence and national unification were primary concerns for the first generation of east Asian post-World War II leaders.[38]: 4
Post-war, theKorean peninsula was partitioned, leading to the development of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea). TheKorean War (1950–1953) increased regional and international tensions.[53]: 163 The northeast part of east Asia hardened along communist and anti-communist lines.[53]: 163 South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States increased their ties.[53]: 163
China,Japan, andKorea represent the three core countries and civilizations of traditional East Asia, as they once had a shared written language, a shared culture, and a shared Confucian societal value system (involving shared Confucian philosophical tenets) once instituted by Imperial China.[69][70][71][72][73] Other usages define China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan as countries that constitute East Asia based on their geographic proximity as well as historical and modern cultural and economic ties, particularly withJapan andKorea in having retained strong cultural influences that originated from China.[69][73][74][75][76] Some scholars includeVietnam as part of East Asia as it has been considered part of the greaterChinese cultural sphere. Though Confucianism continues to play an important role in Vietnamese culture, Chinese characters are no longer used in its written language and many scholarly organizations classify Vietnam as a Southeast Asian country.[77][78][79] Mongolia is geographically north of Mainland China yet Confucianism and the Chinese writing system and culture had limited impact on Mongolian society. Thus, Mongolia is sometimes grouped with Central Asian countries such as Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.[77][78]Xinjiang andTibet are sometimes seen as part of Central Asia (see alsoGreater Central Asia).[80][81][82]
Broader and looser definitions by international agencies and organisations such as theWorld Bank refer to East Asia as the "three major Northeast Asian economies, i.e.mainland China, Japan, andSouth Korea", as well as Mongolia,North Korea, theRussian Far East, andSiberia.[83] TheCouncil on Foreign Relations includes the Russia Far East, Mongolia, andNepal.[84] The World Bank also acknowledges the roles of Chinese special administrative regionsHong Kong andMacau, as well asTaiwan, a country with limited recognition. The Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia defines the region as "China, Japan, theKoreas, Nepal, Mongolia, and eastern regions of theRussian Federation".[85]
The countries of East Asia also form the core of Northeast Asia, which itself is a broader region.TheUnited Nations Statistics Division (UNSD)geoscheme for Asia works with subregions defined in terms of UNpolitical geography statistics.[86] The UNSD geoscheme is based on statistic convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories:[87]
TheUNSD definition of East Asia is based on statistical convenience,[87] but others commonly use the same definition of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan.[88][89]
Certain Japanese islands are associated with Oceania due to non-continental geology, distance from mainland Asia or biogeographical similarities withMicronesia.[90][91] Some groups, such as theWorld Health Organization, categorize China, Japan and Korea with Australia and the rest of Oceania. The World Health Organization label this region the "Western Pacific", with East Asia not being used in their concept of major world regions. Their definition of this region further includes Mongolia and the adjacent area ofCambodia, as well as the countries of the South East Asia Archipelago (excludingEast Timor andIndonesia).[92]
In the context of business and economics, "East Asia" is sometimes used to refer to the geographical area covering tenSoutheast Asian countries inASEAN,Greater China, Japan, and Korea. However, in this context, the term "Far East" is used by the Europeans to cover ASEAN countries and the countries in East Asia. On rare occasions, the term is also sometimes taken to includeIndia and other South Asian countries that are not situated within the bounds of the Asia-Pacific, although the termIndo-Pacific is more commonly used for such a definition.[93]
Observers preferring a broader definition of "East Asia" often use the termNortheast Asia to refer to China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, with the region ofSoutheast Asia covering the tenASEAN countries. This usage, which is seen in economic and diplomatic discussions, is at odds with the historical meanings of both "East Asia" and "Northeast Asia".[94][95][96] TheCouncil on Foreign Relations of the United States defines Northeast Asia as Japan and Korea.[84]
Climate change is expected to exacerbateheat stress over at theNorth China Plain, which is particularly vulnerable as widespreadirrigation results in very moist air. There is a risk that agricultural labourers will be physically unable to work outdoors on hot summer days at the end of the century, particularly under the scenario of greatest emissions and warming.[98]
Like the rest of the world, East Asia has been getting warmer due to climate change, and there had been a measurable increase in the frequency and severity ofheatwaves.[99]: 1464 The region is also expected to see the intensification of its monsoon, leading to more flooding.[99]: 1459 China has notably embarked on thesponge cities program, where cities are designed to increase the area ofurban green spaces andpermeable pavings in order to help deal withflash floods caused by greater precipitation extremes.[99]: 1504 Under high-warming scenarios, "critical health thresholds" for heat stress during the 21st century will be at times breached,[99]: 1465 in areas like theNorth China Plain.[98]
China, Japan and the Republic of Korea are expected to see some of the largest economic losses caused by sea level rise.[99] The city ofGuangzhou is projected to experience the single largestannual economic losses from sea level rise in the world, potentially reaching US$254 million by 2050. Under the highest climate change scenario and in the absence of adaptation, cumulative economic losses caused by sea level rise in Guangzhou would exceed US$1 trillion by 2100.[99]Shanghai is also expected to experience annual losses of around 1% of the local GDP in the absence of adaptation.[99] TheYangtze River basin is a sensitive and biodiverse ecosystem, yet around 20% of its species may be lost throughout the century under 2 °C (3.6 °F) and ~43% under 4.5 °C (8.1 °F).[99]: 1476
The culture of East Asia has beendeeply influenced by China, as it was the civilization that had the most dominant influence in the region throughout the ages that ultimately laid the foundation for East Asian civilization. The vast knowledge and ingenuity of Chinese civilization and the classics of Chinese literature and culture were seen as the foundations for a civilized life in East Asia.Imperial China served as a vehicle through which the adoption of Confucian ethical philosophy, Chinese calendar system, political and legal systems, architectural style, diet, terminology, institutions, religious beliefs,imperial examinations that emphasised a knowledge of Chinese classics, political philosophy and cultural value systems, as well as historically sharing a common writing system reflected in the histories ofJapan andKorea.[116][18][117][118][119][73]
The Imperial Chinese tributary system was the bedrock of network of trade and foreign relations between China and its East Asian tributaries, which helped to shape much of East Asian affairs during the ancient and medieval eras. Through the tributary system, the various dynasties of Imperial China facilitated frequent economic and cultural exchange that influenced the cultures of Japan and Korea and drew them into a Chinese international order.[120] The Imperial Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia's foreign policy and trade for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural dominance over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.[22][120] The relationship between China and its cultural influence on East Asia has been compared to the historical influence ofGreco-Roman civilization on classical Western civilisation.[119][120][116]
Since the late 19th century, the initially unequal encounter withWestern influences has also shaped East Asia.[121]
Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, No cooking hot meal/setting fire, Cold food only.Cuju, etc. (People used to mix this one with the Qingming Festival due to their close dates)
15th day after theVernal Equinox. Just 1 day after the Hanshi Festival, but in much higher repute.
April 4–6th
Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping,Excursion, Planting trees, Flying kites,Tug of war,Cuju, etc. (Almost the same with the Hanshi Festival's, due to their close dates)
BurningHell money for deceased family members. Planting willow branches to keep ghosts away from houses.
East Asian popular culture, such as anime and manga from Japan andK-pop andK-dramas from South Korea, have become highly popular worldwide in the 21st century.[122]
Baseball is one of the main sports in East Asia, having been introduced through mid-19th century American contact and further spread by the Japanese Empire.[123] The game has gainedmillions of fans in China since the 2010s.[124]
Xi'an orChang'an is the oldest of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China.
Pass of the ISS over Mongolia, looking out west towards the Pacific Ocean, China, and Japan. As the video progresses, major cities along the Chinese coast and the Japanese islands on thePhilippine Sea are visible. The island ofGuam can be seen further down the pass into the Philippine Sea, and the pass ends just to the east of New Zealand.
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