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Early timeline of Nazism

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See also:Timeline of the Weimar Republic
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Part ofa series on
Nazism

Theearly timeline ofNazism begins with its origins and continues untilHitler's rise to power.

19th century influences

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  • 1841: German economistFriedrich List publishesNational System of Political Economy, espousing settlement farming andagricultural expansion eastwards along with economic industrialization manipulated by the state, and the establishment of a German-dominated European economic sphere as part of the solution to Germany's economic woes (predecessor ideas to Naziimperialism).[1]
  • 1856: French aristocrat and authorArthur de Gobineau publishes hisAn Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races in which he divides the human species into three races, black, white, and yellow; arguing therein that racial distinctions form a clear and natural genetic barrier of sorts. Gobineau wrote that racial mixing would lead to chaos. While not an anti-Semite, his work is often characterized asphilosemitic (since he wrote positively about the Jews), but it is still considered an early manifestation ofscientific racism. Historian Joachim C. Fest, in his biography of Hitler, claims that Arthur de Gobineau's negative views on race mixing influenced Hitler and thereby, the ideology ofNazism.[2]
  • 1870s:German chancellorOtto von Bismarck promotes campaigns against Catholics (Kulturkampf) and, later, against theSocial Democratic Party, in an attempt to unify Germans in common opposition to a minority. Later referred to as "negative integration," historians cite it as setting a tone of exclusion in early Germany, which had a lasting influence on later German nationalism.[3]
  • 1882: TheLinz Program, one of the most notable expressions of early German nationalism in Austria, is published. The program advocates a break with theHabsburg monarchy, the full Germanization of Austria and its annexation to Germany as a single nation.
  • 1888: German jurist and international law reformer,Franz von Liszt argues that criminal characteristics are innate as opposed to being determined by a person's social environment and coins the term,Criminal Biology,[4] a theory that would later influence Nazi anthropologists andracial hygiene proponents in their justification for sterilization and euthanasia.

World War I

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1914

[edit]
  • 28 July:World War I breaks out.
  • 2 August:Adolf Hitler receives permission to enlist; joins the 16th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment inMunich.
  • 30 October: Adolf Hitler is transferred to regimental staff as arunner.
  • 1 November: Adolf Hitler is promoted toGefreiter,the equivalent of a senior private or corporal.

1916

[edit]
  • EugenicistMadison Grant publishesThe Passing of the Great Race, which promotes the genetic supremacy of the Nordic race while warning of its racial decline, a treatise quickly embraced by members of the German racial hygiene movement.

1917

[edit]

1918

[edit]
  • March:Anton Drexler founded a branch of Free Workers' Committee for a Good Peace league in Munich.[5]
  • 17 July: Adolf Hitler saves the life of the 9th Company Commander.
  • 4 August: Adolf Hitler awarded theIron Cross, 1st Class.
  • 13 October: Adolf Hitler gassed nearYpres.
  • 3 November:Kiel mutiny triggered theGerman revolution.
  • 7 November: 100,000 workers march on the Royal House of Wittelsbach.Kaiser Wilhelm II flees.
  • 8 November: All 22 of Germany's lesser kings, princes, grand dukes, and ruling dukes have been deposed. Kaiser Wilhelm told to abdicate.
  • 9 November:Emil Eichhorn, radical leftist of the Independent Socialists, leads an armed mob and seizes the HQ of Berlin; Kaiser Wilhelm consents to abdicate; Social Democrats demand government fromPrince Max;Friedrich Ebert assumes the chancellery; First German Republic established.
  • 11 November:World War I ends.
  • 19 November: Hitler discharged from hospital atPasewalk.
  • 25 December: German first World War ex-servicemens' organization,Der Stahlhelm founded by former German Army reserve officer and industrialistFranz Seldte in Magdeburg.
  • Mid-December: First modernFreikorps unit formed, the Maercker Volunteer Rifles.

1919

[edit]
  • January: Independent Socialists andSpartacist League staged large protests, known as theSpartacist uprising; sections of Berlin occupied; decision made for the National Assembly to meet in the city ofWeimar instead of Berlin.
  • 5 January:Anton Drexler, along withDietrich Eckart,Karl Harrer,Gottfried Feder andHermann Esser, founds theGerman Workers' Party (DAP) from the branch of "Free Workers' Committee for a good Peace" league and the Political Workers' Circle in Munich.[5]
  • 10 January: Battle for Berlin begins;Counter-revolution withFreikorps takes crucial role.
  • 13 January: Battle of Berlin ends.
  • 15 January: Communist leadersKarl Liebknecht andRosa Luxemburg are murdered byFreikorps officers
  • March: Adolf Hitler finishes job of guarding Russian prisoners.
  • 3 March: 2nd Battle for Berlin; Communists seize Berlin;Gustav Noske given executive power.[6]
  • 7 March: Communist Strike Committee withdraws proclamation and makes peace overtures to government.
  • 10 March: Gustav Noske orders Peoples' Naval Division disbanded. Battle for Berlin has ended.
  • 14 April: Freikorps suppress communists in Dresden.
  • 16 April: "Battle" of the Bavarian government troops atDachau; Communists defeat Republican forces.
  • 18 April: Freikorps suppress communists in Brunswick.
  • 27 April: Battle for Munich occurs between Communists and Freikorps units.
  • 2 May: City of Munich taken; not declared secure until 6 May; approximately 1200 Communists killed.
  • 10 May: Freikorps suppress communists in Leipzig.
  • 22 June: German Reichstag ratifies theVersailles Treaty.
  • 28 June: Versailles Treaty signed in theHall of Mirrors (Palace of Versailles).
  • 19 September: Hitler attends a DAP Meeting

Weimar Republic

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1919

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  • 12 August 1919: The Weimar Constitution is announced.
  • 12 September 1919: Adolf Hitler attends a meeting of theGerman Workers' Party (DAP) in theSterneckerbräu in Munich and joins the party as its 55th member.[7][8] In less than a week, Hitler received a postcard stating he had officially been accepted as a party member.[9]
  • 16 October 1919: Hitler's first pre-arranged public speech as a member of the DAP takes place in theHofbräukeller.
  • Late fall:Freikorps fight the Red Army in the Baltic, eventually retreat in chaos; firstSilesian uprising, in which many Freikorps see combat.

1920

[edit]
Kapp Putsch. Note theswastikas
  • Many Freikorps were disbanded. Some go underground, to reappear later.
  • January: The DAP grows to 190 members.[10]
  • February: Inter-Allied Control Commission order 2/3 of Freikorps disbanded.
  • 24 February: DAP changes its name toNational Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). The party announces its programme in theHofbräuhaus, known as the "25 points."[11][12][13]
  • 13 to 17 March:Kapp Putsch
  • 31 March: Adolf Hitlermustered out of the army.[14]
  • April: Government stops paying Freikorps units.
  • 3 April: 21 different Freikorps units, under the command of General BaronOskar von Watter, end theRuhr Uprising in five days; thousands killed, including summary execution of prisoners by Freikorps.
  • 10 May: Dr. Joseph Wirth and Walter Rathenau announce their "Policy of Fulfillment"; not received well by nationalist groups.
  • 8 August: Official founding date of theNSDAP
  • 11 August:National Disarmament Law takes effect; disbands civil guards.
  • 19 to 25 August: SecondSilesian uprising, German Freikorps see more combat.
  • 17 December: NSDAP buys its first paper, theVölkischer Beobachter.
  • 31 December: NSDAP party membership was recorded at 2000.[10]

1921

[edit]
  • ThirdSilesian uprising; German forces see more combat.
  • Hermann Erhardt formsOrganisation Consul, a paramilitary group, out of former members of his banned Freikorps.
  • Eugen Fischer, Erwin Baur, and Fritz Lenz publish the standard work of German racialism,Human Hereditary Teaching and Racial Hygiene, a work which served as a basis for the Nazi racial hygiene policies and their euthanasia campaign.[15]
  • February 1921: highly effective at speaking to large audiences – Hitler spoke to a crowd of over 6,000 in Munich.[10]
  • 28 July: Adolf Hitler is elected chairman of the NSDAP with only one dissenting vote. Executive Committee of the party is dissolved. Party Founder Anton Drexler is made "Honorary Chairman" and resigns from the party soon after. Hitler soon begins to refer to himself as"Führer" (Leader).[16]
  • August 1921: NSDAP party membership was recorded at 3,300.[10]

1922

[edit]

1923

[edit]
  • 28 January: First Nazi Party Day held under the sloganGermany Awake in Munich.
  • February: Reichsbank buys back RM; stabilizes RM at 20,000 to US$1
  • 4 May: RM 40,000 = US$1
  • 27 May:Albert Leo Schlageter, a German freebooter and saboteur, executed by a French firing squad in the Ruhr. Hitler declared him a hero that the German people was not worthy to possess.
  • 1 June: RM 70,000 = US$1
  • 30 June: RM 150,000 = US$1
  • 1-7 August: Inflation becamehyperinflation: RM 3,500,000 = US$1
  • 13 August: Dr.Wilhelm Cuno leaves office
  • 15 August: RM 4,000,000 = US$1
  • 1 September: RM 10,000,000 = US$1
  • 1 September: German Day Rally takes place in Nuremberg
  • 24 September: Chancellor Stresemann ends the passive resistance in the Ruhr; infuriates the nationalists.
  • 30 September: Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr.
  • Also, RM 60,000,000 = US$1
  • 6 October:Gustav Stresemann (People's) forms 2nd cabinet
  • 20 October: General Alfred Mueller marched on Saxony to prevent a communist takeover.
  • Then, GeneralOtto von Lossow in Bavaria is relieved of command by Berlin; he refuses.
  • 23 October: Communist takeover of Hamburg
  • 25 October:Hamburg uprising suppressed
  • 8 November: Hitler and Ludendorff launch theBeer Hall Putsch in theBürgerbräukeller in Munich.
  • 9 November: Beer Hall Putsch quelled.

1924

[edit]
  • 26 February: Hitler Putsch trial begins.
  • 1 April: Hitler sentenced to five-years at Landsberg prison. From here, Hitler writesMein Kampf with the assistance ofRudolf Hess.
  • 24 October: France recognizes the Communist state known as the Soviet Union, alarming German conservatives in the process.
  • 20 December: Hitler released from the Landsberg Prison.

1925

[edit]
  • 21 January: Japan recognizes the U.S.S.R.
  • 16 February 1925: Bavaria lifts ban on NSDAP.
  • 27 February 1925: The NSDAP is refounded.
  • 9 Mar 1925: Bavaria bans Hitler from public speaking.
  • 7 July: French troops withdraw from the German Rhineland.
  • 14 July: Allied evacuation of the Ruhr valley begins.
  • 18 July 1925: Vol. 1 of Hitler'sMein Kampf released.
  • July–August: Germans are forced to leave Poland and Poles are expedited out of Germany in disputed territories.
  • 11 November:Schutzstaffel (SS) created as a sort ofpraetorian guard for Hitler.
  • 27 November:Locarno Treaties ratified by Reichstag.

1926

[edit]
  • 3 & 4 July: Nazi Party "Re-founding Congress" takes place in Weimar

1927

[edit]
  • 5 March: Hitler speaking ban lifted in Bavaria.
  • 17 August: Franco-German commercial treaty signed.
  • 20 August: "Day of Awakening" celebrated in Nuremberg

1928

[edit]
  • 20 March: NSDAP gains 2.6% of the vote in Reichstag elections.
  • 28 September: Prussia lifts Hitler speaking ban.
  • 20 October:Alfred Hugenberg becomes head of DNVP
  • 16 November: Hitler first speaks atBerlin Sportpalast, Germany's largest venue.

1929

[edit]
  • January:Heinrich Himmler appointed chief of theSS. He begins to transform it into a powerful organization
  • 2 August: "Party Day of Composure" occurs in Nuremberg
  • 16 October:Liberty Law campaign officially begins. The Nazi Party joins a coalition of conservative groups under Hugenberg's leadership to oppose theYoung Plan.
  • 22 December: The Liberty Law referendum is defeated. Hitler denounces Hugenberg's leadership parlance.

1930

[edit]
  • September: Hitler at trial of 3 SA Lieutenants disavows the SA goals of replacing the army and hence appeases the army.
  • 14 September: In a milestone election, Nazis gain 6 million votes in national polling to emerge as the second largest party in Germany.

1931

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  • 11 May:Austrian Kreditanstalt collapses
  • May: Four million unemployed in Germany.
  • 20 June:Herbert Hoover puts moratorium on reparations.
  • 13 July: German bank crisis.
  • 18 September:Geli Raubal dies.
  • 11 October: Harzburg Front formed of coalition between DNVP, Stahlhelm, and Nazi Party
  • Himmler recruitsReinhard Heydrich to form the 'Ic Service' (intelligence service) within the SS; later in 1932 it was renamed theSicherheitsdienst (SD).
  • December: Unemployment reaches 5.6 million in Germany as people become more and more disillusioned with the German government.

1932

[edit]
  • 13 March: Hitler convincingly defeated by Hindenburg in first round of German presidential election.
  • 10 April: Hindenburgre-elected Reichspräsident in run-off election with 53% of the vote. Hitler gains 37% and the Communist candidate Thälmann gains 10.2%.
  • 13 April: The SA and SS are banned by Chancellor Brüning.
  • 30 May: Chancellor Brüning (Center) leaves office and is replaced byFranz von Papen.
  • 1 June: Papen cabinet formed.
  • 16 June: Papen lifts the ban on the SA and SS.
  • 16 June – 9 July:Lausanne Conference takes place.
  • 17 July:Altona Bloody Sunday. Violent clashes between the police, the SA andCommunist Party supporters.
  • 20 July: "Preußenschlag": Papen uses emergency decree to dissolve Prussian government ofOtto Braun and takes over asReichskommissar.
  • 31 July:Reichstag election: Nazi Party becomes the largest with 13.7 million votes (37.3%) and 230 out of 608 seats.
  • 9 August: Konrad Piecuch, a Polish communist activist who took part in Silesian Uprisings against German rule is murdered in Germany by SA; Hitler defends the murderers in German press.
  • 6 November:Reichstag election: Nazi Party loses ground with 11.7 million votes (33.1%) and 196 out of 584 seats.
  • 17 November: Papen resigns but stays on as head of a caretaker cabinet.
  • 2 December:Reichswehr GeneralKurt von Schleicher becomes Chancellor.
  • 8 December: Following a major dispute with Hitler over whether to join government,Gregor Strasser resigns his Party offices.

Nazi Germany

[edit]
Chart: The political system of Germany in 1935, two years into the Nazi dictatorship

1933

[edit]

1934

[edit]
  • 30 January: "Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich" formally abolishes theLandtage of the German states and transfers states'sovereignty to the Reich. Formally ends federalism in Germany.
  • 14 February: "Law on the Abolition of the Reichsrat" formally abolishes theReichsrat, the upper house of the German parliament.
  • 11 April: Pact of theDeutschland: Hitler persuades the top officials of the army and navy to back his bid to succeed Hindenburg as president, by promising to "diminish" the three-million-man-plus SA and greatly expand the regular army and navy.
  • 20 April: The Gestapo is transferred from Göring to Himmler and Heydrich, who begin to integrate it into the SS.
  • 16 May: German officer corps endorses Hitler to succeed the ailing President Hindenburg.
  • 17 June: Reich Minister of JusticeFranz Gürtner also becomes Prussian Minister of Justice, uniting positions in adual mandate.
  • 30 June – 2 July:Night of the Long Knives or Blood Purge: On pretext of suppressing an alleged SA putsch, much of the brownshirt leadership, includingErnst Röhm, are arrested and executed.Kurt von Schleicher,Gregor Strasser and other political enemies are murdered. Papen briefly imprisoned; between 150 and 200 were killed. The SS, formerly part of the SA, now comes to the forefront.[21]
  • 13 July: Defending the purge, Hitler declares that to defend Germany he has the right to act unilaterally as "supreme judge" without resort to courts.
  • 2 August: President Hindenburg dies. The previous day, the cabinet had enacted the "Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich". This law stated that upon Hindenburg's death, the office of Reich President would be abolished and its powers merged with those of the Chancellor.[22] The decree is illegal but goes unchallenged. The armed forces swear a new oath to Hitler, personally.[23]
  • 19 August: The German people in aplebiscite overwhelmingly (90%) approve merger of the offices of President and Chancellor. Hitler assumes the new title ofFührer und Reichskanzler (leader and Reich chancellor). He is now thehead of state, thehead of government and thecommander-in-chief of the armed forces.[24]
  • 1 November: The Prussian and Reich Interior Ministries are combined underWilhelm Frick.
  • 4 December: State ministries of justice are eliminated and all judicial functionaries report toReich Ministry of Justice under Franz Gürtner.

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^Woodruff Smith,The Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 30–31, 36, 78–79.
  2. ^Joachim Fest,Hitler (Orlando, FL.: Harcourt, 2002), pp. 210–211.
  3. ^Childers, Thomas (2001)."The First World War and Its Legacy".A History of Hitler's Empire, 2nd Edition. Episode 2.The Great Courses. Event occurs at 06:37-11:02. Retrieved27 March 2023.
  4. ^Anton Weiss-Wendt and Rory Yeomans, eds.,Racial Science in Hitler's New Europe, 1938–1945 (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2013), p. 6.
  5. ^abKershaw 2008, p. 82.
  6. ^Scriba, Arnulf (1 September 2014)."Die Märzkämpfe 1919" [The March Battles 1919].Deutsches Historisches Museum (in German).
  7. ^Stackelberg 2007, p. 9.
  8. ^Mitcham 1996, p. 67.
  9. ^Kershaw 2008, pp. 75, 76.
  10. ^abcdKershaw 2008, p. 89.
  11. ^Kershaw 2008, p. 87.
  12. ^Zentner & Bedurftig 1997, p. 629.
  13. ^Shirer 1981, p. 37.
  14. ^Kershaw 2008, p. 93.
  15. ^Beno Müller Hull, "Human Genetics in Nazi Germany", inMedicine, Ethics and the Third Reich, edited by John J. Michalczyk (Kansas City, MO: Sheed & Ward, 1994), pp. 27–33.
  16. ^Kershaw 2008, p. 83.
  17. ^Gretchen E. Schafft,From Racism to Genocide: Anthropology in the Third Reich (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2004), p. 47.
  18. ^Green, David B. (21 April 2016)."1933: Nazi Germany Outlaws Kosher Slaughter".Haaretz. Retrieved19 March 2020.
  19. ^Norman Ohler (2017).Blitzed: Drugs in the Third Reich. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 22.ISBN 978-1328664099.
  20. ^Majer, Diemut (2003).Non-Germans under the Third Reich: The Nazi judicial and administrative system in Germany and occupied Eastern Europe with special regard to occupied Poland, 1939–1945. JHU Press. pp. 188–189.ISBN 0801864933.
  21. ^Kershaw 2008, pp. 309–316.
  22. ^Shirer 1981, pp. 226–227.
  23. ^Martin Broszat, Hans Buchheim, Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, andHelmut Krausnick,Anatomie des SS-Staates, vol 1. (München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1967), p. 18.
  24. ^Kershaw 2008, p. 318.

General sources

[edit]
Organisation
History
Ideology
  • Aestheticization of politics
  • Anti-communism
  • Anti-intellectualism
  • Anti-liberalism
  • Anti-pacifism
  • Blood and soil
  • Chauvinism
  • Class collaboration
  • Conspiracism
  • Corporatism
  • Counter-Enlightenment
  • Cult of personality
  • Dictatorship
  • Direct action
  • Market intervention
  • Eugenics
  • Geopolitik
  • Heimat
  • Imperialism
  • Militarism
  • Morality
  • Nationalism
  • New Man
  • New Order
  • One-party state
  • Populism
  • Propaganda
  • Prussianism
  • Racism
  • Reactionary modernism
  • Romanticism
  • Social Darwinism
  • Social interventionism
  • Social order
  • State capitalism
  • Syncretism
  • Totalitarianism
  • Volksgemeinschaft
  • Volk ohne Raum
  • Volkskörper
    • Politicians
    Ideologues
    Atrocities
    and war crimes
    Outside
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    Lists
    Role and impact in
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