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| EMD GP40-based passenger locomotives | |||||||||||||
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 A Metro-North Railroad GP40FH locomotive enteringSecaucus Junction | |||||||||||||
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The passenger locomotives derivatives of theGeneral MotorsEMD GP40diesel-electric locomotive have been, and continue to be, used by multiple passenger railroads in North America. For passenger service, the locomotives required extra components for providingsteam orhead-end power (HEP) for heating, lighting and electricity in passenger cars. Most of these passenger locomotives were rebuilt from older freight locomotives, while some were built as brand new models.
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TheGMD GP40TC was built byGeneral Motors Diesel (GMD), forGO Transit inToronto. Eight units were manufactured between 1966 and 1968. They were built on an extended frame to accommodate ahead-end power generator.[1]: 55 GO Transit sold the fleet toAmtrak in 1988,[2]: 106 where they were based in Chicago and used on short-haul trains.
In 2005, theNorfolk Southern Railway rebuilt all eight GP40TC locomotives at itsJuniata Shops inAltoona, Pennsylvania.[3][better source needed] These are now classed asGP38H-3, and work as maintenance-of-way trains or standby power forDowneaster trains.
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Thirteen GP40Ps were built in October 1968 for theCentral Railroad of New Jersey (CNJ) and paid for by theNew Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT). The CNJ put the units in service on theRaritan Valley Line and theNorth Jersey Coast Line.
The CNJ's passenger operations were transferred to NJDOT in 1976 (withConrail operating them under contract), and in 1983New Jersey Transit assumed operating passenger rail service in the state. Shortly after, the steam generator, which had occupied the flat end of the locomotive'slong hood, was replaced with a dieselHEPgenerator, and the units were reclassified as GP40PH. They would later be rebuilt asGP40PH-2 units in 1991–92.
Southern Pacific ordered aDash-2 variant of the GP40P; only three of these were ever built. After the conclusion of passenger service, they were repurposed for freight use. All three units are still in service, with two being retained by theUnion Pacific Railroad and the remaining one sold to theIndiana Harbor Belt Railroad.
In 1987,New Jersey Transit andMetro-North ordered a set of GP40 locomotives called GP40FH-2s, which were completed byMorrison Knudsen between 1987 and 1990. These locomotives combine the standard cab and frame of a GP40 with the cowl from an ex-Burlington NorthernF45 locomotive. A total of 21 units of this type were built; 15 were delivered to New Jersey Transit, and the remaining six were for Metro-North.
As of late 2016, only the Metro-North units remain in service, rebuilt as GP40FH-2Ms. All NJT GP40FH-2 locomotives have been retired following the delivery of theALP-45DP. Five units were rebuilt intoMPI MP20B switchers in 2008. Seven NJT units were purchased byIowa Pacific Holdings and three of those were designated for use on theHoosier State between Chicago and Indianapolis beforeAmtrak took over operations again on January 30, 2017. The rest of the units have been sold to various other operators.
In 1991–92,NJ Transit sent its ex-CNJ GP40PH units out for rebuilding. The units were rebuilt as GP40PH-2 locomotives.
New Jersey Transit would later order two more sets of GP40PH-2 units; these units were rebuilt from former freight GP40 units. The first order in 1993 consisted of six units rebuilt byMorrison-Knudsen which are designated GP40PH-2A. The second order in 1993–94 was for 19 formerPenn Central units rebuilt byConrail, which are classified as GP40PH-2B.
Metro-North ordered a single GP40PH-2 unit, numbered 4906. It was rebuilt by Conrail in 1992 and is classified as a GP40PH-2M.
Starting in 2014, all but three of NJ Transit's original GP40PH-2s have entered an in-house rebuild program by NJ Transit for a mechanical conversion into a standard GP40-2 for non-revenue service. The HEP motor was removed, unlit number boards were drilled in, the rear ladders were removed and replaced with steps, and LED markers were applied to the rear end of the locomotive, replacing their original tri-color class lights. As of 2020, locomotives 4100, 4101 and 4109 are the only ex-CNJ locomotives that remain in service. NJ Transit's GP40PH-2B units and Metro-North's GP40PH-2M unit also remain active. All GP40PH-2A units were retired and placed into storage, except for one unit, which was sold to MARC in 2019.
In December 2017, New Jersey Transit purchased 17 additional ALP-45DPs to replace the remaining GP40PH-2B locomotives that are still in service.[4] However, in July 2020, NJ Transit decided to use the ALP-45As to replace older locomotives of thePL42AC fleet instead of the GP40PH-2Bs, due to the PL42AC's unreliability and inability to be upgraded to meet newEnvironmental Protection Agency standards.[5]
In 2019, NJ Transit unveiled locomotive 4109 painted in a heritage scheme based on that of the CNJ GP40P.[6] In October 2022, NJ Transit unveiled locomotive 4101 painted in a heritage NJDOT scheme.[7] In October 2023, GP40PH-2B 4210 was repainted into theErie Railroad black-and-yellow scheme. In October 2024, locomotive 4208 was unveiled in Conrail's "can opener" scheme.[8]
In the late 1980s,Morrison-Knudsen rebuilt six GP40s into 12-cylinder GP39s forMARC. They were downgraded from 3,000 horsepower (2,200 kW) to 2,300 horsepower (1,700 kW), and re-equipped with 4-strokeCumminsHEP generators. As of 2023, all were rebuilt as GP39PH-3Cs, and they continue to be used by MARC for smaller train sets and work train duty.
In 1993,Morrison-Knudsen was contacted by theMaryland Transit Administration to assemble a fleet of GP40s for use onMARC. They entered service in 1994. GP40WH-2s are equipped with aCumminshead-end power generator. TheFederal Railroad Administration exempted these units from the "triangular light pattern" rule because the engines were ordered withGyralites before the mandatory use ofditch lights.
Between 2009 and 2011, MARC retired all of their GP40WH-2 locomotives in favor of newMP36PH-3C locomotives,[9] except for unit 68, which remains for non-revenue work duty and rescue use. Five units were leased to the MBTA in 2011 until 2012,[10] and one unit was sent toCSX Transportation for use on theirtrack geometry train.[citation needed] The remaining units have been rebuilt byMotivePower intoMP32PH-Q locomotives for use onSunRail[11] or sold to various leasing firms.[12]
In 1996,AMF Technotransport rebuilt six freight locomotives into passenger locomotives for theConnecticut Department of Transportation for use onShore Line East service. The locomotives, designated GP40-2H, were rebuilt from ex-CSX TransportationEMD GP38s andEMD GP40s. The rebuild included anEMD 645 prime mover, producing 3,000 hp (2,200 kW), and a separatehead-end power (HEP) generator.[13]
Between 2017 and 2018, the GP40-2H locomotives received an overhaul performed byNational Railway Equipment and were reclassified as GP40-3H.[14][15] They were subsequently transferred to the newly establishedHartford Line service, where they remain in service as of June 2018. In 2022, the remaining Shore Line East equipment was moved into service on the Hartford Line after CTDOT introducedM8electric multiple units to operate on Shore Line East service.[16][failed verification]
TheMassachusetts Bay Transportation Authority currently owns and operates a set of 25 GP40 passenger diesels known as GP40MCs, used on theMBTA Commuter Rail system. They were originally built byGeneral Motors Diesel as GP40-2LWs for Canadian National in 1973–75. In 1997–98, these units were extensively rebuilt by AMF. Although they have been principally used on the lines fromNorth Station, these locomotives can also be seen commonly on theSouth Station lines. Currently,[when?] the GP40MCs are undergoing an overhaul by the Norfolk Southern Railway, which includes repair and modification to the major propulsion systems and the HEP generators.
Other passenger locomotives based on the GP40 locomotive include the following:
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