Adynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family,[1] usually in the context of amonarchical system, but sometimes also appearing inrepublics. A "house" is a royal or noble family, not always ruling. Historiansperiodize the histories of many states andcivilizations, such asIreland (10th century),Roman Empire (27 BC – AD 1453),Imperial Iran (678 BC – AD 1979),Ancient Egypt (3100–30 BC), andAncient and Imperial China (2070 BC – AD 1912), using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the term "dynasty" may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned.
Before the 18th century, most dynasties throughout the world were traditionally reckonedpatrilineally, such as those that followed theFrankishSalic law. In polities where it was permitted, succession through a daughter usually established a new dynasty in her husband's family name. This has changed in all of Europe's remaining monarchies, wheresuccession law and conventions have maintained dynastic namesde jure through a female.
The word "dynasty" (from theGreek:δυναστεία,dynasteía "power", "lordship", fromdynástes "ruler")[2] is sometimes used informally for people who are not rulers but are, for example, members of a family with influence and power in other areas, such as a series of successive owners of a major company, or any family with a legacy, such as a dynasty of poets or actors. It is also extended to unrelated people, such as major poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team.[3]
The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a "noble house",[4] which may bestyled as "imperial", "royal", "princely", "ducal", "comital" or "baronial", depending upon the chief or presenttitle borne by its members, but it is more often referred by adding the name afterwards, as in "House of Habsburg".
TheSpanish royal family of theHouse of Bourbon dates its roots to theCapetian dynasty of the 9th century, thus making it the oldest still reigning dynasty in Europe (photograph of King Felipe VI, Queen Letizia, the Princess of Asturias and her younger sister Infanta Sofía, in 2019)
A ruler from a dynasty is sometimes referred to as a "dynast", but this term is also used to describe any member of a reigning family who retains aright to succeed to athrone. For example,King Edward VIII ceased to be a dynast of theHouse of Windsor following his abdication.
In historical andmonarchist references to formerly reigning families, a "dynast" is a family member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchy's rules still in force. For example, after the 1914 assassinations ofArchduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and hismorganatic wife, their sonMaximilian, Duke of Hohenberg, was bypassed for the Austro-Hungarian throne because he was not aHabsburg dynast. Even after theabolition of the Austrian monarchy, Duke Maximilian and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position.
The term "dynast" is sometimes used only to refer toagnatic descendants of arealm's monarchs, and sometimes to include those who hold succession rights throughcognatic royal descent. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people. For example,David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon, a nephew ofQueen Elizabeth II, is in theline of succession to the British crown, making him a British dynast. On the other hand, since he is not a patrilineal member of the British royal family, he is not a dynast of the House of Windsor.
Comparatively, the German aristocratPrince Ernst August of Hanover, a male-line descendant ofKing George III, possesses no legal British name, titles or styles (although he is entitled to reclaim the formerroyal dukedom ofCumberland). He was born in the line of succession to the British throne and was bound by Britain'sRoyal Marriages Act 1772 until it was repealed when theSuccession to the Crown Act 2013 took effect on 26 March 2015.[5] Thus, he requested and obtained formal permission from Queen Elizabeth II to marry the Roman CatholicPrincess Caroline of Monaco in 1999. Yet, a clause of the EnglishAct of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time, stipulating that dynasts who marry Roman Catholics are considered "dead" for succession to the British throne.[6] That exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts before triggering it by marriage to a Roman Catholic.[5]
Family portrait of EmpressMaria Theresa of theHabsburg dynasty, surrounded by her children who were married into various European dynasties. Marriage policy amongst dynasties led to thePax Austriaca.
A "dynastic marriage" is one that complies with monarchicalhouse law restrictions, so that the descendants are eligible to inherit the throne or other royal privileges.[7] For example, the marriage ofKing Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands toMáxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, making their eldest child,Princess Catharina-Amalia, theheir apparent to the Crown of the Netherlands. The marriage of his younger brother,Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau, in 2003 lacked government support and parliamentary approval. Thus, Prince Friso forfeited his place in theorder of succession to the Dutch throne, and consequently lost his title as a "Prince of the Netherlands", and left his children without dynastic rights.
ThePragmatic Sanction of 1713 was an edict issued by Holy RomanEmperor Charles VI on 19 April 1713 to ensure that theHabsburg monarchy could be inherited by his daughter undivided (→agnatic-cognatic primogeniture).[8] In 1736,Francis Stephen of Lorraine married ArchduchessMaria Theresa of Austria, the sole heir of Emperor Charles VI. With the marriage of Maria Theresa, the only offspring of the House ofAustria, she became together with her husband the founder of the new dynasty of the House ofHabsburg-Lorraine. Since 1740 he was her co-regent in theHabsburg hereditary lands and from 1745 he was Holy Roman Emperor as Francis I, but was hardly involved in government affairs.[9] Francis was asDuke of Lorraine the last non-Habsburg monarch of the Holy Roman Empire. The couple were the founders of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, which ruled until 1918. EmpressMaria Theresa of theHabsburg dynasty had her children married into various European dynasties. Habsburg marriage policy amongst European dynasties led to thePax Austriaca.[10][11]
Historiansperiodize the histories of many states andcivilizations, such asAncient Iran (3200 BC – 1979 AD),Ancient Egypt (3100–30 BC) andAncient and Imperial China (2070 BC – AD 1912), using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the term "dynasty" may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned, and also to describe events, trends and artefacts of that period (e.g., "aMing dynasty vase"). Until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty: that is, to expand the wealth and power of his family members.[12]
Before the 18th century, most dynasties throughout the world had traditionally been reckonedpatrilineally, such as those that followed theFrankishSalic law. In polities where it was permitted, succession through a daughter usually established a new dynasty in her husband's family name. This has changed in all of Europe's remaining monarchies, wheresuccession law and conventions have maintained dynastic namesde jure through a female. For instance, theHouse of Windsor is maintained through the children ofQueen Elizabeth II, as it did with themonarchy of the Netherlands, whose dynasty remained theHouse of Orange-Nassau through three successivequeens regnant. The earliest such example among major European monarchies was in theRussian Empire in the 18th century, where the name of theHouse of Romanov was maintained throughGrand Duchess Anna Petrovna. This also happened in the case ofQueen Maria II of Portugal, who marriedPrince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry, but whose descendants remained members of theHouse of Braganza, per Portuguese law;, since the 1800s, the only female monarch in Europe who had children belonging to a different house wasQueen Victoria and that was due to disagreements over how to choose a non German house. InLimpopo Province ofSouth Africa,Balobedu determined descentmatrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mother's dynasty when coming into her inheritance. Less frequently, a monarchy has alternated or been rotated, in a multi-dynastic (or polydynastic) system—that is, the most senior living members of parallel dynasties, at any point in time, constitute the line of succession.[citation needed]
King Tupou VI of Tonga and Queen Nanasipau'u, head of one of the oldest still ruling royal dynasties in the world, dating back to c. 950 CE of theTuʻi Tonga Empire
Dynasties lasting at least 250 years include the following. Legendary lineages that cannot be historically confirmed are not included.
Hereditary dictatorships are characterized by the dictator keeping political power within their family due to personal choice.[91] The successor may be groomed during their lifetime, as was the case forBashar al-Assad and his brotherBassel,[92] or a member of their family may manoeuvre to take control of the dictatorship after the dictator's death, similar to the case ofRamfis Trujillo.[93]
^The founder of a dynasty need not necessarily equate to the first monarch of a particular realm. For example, whileWilliam I was the dynastic founder of theHouse of Orange-Nassau, which currently rules over theKingdom of the Netherlands, he was never a monarch of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
The crown dependencies of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, the Bailiwick of Jersey, and the Isle of Man are neither part of the United Kingdom norBritish overseas territories.
^TheImperial House of Japan, orKōshitsu (皇室), is the world's oldest continuous dynasty. The dynasty has produced an unbroken succession of Japanese monarchs since the legendary founding year of 660 BC.
^Most historians regard Emperor Jimmu to have been a mythical ruler.Emperor Ōjin, traditionally considered the 15th emperor, is the first who is generally thought to have existed, whileEmperor Kinmei, the 29th emperor according to traditional historiography, is the first monarch for whom verifiable regnal dates can be assigned.
^Thomson, David (1961). "The Institutions of Monarchy".Europe Since Napoleon. New York: Knopf. pp. 79–80.The basic idea of monarchy was the idea that hereditary right gave the best title to political power...The dangers of disputed succession were best avoided by hereditary succession: ruling families had a natural interest in passing on to their descendants enhanced power and prestige...Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Maria Theresa of Austria were alike infatuated with the idea of strengthening their power, centralizing government in their own hands as against local and feudal privileges, and so acquiring more absolute authority in the state. Moreover, the very dynastic rivalries and conflicts between these eighteenth-century monarchs drove them to look for ever more efficient methods of government
^Brown, Delmer M. (1993).The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 1: Ancient Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–145.ISBN978-0521223522.
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^Narayanan, M.G.S. (2013).Perumals of Kerala. Thrissur: CosmoBooks. pp. 50–60.ISBN978-8188765072.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
^Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2016).A History of India. Routledge. pp. 100–120.ISBN978-1138961159.
^Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (1955).A History of South India. Oxford University Press. pp. 130–140.
^Campbell, I.C. (2001).Island Kingdom: Tonga Ancient and Modern. Canterbury University Press. pp. 20–30.ISBN978-0908812141.
^Wood, A.H. (1932).History of the Kingdom of Tonga. Methodist Mission Press. pp. 15–25.
^Shennan, J.H. (2007).The Bourbons: The History of a Dynasty. Hambledon Continuum. pp. 1–10.ISBN978-1852855239.
^Rayfield, Donald (2012).Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. pp. 50–70.ISBN978-1780230306.
^Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2016).A History of India. Routledge. pp. 150–160.ISBN978-1138961159.
^Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (1955).A History of South India. Oxford University Press. pp. 200–210.
^Lee, Ki-baik (1984).A New History of Korea. Harvard University Press. pp. 30–40.ISBN978-0674615762.
^Grayson, A.K. (1991).The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Assyrian Periods. University of Toronto Press. pp. 10–20.ISBN978-0802059659.
^Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2016).A History of India. Routledge. pp. 120–130.ISBN978-1138961159.
^Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (1955).A History of South India. Oxford University Press. pp. 180–190.
^Madelung, Wilferd (1975).The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–200.ISBN978-0521200936.
^Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2016).A History of India. Routledge. pp. 100–120.ISBN978-1138961159.
^Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (1955).A History of South India. Oxford University Press. pp. 140–160.
^Li, Feng (2013).Early China: A Social and Cultural History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–130.ISBN978-0521895521.
^Kennedy, Hugh (2016).The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. Routledge. pp. 150–170.ISBN978-1138787612.
^Martin, Janet (2007).Medieval Russia, 980–1584. Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–50.ISBN978-0521859165.
^Byington, Mark E. (2016).The Ancient State of Goguryeo. Korea Institute, Harvard University. pp. 40–60.ISBN978-0674737198.
^Marcus, Harold G. (2002).A History of Ethiopia. University of California Press. pp. 20–30.ISBN978-0520224797.
^Madelung, Wilferd (1975).The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–200.ISBN978-0521200936.
^Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2016).A History of India. Routledge. pp. 200–210.ISBN978-1138961159.
^Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (1955).A History of South India. Oxford University Press. pp. 200–210.
^Saunders, Graham (2002).A History of Brunei. Routledge. pp. 30–40.ISBN978-0700716982.
^Wheatcroft, Andrew (1995).The Habsburgs: Embodying Empire. Penguin Books. pp. 50–70.ISBN978-0140236347.
^Finkel, Caroline (2005).Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire. Basic Books. pp. 20–30.ISBN978-0465023967.
^Geiger, Wilhelm (1912).Mahavamsa: The Great Chronicle of Ceylon. Pali Text Society. pp. 50–60.ISBN978-8120812192.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
^Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2016).A History of India. Routledge. pp. 180–190.ISBN978-1138961159.
^Oakley, Stewart (1972).Scandinavian History, 1520–1970. University of Chicago Press. pp. 40–50.ISBN978-0226613789.
^Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2016).A History of India. Routledge. pp. 200–210.ISBN978-1138961159.
^Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (1955).A History of South India. Oxford University Press. pp. 200–210.
^van Bruinessen, Martin (1992).Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan. Zed Books. pp. 50–60.ISBN978-1856490184.
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^Lee, Ki-baik (1984).A New History of Korea. Harvard University Press. pp. 100–120.ISBN978-0674615762.
^Brosius, Maria (2006).The Persians: An Introduction. Routledge. pp. 90–100.ISBN978-0415320894.
^Rentz, George (2001).Oman and the Persian Gulf. Stacey International. pp. 30–40.ISBN978-0905743813.
^Loewe, Michael (2006).The Government of the Qin and Han Empires. Hackett Publishing. pp. 20–30.ISBN978-0872208193.
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^Worthington, Ian (2004).Alexander the Great: Man and God. Routledge. pp. 20–30.ISBN978-1405801621.
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^Geiger, Wilhelm (1912).Mahavamsa: The Great Chronicle of Ceylon. Pali Text Society. pp. 200–210.ISBN978-8120812192.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
^Kennedy, Hugh (2016).The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. Routledge. pp. 80–100.ISBN978-1138787612.
^Rossabi, Morris (2012).The Mongols: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 50–60.ISBN978-0199840892.
^Haldon, John (2002).Byzantium: A History. Tempus. pp. 100–110.ISBN978-0752423432.
^Whitmore, John K. (1985).Vietnam, Ho Quy Ly, and the Ming. Yale University Press. pp. 30–40.ISBN978-0300033687.
^Oakley, Stewart (1972).Scandinavian History, 1520–1970. University of Chicago Press. pp. 20–30.ISBN978-0226613789.
^Geiger, Wilhelm (1912).Mahavamsa: The Great Chronicle of Ceylon. Pali Text Society. pp. 220–230.ISBN978-8120812192.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
^Fisher, Greg (2011).Between Empires: Arabs, Romans, and Sasanians. Oxford University Press. pp. 60–70.ISBN978-0199599271.
^Wormald, Jenny (1981).Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 20–30.ISBN978-0748602766.
^Weir, Alison (1995).The Wars of the Roses. Ballantine Books. pp. 30–40.ISBN978-0345404336.
^Collins, Roger (1990).The Basques. Blackwell. pp. 100–110.ISBN978-0631175650.
^Ahmad, A. Rahman (2003).History of the Malay Peninsula. Archipelago Press. pp. 50–60.ISBN978-9813018457.
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^Hosking, Geoffrey (2001).Russia and the Russians: A History. Harvard University Press. pp. 200–210.ISBN978-0674004733.
^Twitchett, Denis (1994).The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 6. Cambridge University Press. pp. 40–50.ISBN978-0521235410.{{cite book}}:Check|isbn= value: checksum (help)
^Rowe, William T. (2009).China's Last Empire: The Great Qing. Harvard University Press. pp. 20–30.ISBN978-0674036123.
^Mote, Frederick W. (1999).Imperial China, 900–1800. Harvard University Press. pp. 600–610.ISBN978-0674012127.
^Lechner, Karl (1976).Die Babenberger: Markgrafen und Herzoge von Österreich. Böhlau Verlag. pp. 50–60.ISBN978-3205085089.
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^Twitchett, Denis (1979).The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 150–160.ISBN978-0521214469.
^Halm, Heinz (1997).The Fatimids and their Traditions of Learning. I.B. Tauris. pp. 20–30.ISBN978-1860643132.
^Harvey, L.P. (1990).Islamic Spain, 1250–1500. University of Chicago Press. pp. 30–40.ISBN978-0226319629.
^Shaw, Ian (2000).The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. pp. 200–210.ISBN978-0192804587.
^Duncan, A.A.M. (1975).Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom. Oliver & Boyd. pp. 100–110.ISBN978-0050020371.
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^Kuhrt, Amélie (2007).The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources. Routledge. pp. 47–50.ISBN978-0415436281.
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^Jackson, Peter (1999).The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 320–330.ISBN978-0521404778.
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