Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Jump to content
WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia
Search

Dwarves in Middle-earth

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromDwarf (Tolkien))
Humanoid race in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium
"Khazad" redirects here. For the block cipher, seeKHAZAD.

In thefantasy ofJ. R. R. Tolkien, theDwarves are a race inhabitingMiddle-earth, the central continent ofArda in an imagined mythological past. They are based on thedwarfs of Germanic myths who were small humanoids that lived in mountains, practisingmining,metallurgy,blacksmithing andjewellery. Tolkien described them as tough, warlike, and lovers of stone and craftsmanship.

The origins of Tolkien's Dwarves can be traced to Norse mythology; Tolkien also mentioned a connection with Jewish history and language.Dwarves appear in his booksThe Hobbit (1937),The Lord of the Rings (1954–55), and the posthumously publishedThe Silmarillion (1977),Unfinished Tales (1980), andThe History of Middle-earth series (1983–96), the last three edited by his sonChristopher Tolkien.

Characteristics

[edit]
Tolkien found dwarves inNorse mythology.[1] Here the godThor talks to thedwarfAlviss to prevent him from marrying his daughterÞrúðr; at dawn Alviss turns to stone. Drawing byW. G. Collingwood, 1908

ThemedievalistCharles Moseley described the dwarves of Tolkien's legendarium as "Old Norse" in their names, their feuds, and their revenges.[2] In the appendix on "Durin's Folk" inThe Lord of the Rings, Tolkien describes dwarves as:

a tough, thrawn race for the most part, secretive, laborious, retentive of the memory of injuries (and of benefits), lovers of stone, of gems, of things that take shape under the hands of the craftsmen rather than things that live by their own life. But they are not evil by nature, and few ever servedthe Enemy of free will, whatever the tales ofMen alleged. For Men of old lusted after their wealth and the work of their hands, and there has been enmity between the races.[T 1]

The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia considers Tolkien's use of the adjective "thrawn", noting its similarity withÞráinn, a noun meaning "obstinate person", and a name found in theNorse list of Dwarf-names, theDvergatal in theVöluspá. Tolkien took it for the name, Thráin, of two ofThorin Oakenshield's ancestors. It suggests this may have been aphilological joke on Tolkien's part.[1]

Dwarves were long-lived, with a lifespan of some 250 years.[T 1] They breed slowly, for no more than a third of them are female, not all marry, and they have children only late in life. Tolkien names only one female, Dís, Thorin's sister.[T 2] They are still considered children in their 20s, as Thorin was at age 24;[T 3] and as "striplings" in their 30s. Despite his young age,Dáin Ironfoot was 32 when he killedAzog, theorc chieftain ofMoria.[T 1] They had children starting in their 90s.[T 1]


Durin's Folk, showing the Dwarvish tendency to have few children (and fewer daughters)[T 1][a]
Durin IDwarves of
Moria
Durin VI
Náin I
Thráin I
Thorin I
Glóin
Óin
Náin II
Dáin IBorin
FrórThrórGrórFarin
Thráin IINáinFundinGróin
Dís
(♀)		Thorin II
Oakenshield		Dáin II
Ironfoot		Dwalin,
Balin		GlóinÓinOri,
Dori,
Nori		Bifur,
Bofur,
Bombur
Fili,
Kili		Thorin III
Stonehelm		Gimli
Durin VII

The Dwarves are described as "the most redoubtable warriors of all the Speaking Peoples"[T 4] – a warlike race who fought fiercely against their enemies, including other Dwarves.[T 5] Highly skilled in the making ofweapons and armour, their main weapon was thebattle axe, but they also usedbows,swords,shields andmattocks, and wore armour.[T 6]

Sauron gaveseven Rings of Power to Dwarf lords. The Rings caused them to be wrathful and greedy for gold, but they were not brought under Sauron's domination,[T 7] nor did they gain longer life.[T 1] Eventually all seven Rings were destroyed or reclaimed by Sauron.[T 7] One of the rings was given to Durin III, and passed down toThrór, who gave it to his son Thráin II, father ofThorin Oakenshield. Sauron captured Thráin and took the ring from him in the dungeons ofDol Guldur.[T 1]

In-fiction origins

[edit]
Further information:The Silmarillion

The Dwarves are portrayed inThe Silmarillion as an ancient people who awake during theYears of the Trees, after theElves at the start of theFirst Age, but beforeMen when the Sun and Moon are created. TheValaAulë, impatient for the arising of theChildren of Ilúvatar, creates the sevenFathers of the Dwarves in secret, intending them to be his children to whom he could teach his crafts. He teaches themKhuzdul, a language he had devised for them.Ilúvatar, creator ofArda, is aware of the Dwarves' creation and sanctifies them. Because they had been made by a Vala, Dwarves lacked souls until granted them by Ilúvatar.[3] Aulë sealed the seven Fathers of the Dwarves in stone chambers in far-flung regions of Middle-earth to await their awakening.[1][T 8]

The petty-dwarf Mîm may derive from the shrunken figure ofMime,[2] here shown cowering behind the celebratingSiegfried inWagner's operaDer Ring des Nibelungen. Illustration byArthur Rackham, 1911

Each of the Seven Fathers founds one of the seven Dwarf clans. Durin I is the eldest, and the first of his kind to awake in Middle-earth. He awakens inMount Gundabad, in the northernMisty Mountains, and founds the clan of Longbeards (Durin's Folk); they found the city ofKhazad-dûm below the Misty Mountains, and later realms in theGrey Mountains andErebor (the Lonely Mountain). Two others lie in sleep in the north of theEred Luin or Blue Mountains, and they found the lines of the Broadbeams and the Firebeards. The remaining four clans, the Ironfists, Stiffbeards, Blacklocks, and Stonefoots come from the East.[T 4] After the end of the First Age, the Dwarves spoken of are almost exclusively of Durin's line.[T 9]

A further division, the even shorterPetty-dwarves, appears inThe Silmarillion[T 10][4] andThe Children of Húrin.[T 11] Moseley likensMîm, the last known Petty-dwarf, to the similarly namedMime from theNibelungenlied.[2]

Artefacts

[edit]

Mining, masonry, and metalwork

[edit]
Further information:Named weapons in Middle-earth

As creations of Aulë, they are attracted to the substances of Arda. They mine and work precious metals throughout the mountains of Middle-earth. They are unrivalled in smithing, crafting, metalworking, and masonry, even among theElves. The Dwarf-smith Telchar is the greatest in renown.[T 12] They build immense halls under mountains for their cities. They build many famed halls including theMenegroth,Khazad-dûm, andErebor.[T 5] Among the many treasures they forge are thenamed weaponsNarsil, the sword ofElendil, theDragon-helm of Dor-lómin and the necklace Nauglamír, the most prized treasure inNargothrond and the most famed Dwarven work of the Elder Days.[T 13] InThe Hobbit, Thorin gives Bilbo aMithril coat of linked rings ofmail.[T 14]

Language and names

[edit]
Main articles:Khuzdul andCirth
Tolkien invented parts ofMiddle-earth to resolve the linguistic puzzle he had accidentally created by using different European languages for those of peoples in his legendarium.[5][T 15]

In Grey-elvish orSindarin the Dwarves are calledNaugrim ("Stunted People"),Gonnhirrim ("Stone-lords"), andDornhoth ("Thrawn Folk"), andHadhodrim. InQuenya they are theCasári. The Dwarves call themselvesKhazâd in their own language,Khuzdul.[T 16]Khuzdul is created for them by Aulë, rather than being descended from an Elvish language, as most of the languages ofMen are. They write it usingCirthrunes, a writing system originally created by Elves in Beleriand to write Sindarin, and later more fully developed by Daeron, an Elf of Doriath. The Cirth runes are adapted by Dwarves for writing Khuzdul.[6] The Dwarves keep their language secret and do not normally teach it to others, so they learn bothQuenya andSindarin to communicate with the Elves, especially theNoldor andSindar. By theThird Age the Dwarves are estranged from the Elves and no longer routinely learn their language. Instead, they mostly use theWestron or Common Speech, a Mannish tongue, in communicating with other races.[T 5][T 17]

Each Dwarf has two personal names, a secret or "inner" name in Khuzdul, which is used only among other Dwarves and is never revealed to outsiders, and a public "outer" name for use with other races, taken from the language of the people amongst whom the Dwarf lives. For example, the Dwarves of Moria and the Lonely Mountain use outer names taken from the language of the Men of the north where they lived.[T 16]

In reality, Tolkien took the names of 12 of the 13 dwarves – excludingBalin – that he used inThe Hobbit from the Old NorseVöluspá, long before the idea of Khuzdul arose.[1][7] When he came to writeThe Lord of the Rings, in order to explain why the Dwarves had Norse names, he created an elaborate fiction that many of the languages used in the book were "translated" into real-life languages for the benefit of the reader, roughly retaining the relationships of the languages among themselves. Thus, Westron was translated into English, the related but more archaic language of the Rohirrim was translated into Anglo-Saxon (Old English), and the even more distantly related language of Dale was translated into Norse. It is possible that the problem of explaining the Dwarves' Norse names was the origin of the entire structure of the Mannish languages in Middle-earth along with the fiction of "translation".[8]

Calendar

[edit]

Tolkien's only mention of the Dwarves' calendar is inThe Hobbit, regarding the "dwarves' New Year" orDurin's Day, which occurs on the day of the last new moon of autumn.[T 18] However, in his first drafts of the book, Durin's Day was thefirst new moon of autumn. After he had finished writing the book, Tolkien went back and changed all occurrences of the date to the last new moon, more in keeping with the real-worldCeltic calendar, but overlooked one mention in Chapter IV, which still named the date as the first new moon.[T 19] Tolkien never noticed this inconsistency, and it was not corrected until the 1995 edition of the book.[9] The astronomerBradley E. Schaefer has analysed the astronomical determinants of Durin's Day. He concluded that – as with many real-worldlunar calendars – the date of Durin's Day is observational, dependent on the first visible crescent moon.[10]

Analysis

[edit]

Norse myth

[edit]
Further information:Tolkien and the Norse

In Tolkien'sThe Book of Lost Tales, the very few Dwarves who appear are portrayed as evil beings, employers ofOrc mercenaries and in conflict with theElves—who are the imagined "authors" of the myths, and are therefore biased against Dwarves.[1][T 20][T 21] Tolkien was inspired by thedwarves of Norse myths[11][12] and of later Germanic folklore (such as that of theBrothers Grimm), from whom his Dwarves take their characteristic affinity with mining, metalworking, and crafting.[13][14]

Jewish history

[edit]

InThe Hobbit, Dwarves are portrayed as occasionally comedic and bumbling, but largely as honourable, serious-minded, and proud. Tolkien was influenced by his own selective reading of medieval texts regardingJewish people and their history.[15] The dwarves' characteristics of being dispossessed of their homeland inErebor, and living among other groups but retaining their own culture, are derived from the medieval image of Jews,[15] while, according to the Tolkien scholarJohn D. Rateliff, their warlike nature stems from accounts in theHebrew Bible.[15][16] Medieval views of Jews also saw them as having a propensity for making well-crafted and beautiful things,[15] a trait shared with Norse dwarves.[12][17] The Dwarf calendar invented forThe Hobbit reflects theJewish calendar'sRosh Hashanah in beginning in late autumn.[15][18]

Tolkien's use of Jewish history for his Dwarves[15]
AspectHistorical elementApplication to Dwarves
Dispossession of homelandJewish diasporaLiving in exile fromMoria andErebor, retaining own culture
Warlike natureMedieval image of JewsWarlike Dwarves
SkillMedieval image of JewsPropensity for making well-crafted, beautiful things
(like Norse Dwarves, too)
Jewish calendarRosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year (September/October)Dwarves' new year is in late autumn
Private languageMedieval Jews spokeHebrew-derived language alongside local languagesDwarves spoke "Semitic"[19]Khuzdul amongst themselves, shared language (Westron) to others[T 22]

Semitic-style language

[edit]
Further information:Khuzdul

InThe Lord of the Rings, Tolkien continued the themes ofThe Hobbit. When giving Dwarves their own language,Khuzdul, Tolkien decided to create an analogue of aSemitic language influenced byHebrewphonology. Like medieval Jewish groups, the Dwarves used their own language only among themselves, and adopted the languages of those they live amongst for the most part, for example taking public names from the cultures they lived within, whilst keeping their "true-names" and true language a secret.[15] Tolkien further underlined thediaspora of the Dwarves with the lost stronghold of the Mines ofMoria. Tolkien elaborated on Jewish influence on his Dwarves in a letter: "I do think of the 'Dwarves' like Jews: at once native and alien in their habitations, speaking the languages of the country, but with an accent due to their own private tongue..."[T 22][16] In the last interview before his death, Tolkien said "The dwarves of course are quite obviously, wouldn't you say, that in many ways they remind you of the Jews? Their words are Semitic, obviously, constructed to be Semitic."[19] This raises the question, examined by Rebecca Brackmann inMythlore, of whether there was anelement of antisemitism, however deeply buried, in Tolkien's account of the Dwarves, inherited from English attitudes of his time. Brackman notes that Tolkien himself attempted to work through the issue in his Middle-earth writings.[20] It has been suggested that the formation of the deep friendship between the dwarfGimli and elfLegolas in theLord of the Rings overcoming longtime mutual suspicion can be seen as Tolkien's reply toward "Gentile anti-Semitism and Jewish exclusiveness".[21]

The philologistHelge Fauskanger analyses Khuzdul, finding in it features ofSemitic languages.[22]

Helge Fauskanger's analysis ofSemitic features of the Dwarves' language,Khuzdul[22]
ElementDescriptionExample
Word stemsNot pronounceable words, onlyconsonantsR-Kh-S "Orc-"
Parts of speechNouns, verbs etc formed by insertingvowels into word stems; sometimes with doubling of a consonantRukhs "Orc";Rakhâs "Orcs"
Construct stateWord before noun taken asgenitival,
i.e. X Y = "The X of Y", "Y's X"		Baruk Khazâd! "Axes of the Dwarves!"
Nominal sentenceVerb "to be" can be implicitKhazâd ai-mênu! "The Dwarves [are] upon you!"

Spelling

[edit]

The original editor ofThe Hobbit "corrected" Tolkien's plural "dwarves" to "dwarfs", as did the editor of thePuffin paperback edition.[T 23] According to Tolkien, the "real 'historical' plural" of "dwarf" is "dwarrows" or "dwerrows".[23] He described the word "dwarves" as "a piece of private bad grammar".[T 24] In Appendix F ofThe Lord of the Rings, Tolkien explained that if people still spoke of "dwarves" regularly, English might have retained a special plural for the word "dwarf", as with the irregular plural of "goose", "geese".[T 16] Despite his fondness for it,[T 16] the form "dwarrow" only appears in his writing as "Dwarrowdelf" ("Dwarf-digging"), a name for Moria. He used "Dwarves", instead, corresponding to his "Elves" as a plural for "Elf". Tolkien used "dwarvish"[T 25] and "dwarf(-)" (e.g. "Dwarf-lords", "Old Dwarf Road") as adjectives for the people he created.[T 16]

Adaptations

[edit]

Films

[edit]
Gimli inRalph Bakshi'sThe Lord of the Rings (1978) voiced byDavid Buck

InRankin-Bass'1977 animated film adaptation ofThe Hobbit, Thorin was voiced byHans Conreid, withDon Messick voicingBalin,John Stephenson voicingDori,Jack DeLeon voicingDwalin,Fíli,Kíli,Óin,Glóin,Ori,Nori,Bifur, andBofur, andPaul Frees voicingBombur.[24]

InRalph Bakshi's 1978 animated filmThe Lord of the Rings, the part of the DwarfGimli was voiced byDavid Buck.[25]

InPeter Jackson'slive action adaptation ofThe Lord of the Rings film trilogy, Gimli's character is from time to time used as comic relief, whether with jokes about his height or his rivalry with the elfLegolas.[26][27] Gimli is played byJohn Rhys-Davies, who gave the character a "Welsh-derived" accent.[28]

In Jackson'sthree-film adaptation ofThe Hobbit, Thorin is portrayed byRichard Armitage, withKen Stott as Balin,Graham McTavish as Dwalin,Aidan Turner as Kíli,Dean O'Gorman as Fíli,Mark Hadlow as Dori,Jed Brophy as Nori,Adam Brown as Ori,John Callen as Óin,Peter Hambleton as Glóin,William Kircher as Bifur,James Nesbitt as Bofur, andStephen Hunter as Bombur. Jackson's films introduce a story arc not found in the original novel, in which Kili and the ElfTauriel (a character also invented for the films) fall in love.[29]

Role-playing games

[edit]
Dwarves at theCouncil of Elrond inPeter Jackson'sThe Fellowship of the Ring

InIron Crown Enterprises'Middle-earth Role Playing (1986), Dwarf player-characters receive statistical bonuses to Strength and Constitution, and subtractions from Presence, Agility and Intelligence. Seven "Dwarven Kindreds", named after each of the founding fathers—Durin, Bávor, Dwálin, Thrár, Druin, Thelór and Bárin—are given inThe Lords of Middle-earth—Volume III (1989).[30]

InDecipher Inc.'sThe Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game (2001), based on the Jackson films, Dwarf player-characters get bonuses to Vitality and Strength attributes and must be given craft skills.[31]

In the real-time strategy gameThe Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II, and itsexpansion, both based on the Jackson films, Dwarves are heavily influenced by classical military practice, and use throwing axes, war hammers, spears, and circular or Roman-style shields. One dwarf unit is the"Phalanx", similar to itsGreek counterpart.[32]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^Names in italics in the family tree areThorin and his company fromThe Hobbit.

References

[edit]

Primary

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefgTolkien 1955, Appendix A, part 3, "Durin's Folk"
  2. ^Tolkien 1996, "The Making of Appendix A": (iv) "Durin's Folk"
  3. ^Tolkien 1937, ch. 1 "An Unexpected Party"
  4. ^abTolkien 1996, part 2, ch. 10 "Of Dwarves and Men"
  5. ^abcTolkien 1977, ch. 10 "Of the Sindar"
  6. ^Tolkien 1937, ch. 15 "The Gathering of the Clouds"
  7. ^abTolkien 1977, Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age
  8. ^Tolkien 1977, ch. 2 "Of Aulë and Yavanna"
  9. ^Tolkien 1954a, book 1, ch. 2 "The Shadow of the Past"
  10. ^Tolkien 1977, ch. 21 "Of Túrin Turambar"
  11. ^Tolkien 2007, ch. 8 "The Land of Bow and helm"
  12. ^Tolkien 1977, ch. 2 "Of Aulë and Yavanna"
  13. ^Tolkien 1977, ch. 22 "Of the Ruin of Doriath"
  14. ^Tolkien 1937, ch. 13, "Not at Home"
  15. ^Carpenter 2023, #144, toNaomi Mitchison, 25 April 1954
  16. ^abcdeTolkien 1955,Appendix F, "On Translation"
  17. ^Tolkien 1955,Appendix F, "Of Other Races"
  18. ^Tolkien 1937, ch. 3 "A Short Rest"
  19. ^Tolkien 1937, ch. 4 "Over Hill and Under Hill": "They had thought of coming to the secret door in the Lonely Mountain, perhaps that very next first moon of Autumn 'and perhaps it will be Durin's Day' they had said."
  20. ^Tolkien 1984, "Gilfanon's Tale"
  21. ^Tolkien 1984, "The Nauglafring"
  22. ^abCarpenter 2023, #176 toNaomi Mitchison, 8 December 1955
  23. ^Carpenter 2023, #138 toChristopher Tolkien, 4 August 1953
  24. ^Carpenter 2023, #17 toStanley Unwin, 15 October 1937
  25. ^Tolkien 1937, Preface

Secondary

[edit]
  1. ^abcdeEvans, Jonathan (2013) [2007]. "Dwarves". InDrout, Michael D. C. (ed.).The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Abingdon, England:Routledge. pp. 134–135.ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.
  2. ^abcMoseley, Charles (1997).J. R. R. Tolkien. Oxford, England:Oxford University Press. p. 32.ISBN 978-0-746-30763-2.
  3. ^Reinders, Eric (2024).Reading Tolkien in Chinese: Religion, Fantasy, and Translation. Perspectives on Fantasy series. London, UK:Bloomsbury Academic. p. 98.ISBN 9781350374645.
  4. ^Rateliff 2007, Volume OneMr. Baggins, p. 78
  5. ^Shippey, Thomas (1982).The Road to Middle-Earth. New York City:Grafton (HarperCollins). pp. 131–133.ISBN 0261102753.
  6. ^Noel, Ruth S. (1980).The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth. Boston, Massachusetts:Houghton Mifflin. Part 1, ch. 5, "The Languages of Rhovanion", pp. 30–34.ISBN 978-0395291306.
  7. ^Rateliff 2007, Volume 2Return to Bag-End, Appendix 3
  8. ^Tolkien 1996, p.71
  9. ^Rateliff 2007, Volume 1Mr. Baggins, p.124
  10. ^Schaefer, Bradley E. (1994). "The Hobbit and Durin's Day".The Griffith Observer.58 (11). Los Angeles, California:Griffith Observatory:12–17.
  11. ^Shippey, Thomas (2001) [2000].J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century. London, England:HarperCollins. pp. 14–17.ISBN 978-0-262-10401-2.
  12. ^abBurns, Marjorie J. (2004). "Norse and Christian Gods: The Integrative Theology of J.R.R. Tolkien". InChance, Jane (ed.).Tolkien and the Invention of Myth: A Reader. Lexington, Kentucky:University Press of Kentucky. pp. 163–178.ISBN 0-8131-2301-1.
  13. ^Ashliman, D. L."Grimm Brothers' Home Page".www.pitt.edu. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania:University of Pittsburgh.
  14. ^McCoy, Daniel."Dwarves".Norse Mythology.
  15. ^abcdefgRateliff 2007, Part OneMr. Baggins, pp. 79–80
  16. ^ab"The Secret Jews of The Hobbit".Commentary Magazine. 11 August 2016. Retrieved26 January 2025.
  17. ^Poetic Edda, translated byHenry Adams Bellows.
  18. ^Eden, Bradford Lee (2014).The Hobbit and Tolkien's Mythology: Essays on Revisions and Influences. Jefferson, North Carolina:McFarland. p. 40.ISBN 978-0-7864-7960-3.
  19. ^abLebovic, Matt (11 December 2013)."Are Tolkien's dwarves an allegory for the Jews?".The Times of Israel.Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved13 March 2023.Tolkien spoke about the Jewish-dwarvish connection during a BBC interview. 'I didn't intend it, but when you've got these people on your hands, you've got to make them different, haven't you?' said Tolkien during the 1971 interview. 'The dwarves of course are quite obviously, wouldn't you say that in many ways they remind you of the Jews? Their words are Semitic, obviously, constructed to be Semitic.'
  20. ^Brackmann, Rebecca (2010).""Dwarves are Not Heroes": Antisemitism and the Dwarves in J.R.R. Tolkien's Writing".Mythlore.28 (3/4).Mythopoeic Society. article 7.
  21. ^Owen Dudley Edwards,British Children's Fiction in the Second World War(2008) Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0-7486-1651-9, pages 458/459
  22. ^abFauskanger 2018.
  23. ^"Dwarf".Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved6 April 2018.
  24. ^"The Hobbit (1977 Movie)".Behind the Voice Actors. Retrieved17 June 2022.
  25. ^Beck, Jerry (2005).The Animated Movie Guide. Chicago, Illinois:Chicago Review Press. p. 154.ISBN 978-1-56976-222-6.
  26. ^Flieger, Verlyn (2011)."Sometimes One Word Is Worth a Thousand Pictures". In Bogstad, Janice M.; Kaveny, Philip E. (eds.).Picturing Tolkien. Jefferson, North Carolina:McFarland. p. 48.ISBN 978-0-7864-8473-7.
  27. ^Croft, Janet Brennan (February 2003)."The Mines of Moria: 'Anticipation' and 'Flattening' in Peter Jackson'sThe Fellowship of the Ring".Southwest/Texas Popular Culture Association Conference, Albuquerque. Norman, Oklahoma:University of Oklahoma. Archived fromthe original on 31 October 2011.
  28. ^Sibley, Brian (2013).The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug Official Movie Guide.HarperCollins. p. 27.ISBN 978-0007498079.John Rhys-Davies' distinctive Welsh-derived accent for Gimli was adopted by New Zealanders John Callen and Peter Hambleton in portraying characters who are Gimli's father [Gloin] and uncle [Oin].
  29. ^Sims, Andrew (5 June 2013)."'The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug': First look at Evangeline Lilly as new character Tauriel".Hypable. Retrieved20 August 2013.
  30. ^Lords of Middle-earth. Vol. III. New York City:Berkley Publishing. 1989.ISBN 978-1-55806-052-4.OCLC 948478096.
  31. ^Long, Steven (2002).The Lord of the rings roleplaying game: core book. Decipher.ISBN 978-1-58236-951-8.OCLC 51570885.
  32. ^"Battle for Middle-earth II - The Dwarves".IGN. Retrieved26 July 2020.

Sources

[edit]
Works
In Tolkien's
lifetime
Posthumous
History of
composition
History of
Middle-earth
Others
Fictional
universe
Peoples,
monsters
Characters
Places
Objects
Analysis
Elements
Themes
Literary
Geographic
Adaptations,
legacy
Artists
Composers
Settings
Other media
Literary
criticism
About
Analysis
Elements
Languages
Poetry
Other
Themes
Influences
Techniques
Peoples
Maiar
Free
peoples
Monsters
Other
World
Geography
Battles
Things
Related
works
Books
Illustrations
Theatre
Music
Radio
Film
Animated
Peter Jackson
series
Music
Approach
Other
Fan-made
Video games
The Lord of the Rings Online
Tabletop role-
playing games
Board games
Card games
Other games
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dwarves_in_Middle-earth&oldid=1283233391"
Category:
Hidden categories:
[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp