Durban (/ˈdɜːrbən/DUR-bən;Zulu:eThekwini, fromitheku meaning "bay, lagoon")[a] is the third-most populous city inSouth Africa, afterJohannesburg andCape Town, and the largest city in theprovince ofKwaZulu-Natal. Situated on the east coast of South Africa, on the Natal Bay of theIndian Ocean, Durban is thebusiest port city in sub-Saharan Africa and was formerly named Port Natal. North of the harbour and city centre lies the mouth of theUmgeni River; the flat city centre rises to the hills of theBerea on the west; and to the south, running along the coast, is theBluff. Durban is the seat of the largereThekwini Metropolitan Municipality, which spans an area of 2,556 km2 (987 sq mi) and had a population of 4.2million in2022,[3] making the metropolitan population one ofAfrica's largest on the Indian Ocean. Within thecity limits, Durban's population was 595,061 in2011.[2] The city has ahumid subtropical climate, with hot, wet summers and mild, dry winters.[7]
Archaeological evidence from theDrakensberg mountains suggests that the area had been inhabited byhunter-gatherers millennia ago. Later, theNguni people occupied the region. DuringChristmas 1497,Vasco da Gama saw the coast and named itNatal, the Portuguese word for Christmas. In 1824, English traders fromCape Colony, led byFrancis Farewell andHenry Fynn, established a trading post at Port Natal, and later that year,Shaka, the Zulu king, granted them land around the Bay. In 1835, the settlement was named after SirBenjamin D'Urban, then governor of Cape Colony, and became a borough in 1854. From 1860 onwards, indentured labourers fromBritish India arrived in Durban, as well as later passengerIndians.Natal colony, which had grown, became a province of the Union of South Africa in 1910, and Durban was granted city status in 1935.[8]
Archaeological evidence from theDrakensberg mountains suggests that the Durban area has been inhabited by communities ofhunter-gatherers since100,000 BP. These people lived throughout the area ofKwaZulu-Natal until theexpansion of agro-pastoralists and pastoralists from the north saw their gradual incorporation.Oral history has been passed down from generation to generation by the Zulu nation, who were inhabitants of the land before European colonisers, but there is nowritten history of the area until it was sighted by Portuguese explorerVasco da Gama, who sailed parallel to the KwaZulu-Natal coast atChristmastide in 1497 while searching for a route from Europe to India. He named the areaNatal, meaning "Christmas" inPortuguese.[16]
In 1686, a ship from theDutch East India Company namedStavenisse was wrecked off the eastern coast of South Africa. Some of the survivors made their way to the Bay of Natal (Durban) where they were taken in by the "Abambo" tribe (Hlubi people), which was led by Chief Langalibalele. The crew became fluent in the tribe's language and witnessed their customs. The tribe told them that the land where the Abambo people lived was called Embo by the natives and that the people were very hospitable.[citation needed]
On 28 October 1689, thegaliotNoord travelled from Table Bay to the Bay of Natal to fetch the surviving crew of theStavenisse and to negotiate a deal for purchasing the bay. TheNoord arrived on 9 December 1689, whereafter theDutch Cape Colony purchased the Bay of Natal from the Abambo people for £1,650. A formal contract was drawn up by Laurens van Swaanswyk and signed by the chief of the Abambo people, with the crew of theStavenisse acting as translators.[17]
By 1822, James Saunders King, captain of the British shipSalisbury, together withLt. Francis George Farewell, both men being formerRoyal Navy officers from theNapoleonic Wars, were engaged in trade between theCape andDelagoa Bay. On a return trip to the Cape in 1823, they were caught in a severe storm and decided to risk the Bar and anchor in the Bay of Natal. The crossing went well and they found safe anchor from the storm. Lt. King decided to map the Bay and named the "Salisbury and Farewell Islands". In 1824 Lt. Farewell, together with a trading company called J. R. Thompson & Co., decided to open trade relations withShaka the Zulu King, and establish a trading station at the Bay.Henry Francis Fynn, another trader at Delagoa Bay, was also involved in this venture.[citation needed]
Fynn left Delagoa Bay and sailed for the Bay of Natal on the brigJulia, while Farewell followed six weeks later on theAntelope. Between them they had 26 possible settlers, although only 18 stayed. On a visit to King Shaka, Henry Francis Fynn succeeded in befriending the king by helping him recover from a stab wound that he had suffered as a result of an assassination attempt by one of his half-brothers. As a token of his gratitude King Shaka granted Fynn a "25-mile strip of coast a hundred miles in depth".[citation needed]
On 7 August 1824, they concluded negotiations with King Shaka for a cession of land, including the Bay of Natal and land extending 16 km (10 mi) south of the Bay, 40 km (25 mi) north of the Bay and 160 km (100 mi) inland. Farewell took possession of this grant and raised theUnion Jack with a Royal Salute, which consisted of four cannon shots and twenty musket shots. Only six of the original eighteen would-be settlers remained, and these six can be regarded as the founders of Port Natal as a British colony. These six were joined by Lt. James Saunders King andNathaniel Isaacs in 1825.[citation needed]
The modern city of Durban thus dates from 1824, when the settlement was established on the northern shores of the bay near today's Farewell Square.[18] During a meeting of 35 European residents in Fynn's territory on 23 June 1835, it was decided to build a capital town and name it "D'Urban" afterSir Benjamin D'Urban, who was the governor of the Cape Colony at the time.[19]
Tension between the Voortrekkers and the Zulus prompted the governor of the Cape Colony to dispatch a force under Captain Charlton Smith to establish British rule in Natal, for fear of losing British control in Port Natal. The force arrived on 4 May 1842 and built a fortification that was later to beThe Old Fort. On the night of 23/24 May 1842, the British attacked the Voortrekker camp at Congella. The attack failed, and the British had to withdraw to their camp, which was put under siege. A local traderDick King and his servant Ndongeni were able to escape the blockade and rode toGrahamstown, a distance of 600 km (370 mi) in fourteen days to raise reinforcements. The reinforcements arrived in Durban 20 days later; the Voortrekkers retreated, and the siege was lifted.[21]
Fierce conflict with theZulu population led to the evacuation of Durban, and eventually theAfrikaners accepted British annexation in 1844 under military pressure.[22]
When the Borough of Durban was proclaimed in 1854, the council had to procure a seal for official documents. The seal was produced in 1855 and was replaced in 1882. The new seal contained a coat of arms without helmet or mantling that combined the coats of arms of Sir Benjamin D'Urban and Sir Benjamin Pine. An application was made to register the coat of arms with theCollege of Arms in 1906, but this application was rejected on grounds that the design implied that D'Urban and Pine were husband and wife. Nevertheless, the coat of arms appeared on the council's stationery from about 1912. The following year, a helmet and mantling was added to the council's stationery and to the new city seal that was made in 1936. The motto reads "Debile principium melior fortuna sequitur"—"Better fortune follows a humble beginning".[citation needed]
The blazon of the arms registered by the South African Bureau of Heraldry and granted to Durban on 9 February 1979. The coat of arms fell into disuse with the re-organisation of the South African local government structure in 2000. The seal ceased to be used in 1995.[23][24]
With the end ofapartheid, Durban was subject to restructuring of local government. Its first mayor wasSipho Ngwenya.[citation needed][25] In 1996, the city became part of theDurban UniCity in July 1996 as part of transitional arrangements and toeThekwini Metropolitan Municipality in 1999, with the adoption of South Africa's new municipal governance system. In July 1996,Obed Mlaba was appointed mayor of Durban UniCity; in 1999 he was elected mayor of the eThekwini municipality and re-elected in 2006. Following the May 2011 local elections,James Nxumalo, the former speaker of the council, was elected as the new mayor. On 23 August 2016 Zandile Gumede was elected as the new mayor until 13 August 2019.[26] On 5 September 2019 Mxolisi Kaunda was sworn in as the new mayor.[27]
The name of the Durban municipal government, prior to the post-apartheid reorganisations of municipalities, was theDurban Corporation orCity of Durban.[28]
Durban is located on the east coast of South Africa, looking out upon theIndian Ocean. The city lies at the mouth of theUmgeni River, which demarcates parts of Durban's north city limit, while other sections of the river flow through the city itself. Durban has a natural harbour,Port of Durban, which is the busiest port in South Africa and the fourth-busiest in the Southern Hemisphere.
The name "Durban" is commonly referred to by residents as not just the city proper but the Greater Durban metropolitan area that sometimes extends beyond eThekwini to includeScottburgh,Ballito andKwaDukuza.[citation needed] Similarly, thedemonym of a "Durbanite" not only refers to people who live within Durban proper but to residents of the Greater Durban metropolitan area.
Durban has ahumid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classificationCfa), with hot, humid summers and mild to warm, moderately dry winters, which are frost-free. Durban has an annual rainfall of 1,009 millimetres (39.7 in). The average temperature in summer ranges around 24 °C (75 °F), while in winter the average temperature is 17 °C (63 °F).
A 2019 paper published inPLOS One estimated that underRepresentative Concentration Pathway 4.5, a "moderate" scenario ofclimate change where global warming reaches ~2.5–3 °C (4.5–5.4 °F) by 2100, the climate of Durban in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate ofKigali. The annual temperature would increase by 1.7 °C (3.1 °F), and the temperature of the coldest month by 1.8 °C (3.2 °F), while the temperature of the warmest month would be 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) lower.[33][34] According toClimate Action Tracker, the current warming trajectory appears consistent with 2.7 °C (4.9 °F), which closely matches RCP 4.5.[35]
Moreover, according to the 2022IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Durban is one of 12 major African cities (Abidjan,Alexandria,Algiers,Cape Town,Casablanca,Dakar,Dar es Salaam, Durban,Lagos,Lomé,Luanda andMaputo) which would be the most severely affected by futuresea level rise. It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damages of US$65 billion under RCP 4.5 and US$86.5 billion for the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5 by the year 2050. Additionally, RCP 8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact frommarine ice sheet instability at high levels of warming would involve up to US$137.5 billion in damages, while the additional accounting for the "low-probability, high-damage events" may increase aggregate risks to US$187 billion for the "moderate" RCP4.5, US$206 billion for RCP8.5 and US$397 billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario.[36] Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures.[37]
Durban is ethnically diverse, with a cultural richness of mixed beliefs and traditions.Zulus form the largest single ethnic group. It has a large number of people ofBritish andIndian descent. The influence of Indians in Durban has been significant, bringing with them a variety of cuisine, culture and religion.[38]
In the years following the end of apartheid, there was a population boom as black Africans were allowed to move into the city. The population grew by an annual average of 2.34% between 1996 and 2001. This led to shanty towns forming around the city, which were often demolished. Between 2001 and 2011, the population growth slowed down to 1.08% per year and shanty towns have become less common as the government builds low-income housing.[39]
The population of the city of Durban and central suburbs such as Durban North, Durban South and the Berea increased 10.9% between 2001 and 2011 from 536,644 to 595,061.[40][41] The proportion of black Africans increased while the proportion of people in all the other racial groups decreased. Black Africans increased from 34.9% to 51.1%; Indians or Asians decreased from 27.3% to 24.0%; whites decreased from 25.5% to 15.3%; andColoureds decreased from 10.26% to 8.59%. A new racial group, "Other", was included in the 2011 census at 0.93%.
The city's demographics indicate that 68% of the population is of working age, and 38% of the people in Durban are under the age of 19 years.[42]
Durban has the highest number of dollar millionaires added per year of any South African city, with the number having increased 200 percent between 2000 and 2014.[43]
Sugar refining is one of Durban's main industries. South Africa produces 19.9 million tons of sugar cane a year and most of it comes from KwaZulu-Natal.[citation needed]
Durban has a number of informal and semi-formal street vendors. TheWarwick Junction Precinct is home to a number of street markets, with vendors selling goods from traditional medicine, to clothing and spices.[44]
The city's treatment of shack dwellers was criticised in a report from theUnited Nations linked Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions[45] and there has also been criticism of the city's treatment of street traders,[46][47] street children[48] and sex workers.[49] Thecannabis strain called "Durban Poison" is named for the city.[50]
There are many museums, art galleries, theatres, and other centres of culture in Durban.
TheAfrican Art Centre is "the longest surviving organisation involved in the development and promotion of African artists and crafters", founded in 1960, and moving to a new home in Station Drive in 2017.[64]
Ethekwini Municipal Libraries is a freepublic library network with 90 circulating branch libraries across the metropolitan area, and the Central Reference Library at the Liberty Towers Building, which includes a significant collection ofAfricana books.[65]
ThePhansi Museum is located in the historic Roberts House, a 19th-century colonial mansion and former home of Esther Roberts, a librarian and collector of Africana, member and supporter of theBlack Sash anti-apartheid group. The collection and library is now linked to theUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal.[66] It is one of the most extensive Southern African art museums in the world, founded by Paul Mikula, who purchased artefacts from traditional craftspeople through Southern Africa over 30 years. The collection includes 19th-centurybeadwork, pottery, carvings, and textiles. Talks and exhibitions are held at the museum.[67]
The Playhouse Theatre is located on Anton Lembede Street (formerly Smith Street). The original building on the site was a cinema built in 1896, which was rebuilt in 1935 inTudor Revival style. The cinema reopened on 7 June 1935 and finally closed in the 1970s.[68] After being taken over by the Performing Arts Council in the 1980s,[69] the building was restored in 1985–6, and with the former Colosseum Theatre (or Prince's Theatre) is now aperforming arts centre with five venues. The refurbishment architects, Small & Pettit & Robson, were awarded the 1987 Institute of South African Architects Natal Award of Merit for the work.[68][70] home to the Playhouse Theatre Company.[71] The company's mission is "is to provide cultural education and entertainment in both an African and international context" and, apart from drama and dance performances, the company runs an educational program and presents theatre to schools.[69] The Playhouse has been a venue for staging the work of many famous South African playwrights, includingMbongeni Ngema,[72] and in October 2023 there was a casting call for a new musical entitledFrom Gibson Kente to Mbongeni Ngema, to celebrate the works and influence ofGibson Kente and Ngema.[73]
From its earlier years to the present, many layers have added to Durban's architectural heritage:Victorian,Edwardian,Islamic,Hindu,modernist, andcontemporary.[76] Additionally, and in contrast to the classical styles then prevalent,Art Deco found expression in many of Durban's buildings in the 20th century, varying in manner from area to area.[77]
Two major English-language daily newspapers are published in Durban, both part of the Independent Newspapers, the national group owned bySekunjalo Investments. These are the morning editions ofThe Mercury and the afternoonDaily News. Like most news media in South Africa, they have seen declining circulations in recent years. Major Zulu language papers compriseIsolezwe (Independent Newspapers),UmAfrika andIlanga. Independent Newspapers also publishPost, a newspaper aimed largely at the Indian community. A national Sunday paper, theSunday Tribune is also published by Independent Newspapers as is theIndependent on Saturday.
A major city initiative is theeZasegagasini Metro Gazette.[78]
The national broadcaster, the SABC, has regional offices in Durban and operates two major stations there. TheZulu language Ukhozi FM has a huge national listenership of more than 6.67 million, making it the second largest radio station in the world. The SABC also operatesRadio Lotus, which is aimed at South Africans of Indian origin. The other SABC national stations have smaller regional offices in Durban, as does TV for news links and sports broadcasts. A major English languageradio station,East Coast Radio,[79] operates out of Durban and is owned by SA media giant Kagiso Media. There are a number of smaller stations which are independent, having been granted licences by ICASA, the national agency charged with the issue of broadcast licences.
Durban was initially successful in its bid to host the2022 Commonwealth Games,[80] but had to withdraw in March 2017 from the role of hosts when the government withdrew its subsidy due to financial constraints.[81]Birmingham,England replaced Durban as the host city.
Durban hosted matches in the2003 ICC Cricket World Cup. In 2007 the city hosted nine matches, including a semi-final, as part of the inauguralICC World Twenty20. The2009 IPL season was played in South Africa, and Durban was selected as a venue. 2010 saw the city host six matches, including a semi-final, in the2010 Champions League Twenty20.
The city is home toGreyville Racecourse, a majorThoroughbred horse racing venue that annually hosts a number of prestigious races including the country's premier event, theJuly Handicap, and the premier staying event in South Africa, theGold Cup. Clairwood racecourse, south of the city, was a popular racing venue for many years, but was sold by the KZN racing authority in 2012.[82][83]
King Shaka International Airport services both domestic and international flights, with regularly scheduled services toDubai,Doha,Istanbul,Harare,Manzini &Gaborone as well as eight domestic destinations. The airport's position forms part of the Golden Triangle between Johannesburg and Cape Town, which is important for convenient travel and trade between these three major South African cities. The airport opened in May 2010. King Shaka International Airport handled 6.1 million passengers in 2019/2020, up 1.8 percent from 2018/2019. King Shaka International was constructed atLa Mercy, about 36 kilometres (22 mi) north of central Durban. All operations atDurban International Airport have been transferred toKing Shaka International as of 1 May 2010, with plans for flights toHong Kong,Singapore,Mumbai,Kigali,Luanda,Lilongwe andNairobi.
Durban has a long tradition as a port city. ThePort of Durban, formerly known as Port Natal, is one of the few naturalharbours betweenPort Elizabeth andMaputo, and is also located at the beginning of a particular[clarification needed] weather phenomenon that can cause extremely violent seas. These two features made Durban an extremely busyport of call for ship repairs when the port was opened in the 1840s.
MSC Cruises bases one of their cruise ships in Durban from November to April every year. From the 2023/2024 Southern Africa cruise seasonMSC Cruises will be basing theMSC Splendida in Durban. Durban is the most popular cruise hub in Southern Africa. Cruise destinations from Durban on theMSCSplendida includeMozambique,Mauritius,Réunion,Madagascar and other domestic destinations such as Port Elizabeth and Cape Town. Many other ships cruise through Durban every year, including some of the world's biggest, such as theRMSQueen Mary 2, the biggest ocean liner in the world. Durban has built a brand new R200 million cruise terminal that has been in operation since October 2019, theDurban Cruise Terminal. The tender was awarded to KwaZulu Cruise Terminal (Pty) Ltd, which is 70% owned by MSC Cruises SA and 30% by Africa Armada Consortium. The new cruise terminal will be able to accommodate two cruise ships at any given time.[85]
Naval Base Durban onSalisbury Island (now joined to the mainland and part of the Port of Durban), was established as anaval base during theSecond World War. It was downgraded in 2002 to a naval station. In 2012 a decision was made to renovate and expand the facilities back up to a full naval base to accommodate theSouth African Navy'soffshore patrol flotilla.[86] In December 2015 it was redesignated Naval Base Durban.[87]
Durban featured the first operating steam railway in South Africa when theNatal Railway Company started operating a line between the Point and the city of Durban in 1860.[88]
N3 freeway on its approach to Durban's CBD, with N2–N3stack interchange in the foreground
The city's main position as aport of entry onto the southern African continent has led to the development ofnational roads around it. TheN3 Western Freeway, which links Durban with the economic hinterland ofGauteng, heads west out of the city. TheN2 Outer Ring Road links Durban with theEastern Cape to the south, andMpumalanga in the north. The Western Freeway is particularly important because freight is shipped by truck to and from theWitwatersrand for transfer to the port.
The N3 Western Freeway starts in the central business district and heads west under Tollgate Bridge and through the suburbs of Sherwood and Mayville. TheEB Cloete Interchange (which is informally nicknamed theSpaghetti Junction) lies to the west of Durban and east ofWestville, allowing for transfer of traffic between the N2Outer Ring Road and the Western Freeway.
Durban also has a system of freeway anddual arterialmetropolitan routes, which connect the sprawling suburbs that lie to the north, west and south of the city. TheM4 exists in two segments. The northern segment, named the Ruth First Highway and Leo Boyd Highway, starts as an alternative highway from theR102 inBallito and shortly after intersects the N2. It passes through the seaside towns and villages of La Mercy andeMdloti before becoming a dual carriageway inuMhlanga, north of Durban and ending at the northern edge of the CBD. The southern segment of the M4, theInkosi Albert Lutuli Highway,[90] starts at the southern edge of the CBD, connecting through to the old, decommissioned Durban International Airport, where it once again reconnects at the southern end of the N2 Outer Ring Road.
TheM13 (King Cetshwayo Highway) is an untolled alternative to the N3 Western Freeway (which is tolled at Mariannhill) and is an important commuter route linking the nearby towns and suburbs to the west of Durban such asHillcrest,Gillitts,Kloof, Pinetown and Westville to the city.
In the late 2000s, 107 streets in Durban were renamed. They were typically renamed to honour individuals involved in the anti-apartheid or international revolutionary movements, with two-thirds of the streets named after individuals associated with the governingAfrican National Congress. This was done in two stages; a first, smaller one, which renamed eighteen streets and was met with some trepidation by opposition parties, particularly theDemocratic Alliance, theInkatha Freedom Party, and theMinority Front, and a second, larger stage, which renamed 99 streets and was met with considerably wider opposition after the controversy of the first and the minimal time between them.[91][92] The first group was met with some opposition from This process was met with outrage from both opposition parties and the parts of the general public, as well as incidents of vandalism against the new road signs. TheDemocratic Alliance,Inkatha Freedom Party, andMinority Front were concerned with their lack of participation in the process, and that the emphasis on individuals affiliated with the ANC presented a partisan image of the anti-apartheid struggle. Among the general public there was significant opposition from middle-classwhite South Africans,Indian South Africans, andZulu nationalists, who believed that the new names should have a connection to the people and the history of the locality. In response, the ANC characterized the project as a transformation and part of progressive social change, characterizing their opponents as being "antitransformation" and "pro-apartheid".[93][94][95]
Several companies run long-distance bus services from Durban to the other cities in South Africa. Buses have a long history in Durban. Most of them have been run by Indian owners since the early 1930s. Privately owned buses that are not subsidised by the government also service the communities. Buses operate in all areas of the eThekwini Municipality. Since 2003 buses have been violently taken out of the routes and bus ranks by taxi operators.[96]
Durban has two kinds of taxis:metered taxis andminibus taxis. Unlike in many cities, metered taxis are not allowed to drive around the city to solicit fares and instead must be called and ordered to a specific location. A number of companies service the Durban and surrounding regions. These taxis can also be called upon for airport transfers, point to point pickups and shuttles.
Mini bus taxis are the standardform of transport for the majority of the population who cannot afford private cars.[99][100][101] With the high demand for transport by the working class of South Africa, minibus taxis are often filled over their legal passenger allowance, making for high casualty rates when they are involved in accidents. Minibuses are generally owned and operated in fleets, and inter-operator violence flares up from time to time, especially asturf wars over lucrative taxi routes occur.[102]
Ride sharing appsUber andTaxify have been launched in Durban and are also used by commuters.[103]
Althoughrickshaws have been a mode of transportation since the early 1900s, they have been displaced by other forms of motorised transport. The roughly 25 remaining rickshaws mostly cater to tourists.[104]
Compared to other South African cities, Durban has a high murder rate. Between April 2018 and March 2019, the Ethekwini Metropolitan Municipality recorded 1,871 murders, gradually increasing from 1,349 seven years earlier and down from 2,042 in 2009.[105]
Criminals usually avoid targeting tourists because they know that the police response will be greater.[106]
Heist or theft is a common crime in the city.[107] Most houses are protected by high walls and wealthier residents are often able to afford greater protection such as electric fencing, private security or gated communities.[108] Crime rates vary widely across the city and most inner suburbs have much lower murder rates than in outlying areas of Ethekwini. Police station precincts recording the lowest murder rates per 100,000 in 2017 were Durban North (7), Mayville (8), Westville (12) and Malvern (12); while some of the most dangerous areas were Kwamashu (76) and Umlazi (69).[109] Other crime comparisons are less valuable due to significant under-reporting especially in outlying areas.
There was a period of intense violence beginning in the 1990s, and the Durban area recorded a murder rate of 83 per 100,000 in 1999.[110] The murder rate dropped rapidly in the 2000s before increasing rapidly throughout the 2010s. Durban is one of the main drug trafficking routes for drugs exiting and entering sub-Saharan Africa. The drug trade has increased significantly over the past 20 years.[111]
^ Also calledeZibubulungwini for the mountain range that terminates in the area. In an 1859 Zulu grammar book, Bishop Colenso asserted that the root word iTeku means "bay of the sea", from the name Mtheku, used by the Thabethe tribes clan, who were the leaders of the Nguni people. Furthermore the original local inhabitants and noted that the locative form, eTekwini, was used as a proper name for Durban. An 1895 English-Zulu dictionary translates the base word iteku as "bay", "creek", "gulf" or "sinus", while a 1905 Zulu-English dictionary notes that eTekwini is used for Durban.
^Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022:Chapter 9: AfricaArchived 6 December 2022 at theWayback Machine. InClimate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and VulnerabilityArchived 28 February 2022 at theWayback Machine [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 2043–2121
^Peters, Walter, ed. (2003)."Durban's Art Deco Architecture"(PDF).Journal of the KwaZulu-Natal Institute for Architecture.28 (1).ISSN0379-9301.Archived(PDF) from the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved8 April 2024.
^Duminy, James (April 2014). "Street Renaming, Symbolic Capital, and Resistance in Durban, South Africa".Environment and Planning D: Society and Space.32 (2):310–328.doi:10.1068/d2112.S2CID143940799.
^Staff Reporter (3 October 2008)."Durban city buses torched".The M&G Online.Archived from the original on 25 February 2016. Retrieved17 February 2016.
^Fiona Wayman, Neville Grimmet and Angela Spencer (ed.)."Zulu Rickshaws". Durban.gov.za. Archived fromthe original on 19 May 2010. Retrieved2 July 2010.
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